There is a rapid spread of Multiple Sclerosis disorder across the globe, around 2.8 million cases of Multiple Sclerosis in the world. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination, neuroinflammation, and a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Many drugs have been tested on MS patients but there is no effective treatment for MS till now. So to inhibit the symptoms caused by MS we performed a study in which we identified various naturally occurring materials with neuroprotective effects on the body that can treat Multiple Sclerosis. The therapeutic strategies portion of the paper reviews the array of disease-modifying therapies currently available for MS management. This paper evaluated their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles. It also addressed emerging treatment paradigms by using different naturally occurring materials, including personalized medicine approaches and novel therapies in development. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding MS, focusing on its pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies.

As carbon-based nanomaterials have such remarkable physical, chemical, and electrical capabilities, they have become a major focus of materials science study. A thorough examination of several carbon nanomaterial varieties, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanodiamonds, is given in this review work. These materials all have distinctive qualities that qualify them for particular uses. This work starts by examining the synthesis processes of these nanomaterials, outlining the ways by which they are made and the variables affecting their ultimate characteristics. The specific features of each kind of carbon nanomaterial will then be briefly discussed in this study, along with their size, structure, and special physical and chemical properties. These materials have a wide range of possible uses in several fields. They are employed in the electronics industry to fabricate sensors, high-speed transistors, and other devices. Their high surface area and electrical conductivity make them useful in energy storage devices like supercapacitors and batteries. They are applied to environmental remediation and water purification in environmental science. They are employed in biomedicine for biosensing, bioimaging, and medication delivery. Notwithstanding the encouraging uses, the large-scale synthesis and functionalization of carbon nanomaterials present several difficulties. This review discusses the importance of carbon nanomaterials by studying their multifaceted properties and potential applications in industries. The novelty of this work lies in its detailed examination of the degradation and toxicity of these materials, which is essential for their safe integration into various technological and biomedical applications. By thoroughly analysing recent experimental results, this review aims to bridge the gap between fundamental research and practical applications.

Over the past few decades, nanotechnology has gained momentum because of its potential to create a safer and healthier living environment using eco-friendly approaches. This study describes a safer, more dependable, and ecologically friendly technique of biologically synthesizing Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus as the reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized trimetallic NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, dynamic light scattering, and ultraviolet–visible analysis and were evaluated for their potential applications, which included antioxidant properties and catalytic dye degradation. The result suggests that the antioxidant properties of Cu/Fe/Ag NPs are more significant than those of ascorbic acid, a known antioxidant, at lower doses (10 µg·ml−1) while a higher dose of 1,000 µg·ml−1 gives a 69.81% scavenging activity. The impact of Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic NPs on the catalytic degradation of hazardous dyes such as phenol red (PR) and eosin yellow (EY) was also studied in this work. For PR and EY, the corresponding percentages of degradation were 76% and 48.6%, respectively.

With the development of nanocarriers, especially in the area of nutraceutical delivery, the rapidly expanding field of nanotechnology has brought in a new age of health and well-being. The revolutionary potential of nanocarriers to improve the stability, bioavailability, and effectiveness of nutraceutical substances is discussed in this review paper. It started with outlining the difficulties that conventional nutraceutical delivery systems have, such as their low solubility and restricted absorption, which frequently obstruct their therapeutic advantages. The various types of nanocarriers which act as nutraceuticals includes liposomes, lipids, and polymer-based materials also highlight of their special qualities and how they get around the problems outlined. Recent developments in nanocarrier technology are critically analyzed to show how these tiny particles may be designed to offer enhanced protection against bioactive compounds and targeted, controlled release. Here toxicity issues and international guidelines compliance while examining safety and regulatory factors relevant to the use of nanocarriers in nutraceuticals has also been discussed. This review concludes with a prospective outlook on the use of nanocarriers in nutraceuticals going ahead, highlighting the possibility of tailored nutrition and the significance of new developments in maintaining and averting illness. This review provides the present status and future prospects of nanocarrier technology in the improvement of nutraceutical delivery by merging recent research findings and expert perspectives.

The utilisation of peel extracts for the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles has garnered attention because of their economical and environmentally friendly attributes, along with their potential for large-scale production. Among the metallic nanoparticles, silver is highly efficient against various pathogens, biocompatible and easy to incorporate into medicinal applications. This investigation focuses on the use of Solanum tuberosum peel extract (commonly known as potato peel), for formation of silver nanoparticles. UV–visible spectrometry revealed a distinctive AgNP peak at 471 nm, while XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of nanosilver, featuring an average crystallite size of 13.65 nm. Additionally, FESEM imaging revealed a nearly spherical surface morphology of the AgNPs, with notable clusters. Significant FTIR peaks indicated the presence of phytoconstituents, which acted as effective reducing agents during the AgNP synthesis. To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy, the synthesised AgNPs were evaluated using the agar-well diffusion method against six bacterial strains, including both gram-positive and gram-negative strains, with concentrations of 100, 500 and 1000 µg/ml. The results were compared to streptomycin (control), which exhibited the most substantial inhibition zone at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml, for Staphylococcus aureus (8 mm), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10 mm), Streptococcus anginosus (10 mm), Bacillus subtilis (10 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12 mm) and Escherichia coli (8 mm) were observed. This study highlights an innovative approach to repurposing frequently produced biowaste (potato peel) into functional nanomaterials possessing significant antibacterial properties, thus underscoring a novel strategy for waste disposal and the environmentally responsible production of nanoparticles.

Biohydrogen production, a feasible and environmentally friendly energy source, has advanced, notably in biocatalysts. This research carefully examines biocatalysts for biohydrogen synthesis and their recent advances. The debate begins with assessing biohydrogen's potential as an energy source and biocatalysts' importance in hydrogen production efficiency. Historical records reveal conventional methods and their limits, revealing novel microbial strains. The use of genetically modified organisms has altered hydrogen production by developing many methods and strains. Enzymatic mechanisms, especially novel enzymes and combinations, are crucial to hydrogen production. A multidisciplinary approach using microbiological, genetic, and enzymatic approaches can reveal synergistic effects and improve results. The techno-economic analysis compares the financial impacts and economic viability of these novel biocatalysts to conventional methods. Although there have been some improvements, scalability and safety issues remain unsolved. Future biocatalyst trends, developments, and wider implications for sustainable energy generation have been explored. The article examines the significance of these improvements and how biocatalysts can impact biohydrogen production.

Microbial desalination cell (MDC) is an emerging technology in which water is desalinated and energy is generated by the breakdown of organic compounds and catalyzed by microorganisms using the potential gradient created in the reactor. MDC efficacy is substantially influenced by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurring at the cathode, albeit potential hindrances include sluggish reaction rates and biofouling development. The present study involved synthesizing and utilizing CoFe2O4@TiO2 2 O 4 @TiO 2 nanocomposite as a multifunctional catalyst on a cathode surface for efficient ORR and dye removal. XPS, HRTEM, and XRD techniques were used to ascertain the NPs' morphology, surface properties, dimensions, and XRD patterns. Physicochemical investigation showed that the nanoparticles had a consistent distribution, a mean diameter of 18.11 nm, and a spherical shape. Researchers tested MDCs with nanoparticles (NPs). The highest power density was 4.56 W/m3, 3 , 50 % more than the MDC with a lower loading density. The desalination efficiency was found to be 60 % at 1.5 mg/cm2 2 CoFe2O4@TiO2, 2 O 4 @TiO 2 , however, it was 80 and 81 % at 2.5 and 2.0 mg/cm2 2 catalyst concentrations, respectively. The dye degradation efficiency of as high as 88 % was observed with CoFe2O4@TiO2 2 O 4 @TiO 2 nanocomposite cathode MDC. The findings show that CoFe2O4@TiO2 2 O 4 @TiO 2 nanocomposite might be an economically feasible ORR catalyst, improving MDC efficiency and cost.

Nanotechnology has the potential to govern matter at the nanoscale and revolutionise a number of industries, including materials science, hardware, pharmaceuticals, and energy, by facilitating the production of novel materials, technologies, and ideas with exciting properties and uses. This work presents a sustainable process of synthesising Ag-Fe-Ni trimetallic nanoparticles from orange peel extract (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), which functions as a reducing and capping agent. The nanoparticles were effectively synthesised and characterised using a number of methods, including UV-Vis, Zeta potential, FESEM, EDX, and XRD. The effectiveness of the anti-cancer, catalytic, and antioxidant properties were assessed. Molecular docking was conducted on the synthesised compounds to examine their potential in relation to the complex of ERK2 and catechol. According to the results, the molecules with the least binding energy was 15.55 kcal/mol. Also the synthesied nanoparticles showed increased antioxidant activity and the degradation of methyl red, phenol red, and eosin yellow. Ag-Fe-Ni trimetallic nanoparticles showed antioxidant activity of 89.94 % at 1000 mu g/mL. In 60 min, methyl red degraded to 97.67 %. The synthesised compounds have the potential to serve as lead compounds through further optimisation and have anti-cancer activities, as demonstrated by the results of molecular docking study. Thus, Ag-FeNi trimetallic nanoparticles generated from orange peel may serve as a novel antioxidant, catalytic, and anticancerous agent.

Nanotechnology is currently essential to electronics, life science and medicinal science. Its use may be evaluated since it calls for the atomic and molecular design of materials. Nanomaterials have been demonstrated to be reliable drug delivery agents due to their unique morphology and they may be beneficial for encapsulating pharmaceuticals, permitting more accurate targeting with a controlled release of drugs. The intricacy of some diseases and the intrinsic toxicity of some drugs have stoked interest in creating and improving drug delivery agents. Nanomaterials have the unique potential to be the best choice for meeting the needs of each specific drug delivery system due to their flexibility; a crucial technique for enhancing drug biocompatibility or targeted distribution at the active sites of the nanomaterials. This review focuses on recent advancements in functional nanomaterials for drug delivery systems, emphasizing those that have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in human studies. This review provides the inofrmation on nanocarriers and release techniques based on in vitro and in vivo results. Further discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of different types of nanomaterials, including polymeric, lipid-based and inorganic-based systems has ben done.

Over the past few decades, nanotechnology has gained momentum because of its potential to create a safer and healthier living environment using eco-friendly approaches. This study describes a safer, more dependable, and ecologically friendly technique of biologically synthesizing Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus as the reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized trimetallic NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, dynamic light scattering, and ultraviolet-visible analysis and were evaluated for their potential applications, which included antioxidant properties and catalytic dye degradation. The result suggests that the antioxidant properties of Cu/Fe/Ag NPs are more significant than those of ascorbic acid, a known antioxidant, at lower doses (10 mu gml-1) while a higher dose of 1,000 mu gml-1 gives a 69.81% scavenging activity. The impact of Cu/Fe/Ag trimetallic NPs on the catalytic degradation of hazardous dyes such as phenol red (PR) and eosin yellow (EY) was also studied in this work. For PR and EY, the corresponding percentages of degradation were 76% and 48.6%, respectively.

Bringing microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to market requires the use of non-precious metal catalysts. Therefore, we replaced the platinum (Pt) cathode with more cost-effective cadmium gallate (CdGa2O4) nanoparticles in the present research. The synthesis and characterization of cadmium gallate (CdGa2O4), and further its application as a cathode catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a MFC. The physiochemical characterization indicates a high ORR property of CdGa2O4, attributed to the presence of active sites, high electronic conductivity, and high surface area. These features enhanced the bioelectricity production with simultaneous wastewater treatment which resulted into comparable performances to catalysts such as platinum (Pt). The electrochemical analysis shows that the loading rate of CdGa2O4 has a significant impact on the power output of the MFC. The highest volumetric power density was observed in CdGa2O4 with a loading of 1 mg/cm3 (8.2 W/m3). COD removal efficiency also showed a similar trend with respect to different loading rates. 1 mg/cm3 of CdGa2O4 showed the highest COD removal and Columbic efficiency of 83.8

Nanotechnology stands as a ground-breaking domain facilitating the modification of matter at the nanoscale, holding vast potential for advancements in medicine, energy, electronics, and materials science. This research focuses on the environmentally production of bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) composed of silver oxide-nickel oxide (Ag2O-NiO) byutilizing discarded orange peels (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) as both reducing and stabilizing agents. Through a series of methodically conducted experiments, the synthesis of nanoparticles was successfully achieved, followed by a comprehensive characterization employing an array of analytical techniques including Ultra Violet visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The average size of the synthesized Ag2O-NiO BMNPs was determined to be 28.8 nm, with remarkable scavenging activity reaching 45