Introduction: The catalytic activity of metallic nanomaterials depends on their surface morphology. A widely known method is the laser synthesis of metal nanostructures by depositing on dielectric surfaces from aqueous solutions containing metal complexes. The article analyzes the factors that favor the production of conductive, catalytic, and sensory-active deposits by laser method. It is shown that the two main factors is the presence of a large number of charged defects on heterophase surfaces and the structure of metal-containing complexes in solution. This is typical for mono- and bimetallic alloys, the components of which interact with the laser beams according to the autocatalytic type. Using the example of laser deposition from solutions of Co, Ni, Fe, Zn, and Ag salts with homo- and heterophase dielectrics, the sensory and catalytic properties of the deposits are compared by impedance spectroscopy and voltammetry. It has been shown that heterophase precipitation significantly enhances the catalysis response. Background: It is known that the highest catalytic activity exhibits nanostructured and highly porous materials with a large specific surface area and materials containing surface heterogeneity in the form of charged acid-base centers. Such materials are necessary for the creation of new catalysts for organic synthesis and for the creation of new sensor materials for enzyme-free microbiosensors. Active development of new methods for the synthesis of such materials is underway. But not all of them give the expected result. Methods: Laser synthesis methods have the best prospects, including the method of laser-induced metal deposition. This is the laser synthesis of metal nanostructures by depositing dielectric surfaces from aqueous solutions containing metal complexes. Results: Аrticle analyzes the factors that favor the production of conductive, catalytic, and sensory-active deposits by laser method. It is shown that the two main factors are the presence of a large number of charged defects on heterophase surfaces and the structure of a metal-contained complex in solution. This is typical for mono- and bimetallic alloys, the components of which interact with the laser beam according to the autocatalytic type. Using the example of laser deposition from solutions of Co, Ni, Fe, Zn, and Ag salts with homo- and heterophase dielectrics, the sensory and catalytic properties of the deposits are compared by impedance spectroscopy and voltammetry. Conclusion: It has been shown that heterophase precipitation significantly enhances the catalysis response. It is shown that the laser deposition reaction has an autocatalytic mechanism in a dynamic mode. The results of autocatalysis can be used in a stationary mode to create a microbiosensor for glucose, as well as to create a technology for laser refining rare metals and hydrogen energy in a dynamic mode.

В пособии изложены основные химические принципы и законы, которые следует учитывать и использовать при разработке и освоении технологических процессов при работе с различными веществами и изделиями. Материал, изложенный в пособии, не перегружен экспериментальными и теоретическими выкладками, а сконцентрирован на практических и прикладных аспектах химии, с тем чтобы прочитавшие его студенты и специалисты могли получить новые и освежить старые знания и навыки, необходимые в практической работе. Пособие предназначено для студентов вузов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 40.05.03 «Судебная экспертиза», и студентов других специальностей, в которых химия не является основным профилирующим предметом, но необходима как важная часть общего кругозора и как инструмент решения многих прикладных задач. К ним относятся в том числе специальности 22.03.01 «Материаловедение и технологии материалов», 22.03.02 «Металлургия». Пособие полезно и специалистам, работающим в промышленности, в технологических и аналитических лабораториях, в том числе экспертных и криминалистических.

Background Determination of diagnostically significant components of biological materials using enzyme-free microscopic sensors is an urgent scientific task, which is being worked on by a significant number of scientific groups in the world. This is due to the fact that microscopic sensor-active tracks on inert surfaces can be obtained without preliminary manufacturing of precision templates. Methods Laser Induced Chemical Liquid Phase Deposition (LCLD) is a laser technology that allows the deposition of microsized conductive tracks from aqueous solutions of transition metal compounds at the focus of a laser beam. These tracks can be formed by one or two metals at the same time. The possibility of obtaining complexes in solution in which two different metals interact with one common coordination sphere of the ligand is of particular interest. The structure of such complexes is still insufficiently studied. Results The present study supplements the missing information on tartaric acid complexes, which can simultaneously coordinate two metals, for example, copper, nickel, silver, iron, and cobalt. Heterophase LCLD demonstrates high sensory activity in the electrochemical oxidation/reduction of glucose and hydrogen peroxide. Bimetallic deposits can be obtained in two ways. The first method consists of successive precipitation from a solution containing an ion of one metal, then another on top of the first. The second way is to create a solution in which two metals and one ligand are simultaneously present. Laser deposition is carried out in one stage. In practice, the possibility of the second method is not always realized. Conclusion In the present work, the basic principles of the formation of heterophase bimetallic sensor-sensitive porous material with a highly developed surface under the action of laser radiation have been analyzed, and new reference data have been accumulated on the structure of tartrate complexes containing two metals.

The use of laser methods for synthesizing new materials for non-enzymatic electrochemical microsensors for express analysis of biological fluids is a promising scientific question. Laser-induced chemical liquid phase deposition is the laser deposition of invisible miniature bimetallic deposits from aqueous solutions of salts and complexes of transition metals. Bimetallic complexes containing two transition metal cations in the shell of one ligand are of increased interest. There is an information gap in this area even for ligands such as tartrate. The studies carried out make it possible to obtain new information on the structure of bimetallic tartaric complexes in solutions containing simultaneously copper, nickel, silver, iron, and cobalt.

Dating an inscription on a sheet of paper by analyzing the dye is one of the most important and complex forensic tasks. To date, the task of analyzing the limitation of document details has not been fully resolved. Currently, the main research trend in the field of dating is the use of various chromatography methods. They are based on the study of the evaporation dynamics of volatile ink components. Basically, such methods are used within 2 years of the stroke of the writing composition. In addition to traditional gas chromatography, researchers use all known separation methods to determine the age, including ion chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The review analyzes the most authoritative European studies in this area and discusses the reasons behind the limitations of chromatographic methods. An alternative to chromatographic studies of volatile components are spectral methods for the analysis of dyes. The most interesting works carried out by the methods of mass spectrometry, microspectrophotometry, Raman spectroscopy, diffusion of luminescence in the near-infrared and visible regions, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, etc. are described. Despite a number of successful works in this area, the desired result has also not yet been achieved in terms of the accuracy and reliability of the results. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods are analyzed. Modern researchers are beginning to actively use new methods of mathematical processing of digital signal arrays. Examples of the use of chemometric data processing, including principal component analysis, are presented.

The paper describes the results of using Raman spectroscopy to study the canvases of Russian avant-garde artists. The study aimed to identify stable signs of paints for the recognition of counterfeits. The subject of the research was zinc white as a component of paints used by the 20th-century Russian avant-garde. Temporal changes occurring with them are due to chemical reactions of organic paint components with whites and with each other. The study shows that Raman spectroscopy is the most sensitive method for detecting ZnO time markers. Its results are compared with the results of pyrolysis-gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and X-ray analysis of paints from paintings from the Russian avant-garde of the early, middle, and late twentieth century. The study results demonstrate that the paint compositions of the early and late 20th Century have significant similarities. The result of their aging is the appearance of products of thermal desorption and pyrolysis in the form of a homologous series of alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons formed during the destruction and oxidation of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitic, stearic acids, and/or azelaic acid. These acids are found in flaxseed oil. Zinc white of the early 20th century contains significant additions of gypsum. The composition of the components of midcentury paints is much less diverse. Genuine paintings contain homologous series of fatty acids sorbed on zinc oxide. The paper analyzes historical reasons for this phenomenon. The research shows that one of the stable signs of falsification is the use of titanium white and organic catalysis products based on them. The results of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy are supplemented by X-ray phase and X-ray fluorescence analysis. The paper provides detailed reference data on the spectra of Raman light scattering, thermal desorption, and pyrolysis of paints of the studied canvases and shows the differences in the mass spectra of genuine paintings and falsifications.

Various methods of synthesis of CuInSe2 remain relevant because it is one of the most effective materials for solar energy. An effective method for the preparation of the CuInSe2 nanodispersed selenium precursor for microwave synthesis is considered. Colloidal selenium solutions were obtained using laser ablation in various liquid media: water, ethanol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol–400 (PEG-400), and a 1% solution of PEG-1500 in PEG-400. The optical properties of the obtained colloidal selenium solutions were studied. Electron microscopy of selenium particles was conducted. Trends of ablation rate change and physicochemical properties of dispersed selenium particles in the variety of liquid media listed above are discussed. The possibility of synthesizing CuInSe2 using the obtained precursor was verified.

The use of spectral analysis methods to determine the age of writing inks is an important forensic task. However, the use of spectral data for this purpose has a number of limitations and difficulties. This paper considers the application of the Raman spectroscopy method to an urgent forensic task. The known mechanisms of dye de gradation are analyzed; Raman bands are identified that are related to the age of the sample. In a sample of 5 randomly selected writing inks, temporary markers were identified. Narrow sections of Raman spectra containing characteristic lines were used for analysis. It was shown that processing narrow sections of the Raman spectra using the PCA chemometric method allowed the separation of writing inks into groups (clusters) corresponding to different creation intervals.

The development of an algorithm to automate the process of measuring the magnetic properties of macroscopic objects in motion is an important problem in various industries, especially in ferrous metallurgy and at factories where ferrous scrap is a strategic raw material. The parameter that requires work control is the hidden mass fraction of a non-magnetic substance that is present in the ferromagnetic raw material. The solution to this problem has no prototypes. In our work, a simple measuring device and a mathematical algorithm for calculating the mass fraction of the non-magnetic fraction in a strongly magnetic matrix were developed. The device is an inductance coil, in which the angle of the electromagnet losses is related to the mass of the magnetic material moving the coil. The magnitude of the instantaneous values of the lost angle integral was compared with the result of weighing the object on scales. This allowed us to calculate the proportion of the magnetic and non-magnetic fractions. The use of this prototype is herein illustrated. The experimental results of the determination of the magnetic-fractional composition depending on the mass of scrap metal and its bulk and the magnetic characteristics are presented.

Laser-induced deposition of metals from a solution has been used as a new method for the synthesis of microcomposite materials in the copper-silver system. It was shown that the obtained materials have good sensory properties with respect to the determination of d-glucose in aqueous solutions. It is also shown that it can be used for gas sensors. Control of sensory properties can be done by changing the method of deposition. X-ray diffraction, EDX, and impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials obtained and it was shown that laser sequential deposition and coprecipitation of two metals give different results. An explanation of the results was proposed. It explains them by the eutectic nature of the interaction in the copper-silver system.

In this work, a promising approach that provides conditions for in situ laser-induced synthesis of Raney-like copper-based nano-sized catalysts was reported. Their activity with respect to selective catalysis of acetylene homo-coupling versus Pd/Cu-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions was investigated. For that purpose, we studied the reaction of phenyl acetylene with p-iodanisole in the presence of a palladium(II) acyclic diaminocarbene complex and laser-induced copper-based nano-sized catalyst. It was found that the growth of particles generated within the focus of the laser beam can last even if laser irradiation is off and can be controlled by adding phenanthroline as the stabilizing ligand to the reaction mixture or by increasing its temperature and concentration. Thus, it is possible to manage the course of the catalytic reaction towards formation of either homo-coupling or cross-coupling products by changing the size of catalytically active copper-based particles produced during laser-induced synthesis.