Sulawesi hosts a remarkable diversity of atyids, with 62 species in five genera, most notably Caridina. Most species are endemic (N = 43), particularly (N = 24) in the well-studied ancient lakes of the island. Nonetheless, the colonization of Sulawesi by atyids and their endemic species diversity in rivers has been poorly studied to date. Based on extensive sampling of the endemic atyids of Sulawesi from all parts of the island and including all described endemic species, we have estimated divergence times based on data from two mitochondrial gene fragments. Our analyses suggest five independent colonization events among the endemic atyids of Sulawesi, with two major Caridina clades of Miocene origin composing the majority of endemic species. These two clades are most closely related to species from Sundaland and the Philippines, respectively. On Sulawesi, they form distinct western and eastern clades that are only marginally overlapping in their distribution. The inferred speciation history on Sulawesi within these clades is only compatible in part with the palaeogeographical history of the island or present-day catchment boundaries. Other intensively studied freshwater taxa from Sulawesi, such as pachychilid snails or ricefishes, owe their origin on the island to single colonization events, and commonalities in diversification patterns on the island are limited. Our results also show that the riverine species diversity of Caridina on Sulawesi is significantly underestimated, with >= 10 undescribed species. The purported distribution of some supposedly widespread described species is not supported by our data. An integrative revision of Sulawesi atyids is overdue.

Most of Sabah in northern Borneo is covered with Paleogene to Lower Miocene deep marine turbidite sequences that were deposited along the southern side of the Proto-South China Sea (PSCS). They include the Sapulut and Trusmadi formations of central-south Sabah, the Labang and Kulapis formations of eastern Sabah, the Kudat Formation of NW Sabah and the Crocker Formation of western Sabah. Sandstone petrography, heavy mineral analysis and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology reveals changing sources associated with the evolution of the PSCS. Volcanic lithic fragments in some Labang Formation samples and Middle Eocene zircons in a lower Crocker Formation sample, as well as unstable heavy minerals such as apatite and epidote indicate input from contemporaneous volcanism, likely derived from the PSCS subduction arc to the north. By contrast, abundant ultra-stable heavy minerals and Mesozoic zircons indicate multi-recycling from southern sources. Changes in provenance are seen across key stratigraphies. The lower part of the Crocker Formation has similar provenance as the Rajang Group in Sarawak and is interpreted as a more distal equivalent. While the upper Crocker Formation has a similar provenance as the Nyalau Formation in Sarawak and is interpreted as its deeper marine continuation. Parts of the Labang and Kulapis formations suggest an extension of this depositional system into eastern Sabah. In the Early Miocene the Palawan microcontinental fragment collided with the Cagayan Arc, resulting in uplift of a forearc high and formation of melanges in eastern Sabah. The uplifted forearc was most likely the provenance source for the Temburong Formation in western Sabah.

The Sabah province of northern Borneo records a long-lived achieve of deep marine turbidite deposition ranging in age from the Mesozoic to the Early Miocene. Whilst the Mesozoic is poorly preserved, the Paleogene to Early Miocene deep water deposits form a relatively complete succession that was deposited along the southern margin of the Proto-South China Sea (PSCS). This comprises the Sapulut and Trusmadi Formations of central-south Sabah, the Labang and Kulapis Formations of eastern Sabah, the Kudat Formation of NW Sabah and the Crocker Formation of western Sabah. Sandstone petrography, heavy mineral analysis and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology reveal the changing provenance sources associated with the evolution of the PSCS across key stratigraphies and can be used to reconstruct its subduction history. Most analysed formations contain abundant ultra-stable heavy minerals and Mesozoic zircons which indicate multi-recycling from southern sources. However, volcanic lithic fragments in some Labang Formation samples and Middle Eocene zircons in a lower Crocker Formation sample, as well as unstable heavy minerals such as apatite and epidote, indicate input from contemporaneous volcanism, likely derived from the PSCS subduction arc to the north. The thickest and most extensively exposed deep water sequence, the Crocker Formation in western Sabah, was deposited by two different drainage systems. The lower part of the Crocker Formation has a provenance similar to the Rajang Group in Sarawak and is interpreted as a more distal equivalent sourced by multi-recycling of Borneo and Malay Peninsula sources with some input from the Cagayan/PSCS arc. In contrast, the upper Crocker Formation has a provenance similar to the Nyalau Formation in Sarawak and is interpreted as its deeper marine continuation, sourced by sediments from the Sunda Shelf-Malay Peninsula transported in a drainage system which by-passed SW Borneo. The detrital mineralogy of parts of the Labang and Kulapis Formations suggest an extension of this Nyalau-Upper Crocker depositional system into eastern Sabah. In the Early Miocene the Palawan microcontinental fragment collided with the Cagayan Arc and finally closed the PSCS. The forearc was uplifted and mélanges preserved across eastern Sabah document this collision. The uplifted forearc was most likely the source of sediments in the Lower Miocene Temburong Formation in western Sabah, which marks the end of deep marine deposition in Sabah.

Supplementary File 3. Data table for LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon analysis and zircon morphology observation of sample ES13-255 (Palu Formation).

The tectonically complex Indonesian Gateway is part of the global thermohaline circulation and exerts a major control on climate. Waters from the Pacific flow through the Indonesian Archipelago into the Indian Ocean via the Indonesian Throughflow. Much progress has been made toward understanding the near-modern history of the Indonesian Gateway. However, the longer-term climate and ocean consequences of Australia's progressive collision with the Eurasian Plate that created it are less known. The gateway initiated ∼23 Ma, when Australia collided with Southeast Asia. By ∼10 Ma the gateway was sufficiently restricted to create a proto–warm pool. During the Pliocene it alternated between more or less restricted conditions, until modern oceanic conditions were established by 2.7 Ma. Despite its tectonic complexity, climate modeling and Indian and Pacific scientific ocean drilling research continue to yield insights into the gateway's deep history. ▪ The Indonesian Gateway is a key branch of global thermohaline oceanic circulation, exerting a major control on Earth's climate over the last the 25 Myr. ▪ We find that a complex interplay of tectonics and sea level has controlled Indonesian Gateway restriction since 12 Myr, resulting in La Niña– and El Niño–like states in the equatorial Pacific ▪ Long term Indonesian Gateway history is best determined from ocean drilling cores on the Indian and Pacific sides of the Indonesian Gateway, as records from within it are typically disrupted by tectonics. ▪ Model simulations show the global impact of the Indonesian Gateway. Further modeling with ocean drilling/tectonic research will enhance our understanding of Cenozoic Indonesian Gateway history. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 52 is May 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Palu Formation, previously known as the Celebes Molasse in the Palu area, is understudied and was previously considered to be associated with the Pliocene collision between an Australian-derived microcontinent (Banggai Sula) and the eastern margin of Sundaland (West Sulawesi). Here, we present sedimentological, heavy mineral and zircon geochronological data to provide insights into sediment provenance and to elucidate Neogene tectonic activity in Sulawesi. These analyses suggest that the Pleistocene Palu Formation comprises synorogenic alluvial fan to braided river deposits that record the rapid uplift of metamorphic and granitoid rocks in the Neck and west Central Sulawesi. The Palu Formation is characterized by predominant granitoid and metamorphic clasts and heavy mineral assemblages dominated by pyroxene, amphibole and garnet. Detrital zircons record youngest grain ages of c. 2.5 and 3.0 Ma with a significant Pliocene age population and subsidiary Eocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic and Late Triassic age peaks. Rapid uplift and erosion associated with mountain building shaped the topography and influenced the evolution of Palu River networks. Supplementary material: Complete location, heavy mineral and detrital zircon geochronology datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7033388 Thematic collection: This article is part of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics, landscape and climate change collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/mesozoic-and-cenozoic-tectonics-landscape-and-climate-change

Blooms of toxin-producing cyanobacteria are an enduring public health threat in lakes and rivers. In addition to more commonly studied planktonic taxa in lakes, attached cyanobacteria covering riverbeds and lake littoral zones can produce anatoxins, potent neurotoxins of growing concern. However, relative to planktonic blooms, the geographical and temporal extent and ecology of anatoxin-producing benthic cyanobacteria are poorly documented. To increase understanding of the distribution of these cyanobacteria and their relationships with physicochemical variables, we surveyed sites throughout the Klamath River watershed in Northern California, USA, for anatoxins from benthic mats. We used visual surveys, composite mat samples, water samples, and samples of transported coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) to quantify benthic cyanobacteria and anatoxin extent. Benthic anatoxins were widespread, adding to a growing body of evidence that anatoxins from benthic cyanobacteria may be more common than previously recognized. Anatoxin concentrations were highest in benthic mats compared with water column and CPOM samples. Anatoxin detection frequency, as indicated by anatoxin synthetase genes, was high in both transported CPOM and benthic mats (74 and 86%, respectively), and transported CPOM anatoxin concentrations reflected benthic mat anatoxin concentrations and cover. Relationships between observed taxa, toxin concentrations, and genetic source tracking indicated that Microcoleus was the dominant anatoxin producer. Clear, low-nutrient tributaries supported anatoxin concentrations as high as, and in some cases higher than, mainstem sites that had higher nutrients. Weak, negative relationships among water quality parameters and anatoxins suggest that some aspects of the tributary streams not captured in this analysis promote the proliferation of benthic Microcoleus and associated anatoxin production. Monitoring benthic mats, including the use of nets targeting sloughed benthic material, can inform public health notifications and document changes in the proliferation of benthic cyanobacteria and associated cyanotoxin production in rivers.

The Sibela Mountains of the island of Bacan in eastern Indonesia contain one of the Earth’s youngest metamorphic complexes that is now exposed at elevations up to 2000 m. New mica 40Ar/39Ar and apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He data from metamorphic and igneous rocks indicate that these rocks were rapidly exhumed in the Pleistocene (c. 0.7 Ma). Exhumation of the metamorphosed Permo-Triassic basement (c. 249–257 Ma) was accompanied by metamorphism (recorded by schists) as well as partial melting (recorded by c. 1.4 Ma granitic dykes). These processes must have occurred at extremely high cooling and exhumation rates. The rapid exhumation on land was associated with significant subsidence in adjacent basins offshore that reach depths up to 2.4 km. Neogene metamorphic core complexes and other metamorphic complexes are well-known from eastern Indonesia, but they usually record much higher exhumation rates than those reported from older classic metamorphic core complexes found in other parts of the world and require a different formation mechanism. Unlike classic metamorphic core complexes that are characterized by low-angle detachment faults, the Bacan metamorphic rocks were exhumed on steep bounding normal faults forming a rectilinear block pattern. We suggest such complexes are termed metamorphic block complexes (MBC). The Bacan MBC is exceptionally young and like the other east Indonesian complexes was rapidly exhumed during subduction rollback. A flexure formed during arc-arc collision as the Sangihe forearc loaded the Halmahera forearc which reactivated steeply-dipping faults in a rectilinear chocolate block pattern.

River ecosystem function depends on flow regimes that are increasingly modified by changes in climate, land use, water extraction, and flow regulation. Given the wide range of variation in flow regime modifications and autotrophic communities in rivers, it has been challenging to predict which rivers will be more resilient to flow disturbances. To better understand how river productivity is disturbed by and recovers from high-flow disturbance events, we used a continental-scale dataset of daily gross primary production time series from 143 rivers to estimate growth of autotrophic biomass and ecologically relevant flow disturbance thresholds using a modified population model. We compared biomass recovery rates across hydroclimatic gradients and catchment characteristics to evaluate macroscale controls on ecosystem recovery. Estimated biomass accrual (i.e., recovery) was fastest in wider rivers with less regulated flow regimes and more frequent instances of biomass removal during high flows. Although disturbance flow thresholds routinely fell below the estimated bankfull flood (i.e., the 2-y flood), a direct comparison of disturbance flows estimated by our biomass model and a geomorphic model revealed that biomass disturbance thresholds were usually greater than bed disturbance thresholds. We suggest that primary producers in rivers vary widely in their capacity to recover following flow disturbances, and multiple, interacting macroscale factors control productivity recovery rates, although river width had the strongest overall effect. Biomass disturbance flow thresholds varied as a function of geomorphology, highlighting the need for data such as bed slope and grain size to predict how river ecosystems will respond to changing flow regimes.

Knowledge gaps about how the ocean melts Antarctica’s ice shelves, borne from a lack of observations, lead to large uncertainties in sea level predictions. Using high-resolution maps of the underside of Dotson Ice Shelf, West Antarctica, we reveal the imprint that ice shelf basal melting leaves on the ice. Convection and intermittent warm water intrusions form widespread terraced features through slow melting in quiescent areas, while shear-driven turbulence rapidly melts smooth, eroded topographies in outflow areas, as well as enigmatic teardrop-shaped indentations that result from boundary-layer flow rotation. Full-thickness ice fractures, with bases modified by basal melting and convective processes, are observed throughout the area. This new wealth of processes, all active under a single ice shelf, must be considered to accurately predict future Antarctic ice shelf melt.

Streams and river ecosystems contribute to global carbon cycle via collecting, storing, transforming and producing organic matter. The general paradigm is that most stream ecosystems are heterotrophic, respiring more carbon than they produce, nonetheless, many streams are autotrophic for some time, and a few may autotrophic on an annual scale. Periodic autotrophy is associated with high light, low disturbance, and low watershed carbon inputs, but limited examples of annual-scale autotrophy make it difficult to estimate how frequently net autotrophy occurs and what drives this net storage or export of carbon. Here, we use a spatially and temporally extensive dataset of 236 rivers across the continental USA with 921 years of daily metabolism data to assess the scale of annual and seasonal autotrophy and estimate its strongest covariates. Only 6

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a critical water quality constituent that governs habitat suitability for aquatic biota, biogeochemical reactions and solubility of metals in streams. Recently introduced high-frequency sensors have increased our ability to measure DO, but we still lack the capacity to understand and predict DO concentrations at high spatial resolutions or in unmonitored locations. Machine learning (ML) has been a commonly used approach for modelling DO, however, conventional ML models have no representation of the limnological processes governing DO dynamics. Here we implement and evaluate two process-guided deep learning (PGDL) approaches for predicting daily minimum, mean and maximum DO concentrations in rivers from the Delaware River Basin, USA. In both cases, a multi-task approach was taken in which the PGDL models predicted stream metabolism and gas exchange rates in addition to the DO concentrations themselves. Our results showed that for these sites, the PGDL approaches did not improve upon baseline predictions in temporal and spatially similar holdout experiments. One of the approaches did, however, improve predictions when applied to spatially dissimilar sites. Although this particular PGDL approach did not improve predictive accuracy in most cases, our results suggest that process guidance, perhaps a more constrained approach, could benefit a data-driven DO model. This paper presents a novel approach that incorporates process variables with a deep learning model for the prediction of dissolved oxygen concentrations. Predicting in-stream dissolved oxygen requires understanding of both physical and biological processes we introduce and assess a method for incorporating process understanding into a deep learning model for predicting dissolved oxygen. Although the proposed method did not substantially improve model performance, it may serve as an example to build from. image

Rivers efficiently collect, process, and transport terrestrial-derived carbon. River ecosystem metabolism is the primary mechanism for processing carbon. Diel cycles of dissolved oxygen (DO) have been used for decades to infer river ecosystem metabolic rates, which are routinely used to predict metabolism of carbon dioxide (CO2) with uncertainties of the assumed stoichiometry ranging by a factor of 4. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) has been less used to directly infer metabolism because it is more difficult to quantify, involves the complexity of inorganic carbon speciation, and as shown in this study, likely requires a two-station approach. Here, we developed DIC metabolism models using single- and two-station approaches. We compared metabolism estimates based on simultaneous DO and DIC monitoring in the Upper Clark Fork River (USA), which also allowed us to estimate ecosystem-level photosynthetic and respiratory quotients (PQE and RQE). We observed that metabolism estimates from DIC varied more between single- and two-station approaches than estimates from DO. Due to carbonate buffering, CO2 is slower to equilibrate with the atmosphere compared to DO, likely incorporating a longer distance of upstream heterogeneity. Reach-averaged PQE ranged from 1.5 to 2.0, while RQE ranged from 0.8 to 1.5. Gross primary production from DO was larger than that from DIC, as was net ecosystem production by 100mmolm-2d-1$$ 100\kern0.5em \mathrm{mmol}\kern0.5em {\mathrm{m}}<^>{-2}\kern0.5em {\mathrm{d}}<^>{-1} $$. The river was autotrophic based on DO but heterotrophic based on DIC, complicating our understanding of how metabolism regulated CO2 production. We suggest future studies simultaneously model metabolism from DO and DIC to understand carbon processing in rivers.

Emotions coordinate our behavior and physiological states during survival-salient events and pleasurable interactions. Even though we are often consciously aware of our current emotional state, such as anger or happiness, the mechanisms giving ...Emotions are often felt in the body, and somatosensory feedback has been proposed to trigger conscious emotional experiences. Here we reveal maps of bodily sensations associated with different emotions using a unique topographical self-report method. In ...

The dynamics of our species’ dispersal into the Pacific remains intensely debated. The authors present archaeological investigations in the Raja Ampat Islands, north-west of New Guinea, that provide the earliest known evidence for humans arriving in the Pacific more than 55 000–50 000 years ago. Seafaring simulations demonstrate that a northern equatorial route into New Guinea via the Raja Ampat Islands was a viable dispersal corridor to Sahul at this time. Analysis of faunal remains and a resin artefact further indicates that exploitation of both rainforest and marine resources, rather than a purely maritime specialisation, was important for the adaptive success of Pacific peoples.

Studies attempting to gain new insights into the last stage of the subduction cycle are typically chal-lenged by limited direct observations owing to a lack of recent post-subduction settings around the world. Central to unravelling how the subduction cycle ends is an understanding of crust and mantle pro-cesses that take place after subduction termination. Northern Borneo (Malaysia) represents a unique nat-ural laboratory because it has been the site of two sequential subduction episodes of opposite polarity since the mid-Paleogene. The region exhibits several enigmatic post-subduction (after ti 10 Ma) features, including: subsidence followed by rapid uplift, localised intraplate volcanism, possible orogen collapse, and a pluton that emerged to become the third highest peak in southeast Asia, Mt Kinabalu (4095 m). Arrival-time residuals from distant earthquake data recorded by the nBOSS seismic network have been used to investigate P-and S-wavespeed variations in the crust and underlying upper mantle beneath northern Borneo. Our 3-D tomographic images consistently show a high-velocity perturbation in western Sabah that we associate with an upper-mantle remnant of the Proto South-China Sea slab, thus providing important constraints for tectonic reconstructions of SE Asia. The tomographic models, combined with other seismological and geological information, reveal evidence for lithospheric removal in eastern Sabah via a drip instability. Our results suggest that lithospheric drips can be smaller than previously thought, yet their effects on the post-subduction evolution of continental lithosphere can be significant.(c) 2022 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The 18.6-year lunar nodal cycle arises from variations in the angle of the Moon's orbital plane. Previous work has linked the nodal cycle to climate but has been limited by either the length of observations analysed or geographical regions considered in model simulations of the pre-industrial period. Here we examine the global effect of the lunar nodal cycle in multi-centennial climate model simulations of the pre-industrial period. We find cyclic signals in global and regional surface air temperature (with amplitudes of around 0.1 K) and in ocean heat uptake and ocean heat content. The timing of anomalies of global surface air temperature and heat uptake is consistent with the so-called slowdown in global warming in the first decade of the 21st century. The lunar nodal cycle causes variations in mean sea level pressure exceeding 0.5 hPa in the Nordic Seas region, thus affecting the North Atlantic Oscillation during boreal winter. Our results suggest that the contribution of the lunar nodal cycle to global temperature should be negative in the mid-2020s before becoming positive again in the early 2030s, reducing the uncertainty in time at which projected global temperature reaches 1.5 ∘C above pre-industrial levels.

The biota of Sulawesi is noted for its high degree of endemism and for its substantial levels of in situ biological diversification. While the island's long period of isolation and dynamic tectonic history have been implicated as drivers of the regional diversification, this has rarely been tested in the context of an explicit geological framework. Here, we provide a tectonically informed biogeographical framework that we use to explore the diversification history of Sulawesi flying lizards (the Draco lineatus Group), a radiation that is endemic to Sulawesi and its surrounding islands. We employ a framework for inferring cryptic speciation that involves phylogeographic and genetic clustering analyses as a means of identifying potential species followed by population demographic assessment of divergence-timing and rates of bi-directional migration as means of confirming lineage independence (and thus species status). Using this approach, phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of mitochondrial sequence data obtained for 613 samples, a 50-SNP data set for 370 samples, and a 1249-locus exon-capture data set for 106 samples indicate that the current taxonomy substantially understates the true number of Sulawesi Draco species, that both cryptic and arrested speciations have taken place, and that ancient hybridization confounds phylogenetic analyses that do not explicitly account for reticulation. The Draco lineatus Group appears to comprise 15 species-9 on Sulawesi proper and 6 on peripheral islands. The common ancestor of this group colonized Sulawesi ~11 Ma when proto-Sulawesi was likely composed of two ancestral islands, and began to radiate ~6 Ma as new islands formed and were colonized via overwater dispersal. The enlargement and amalgamation of many of these proto-islands into modern Sulawesi, especially during the past 3 Ma, set in motion dynamic species interactions as once-isolated lineages came into secondary contact, some of which resulted in lineage merger, and others surviving to the present. [Genomics; Indonesia; introgression; mitochondria; phylogenetics; phylogeography; population genetics; reptiles.].

Subduction termination leads to complex tectonic and geological activity, with the observational record often including clear evidence for exhumation, anomalous magmatism and topographic subsidence, followed by rapid uplift. However, the mechanism(s) driving these responses remain enigmatic and cannot be reconciled with our current understanding of post-subduction tectonics. A prime example of recent subduction termination can be found in northern Borneo (Malaysia), where subduction ceased in the late Miocene (at similar to 9 Ma). Here we use recently acquired passive seismic data to image, at unprecedented resolution (similar to 35 km), a sub-vertical lithospheric drip, inferred to have developed as a Rayleigh-Taylor gravitational instability from the root of a volcanic arc. We use thermo-mechanical simulations to reconcile these images with time- dependent dynamical processes within the crust and underlying mantle following subduction termination. Our model predictions illustrate how substantial extension from a lithospheric drip can thin the crust in an adjacent orogenic belt, facilitating lower-crustal melting and possible exhumation of sub-continental material, as is observed. These discoveries provide evidence for extension-driven melting of the lower crust, exhumation, core-complex formation and orogeny that also may occur in other areas of recent subduction termination.