Abstract Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate the antibacterial potential of amino acids in managing endodontic biofilms. Methods: The protocol was registered with OSF https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AH879 and is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses 2020 guidelines for systematic reviews. Comprehensive searches were performed across databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant studies published until March 2025. The inclusion criteria focused on studies investigating the antibacterial activity of amino acids against endodontic biofilms. Search strategies were developed based on the Population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes framework and incorporated Boolean operators (AND; OR) to refine results. MeSH terms such as “endodontic biofilm,” “amino acid,” and “antimicrobial activity” were employed. From an initial pool of 751 articles, seven studies met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the selected studies was appraised using the QUIN TOOL. Results: Quality assessment revealed predominantly low-to-moderate risk of bias (4 low, 2 medium, and 1 high). Specific D-amino acids, particularly D-leucine, D-tyrosine, D-tryptophan, and D-methionine, consistently disrupted E. faecalis and B. subtilis biofilms in a concentration- and timing-dependent manner. L-forms often reversed or attenuated the inhibitory effects of their D-counterparts, underscoring the stereochemical specificity of biofilm inhibition pathways. Non-proteinogenic amino acids demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition against S. aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus biofilms. Conclusion: Amino acids tested in this systematic review exhibited antibacterial effects against endodontic biofilms either individually or synergistically, thus suggesting their potential use as adjuncts in endodontic treatment strategies and improving oral health outcomes.

OBJECTIVE Dentin repair and regeneration pose significant challenges in restorative dentistry due to its hierarchical structure and susceptibility to demineralization. Traditional approaches often fail to restore the naturalarchitecture and functionality of dentin. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a biomimetic polycaprolactone (PCL)/nanohydroxyapatite (nHA)/serine (Ser) scaffold to enhance dental mineralization and support tissue regeneration. The inclusion of serine, known for its ability to bind calcium and phosphate ions and guide hydroxyapatite crystal formation, could enhance nucleation and cell attachment, making the scaffold a promising biomaterial for dentin repair. METHODS Nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated using PCL, nHA, and Ser by the electrospinning method. The structural and functional properties of the scaffold were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM and EDX were used to evaluate the morphology, porosity, and elemental composition. XRD analyzed the crystalline and amorphous phases, while FTIR analyzed chemical interactions among the components. RESULTS SEM analysis revealed a uniform fibrous structure with interconnected porosity, mimicking the extracellular matrix. EDX confirmed the successful incorporation of calcium and phosphorus, indicating the presence of nHA. XRD analysis demonstrated a combination of crystalline and amorphous phases, highlighting the scaffold’s structural stability and bioactivity. FTIR spectroscopy identified characteristic peaks corresponding to PCL, nHA, and Ser, validating their successful integration and interaction within the scaffold matrix. CONCLUSIONS The nanofibrous scaffold exhibited structural and compositional properties, confirming the presence of PCL, nHA and Ser. The properties analyzed support its potential for biomineralization and tissue regeneration. The inclusion of Ser could enhance hydroxyapatite nucleation and cell attachment, making the scaffold a promising biomaterial for dentin repair. Further in-vitro and in-vivo studies are recommended to validate its clinical application. KEYWORDS biomineralization, dentin regeneration, nanohydroxyapatite, polycaprolactone, serine, scaffolds, tissue engineering

Abstract Background: Sealers are important to provide hermetic obturation of root canals. Traditional sealers have wide clinical applications but are limited by cytotoxicity, solubility, and biocompatibility. However, bioceramic sealers offer bioactivity, alkaline antibacterial properties, and dentin bonding are the properties of bioceramic sealers, which still have concerns of extrusion, retreatment, and fewer long-term studies are available. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the clinical characteristics of bioceramic and conventional root canal sealers in permanent teeth. Methodology: The umbrella review was registered in PROSPERO and followed the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020. Seven databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, LILACS) as well as grey literature sources were searched comprehensively and in English. This last update of the search was made on May 10, 2026. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses that included randomized or clinical trials study designs were eligible. Data extraction and methodological appraisal (AMSTAR-2) was performed in duplicate. Results: A total of 17 systematic reviews (2021–2026) were included. In terms of postoperative pain, analgesic consumption, postoperative flare-up, radiographic healing, extrusion, retreatment difficulty, and long-term success, there was no difference between bioceramic and resin-based sealers. Minimal effect on pain at 24–48 h and somewhat beneficial healing were reported for bioceramic sealers, but the differences were small. There were no high-quality reviews identified, and 76% of the methodological appraisal of reviews was rated as being of a critically low quality, which reduced confidence in the conclusions. Conclusion: Bioceramic sealers demonstrate biological advantages but remain broadly equivalent to conventional resin-based sealers in clinical effectiveness. Observed short-term benefits are modest and not clinically decisive, while extrusion variability and retreatment difficulty highlight practical limitations.

The aim of the systematic review was to evaluate the role of aspartic acid and glutamic acid in dentin remineralization, focusing on biomimetic strategies that use noncollagenous protein analogs. Registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024547624), this review searched PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus up to February 2025 using PICO-based terms. In vitro studies investigating aspartic acid and glutamic acid in dentin remineralization were included. Study quality was assessed with the QUIN tool. Screening and selection were conducted independently by two reviewers followed by the data extraction and data synthesis. The systematic review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses 2020 guidelines. Out of 430 articles identified, 10 met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment revealed 4 studies with low risk of bias, 5 with medium, and 1 with high risk. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid were identified to enhance hydroxyapatite crystallization and mechanical properties of dentin. The polymer-induced liquid-precursor process using poly-L-aspartic acid restored up to 91% of the elastic modulus in demineralized dentin. Glutamic acid improved both intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar mineralization, and its combination with tricalcium phosphate notably enhanced mineral deposition. Low-risk studies confirm that aspartic and glutamic acids effectively promote dentin remineralization by mimicking natural biomineralization processes, showing potential for clinical applications. Future research should aim to standardize these treatments through clinical trials to confirm their long-term efficacy and safety.

This study aims to develop glutamic acid (Glu) loaded nanofibrous scaffolds using polycaprolactone (PCL) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) for applications in dentin mineralization. The scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning technique and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and water contact angle measurements. The resulting PCL/nHA/Glu scaffolds showed bead-free, randomly aligned nanofibers with high hydrophilicity and controlled glutamic acid release. Furthermore, these scaffolds demonstrated excellent cell viability, adhesion, and proliferation with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). The scaffolds also exhibited excellent three-dimensional mineralization and controlled biodegradation in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) duration with 14 and 21 days when compared to PCL and PCL/nHA nanofibers. These results suggest that PCL/nHA/Glu nanofibrous scaffolds can be a potential biomaterial for dentin remineralization applications.

Background: Dentin remineralization poses a significant challenge in restorative dentistry due to the complex structure and mineral-organic composition of dentin. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds present a biomimetic platform to facilitate mineral deposition. Functionalization of the scaffold, achieved through the incorporation of biomolecules like glutamic acid, which mimics non-collagenous proteins, may improve remineralization. Objective: To assess the remineralization potential of a glutamic acid-loaded polycaprolactone/nanohydroxyapatite (PCL/nHA/Glu) scaffold on acid-demineralized dentin, through surface and mechanical characterization. Methods: Nanofibrous scaffolds of PCL/nHA and PCL/nHA/Glu were fabricated and applied to demineralized human dentin discs. The samples were immersed in simulated body fluid for 7, 14, and 28 days. Changes in morphology and composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Surface topography was assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and mechanical properties were evaluated via nanoindentation, with statistical analysis conducted using one-way ANOVA. Results: SEM imaging showed progressive mineral deposition in both scaffold groups, with the PCL/nHA/Glu group demonstrating organized crystallite formation and almost complete tubule occlusion by Day 28. EDS indicated earlier and higher Ca and P incorporation in the PCL/nHA/Glu group. AFM showed significant reductions in surface roughness later, while nanoindentation revealed increased elastic modulus and hardness in the PCL/nHA/Glu group by Day 14, indicating mechanical recovery. Conclusion: Glutamic acid-functionalized scaffolds significantly enhanced the remineralization of demineralized dentin, promoting organized mineral deposition and restoration of mechanical properties. These findings support using amino acid-modified scaffolds in dentin tissue engineering. Clinical significance: Functionalization with amino acids is crucial for mimicking the activity of non-collagenous proteins, transforming passive ion delivery systems into bioactive platforms for dentin regeneration. These scaffolds could serve as alternatives to traditional materials in restorative dentistry, aiding in the treatment of dental caries, dentin hypersensitivity, and enhancing pulp vitality and regeneration.

Gutta Percha (GP) cones are made in an aseptic environment, a number of investigations have shown the presence of bacteria in recently opened boxes and this contamination rises with incorrect handling, storage and aerosol application. Numerous physicochemical techniques have been documented aiming to boost the antibacterial activity of GP cones while ensuring its obturation requirements. This systematic review aimed to critically evaluate the efficacy of antibacterial activity of GP modified with various antibacterial agents. The protocol for this systematic review has been registered with the PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews, registry No. CRD42024573067. The search was carried out across reputable databases, including PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and it was specifically designed to include articles published until March 2024. The search queries in the database were formulated with the basis of PICO questions in combination with various Boolean operators such as AND, OR. MeSH terms used for the search included GP, antibacterial agents, nanoparticles, root canal treatment, medicated GP. The extraction of the information was done by two independent authors. The evaluation of the methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using QUIN TOOL. This systematic review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. Initial search yielded 51 studies from database search. Out of 51, 9 articles ultimately satisfied the requirements and were therefore discussed in the current systematic review. The included studies were assessed and data were extracted and tabulated. Based on the results of the current systematic review, modified GP with various antimicrobial agents showed significantly increased antibacterial effectiveness than standard GP.

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the physicochemical characterization and mineralization of nanofibrous scaffold incorporated with nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) and aspartic acid (Asp) for dental mineralization. Methodology Three nanofibrous scaffolds were prepared, namely polycaprolactone (PCL), PCL with nHA, and PCL with nHA and Asp. Each scaffold was prepared separately by electrospinning. The physicochemical characterization of the surface of the nanofibrous scaffold was imaged using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In vitro mineralization studies were performed by immersing the sample in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7, 14, and 21 days. The surface of the samples was observed under SEM with EDX. Results SEM analysis of PCL/nHA/Asp revealed that the nanofibers were bead-free, smooth, randomly oriented, and loaded with Asp. The EDX spectra of PCL/nHA/Asp composite nanofibrous scaffold revealed broad peaks and corresponded to the amorphous form, while the sharp peaks corresponded to the specific crystalline structure of nHA. FTIR analysis showed specific functional groups corresponding to PCL, nHA, and Asp. The scaffolds incorporated with Asp exhibited higher mineralization potential with an apatite-like crystal formation, which increased with an increase in the duration of immersion in SBF. Conclusion Physiochemical characterization demonstrated the incorporation of PCL/nHA/Asp in the electrospun nanofibrous scaffold. The mineralization analysis revealed that the presence of Asp enhanced the mineralization when compared with the PCL and PCL/nHA. PCL/nHA/Asp incorporated in scaffold can be a promising material for dental mineralization.

Aim: To synthesize nanosilica and investigate its properties, focusing on its interaction with antibiotics, particularly triple antibiotic paste (TAP). Various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were employed. Materials and Methods: The synthesis of nanosilica involved the meticulous combination of ammonia, ethanol, water, and tetraethyl orthosilicate in a sterile conical flask, followed by centrifugation and drying. Nanosilica was further explored by being combined with antibiotics, including doxycycline, Flagyl, and ciprofloxacin, to create novel antibiotic-coated variants. These combinations were subjected to various analytical techniques to assess their properties. Results: The FTIR spectra of silica nanoparticles revealed specific peaks associated with silicon-oxygen bonds and siloxane structures. Nanosilica coated with antibiotics exhibited distinctive peaks indicating the presence of organic components and Si-O-Si bonds, offering insights into their potential applications in drug delivery systems. SEM images displayed uniformly dispersed spherical particles, while TEM images and histograms provided valuable data about the size distribution of nanosilica, essential for applications like drug delivery. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of silica nanoparticles and offered insights into their crystallographic structure. Conclusion: This comprehensive study showed the synthesis and characterization of nanosilica and its antibiotic-coated variants, with a particular focus on TAP. The findings contribute to our understanding of their structural and compositional properties, providing potential avenues for applications in diverse scientific and technological fields, including drug delivery and nanotechnology.

Introduction Non -surgical retreatment is seen as a conservative choice for dealing with recurrent infections, instead of opting for periapical surgery. The retreatment processes should be promptly and efficiently carried out, utilizing a suitable armamentarium. The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the quantity of root dentin that remains following the removal of gutta-percha (GP) from the root canal employing two distinct retreatment files. Materials and methods Sixty single -rooted teeth were selected for the examination. The process of shaping and cleaning was performed using the step -back approach, with a master apical file size of 40. The smear layer was effectively eliminated by rinsing with a solution of 3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Paper points were employed to desiccate the canals. The obturation process involved the utilization of the lateral compaction technique with the AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Sirona, NC, USA). The teeth were classified into two groups: Group I (n=30) underwent retreatment using HyFlex Remover (Coletene India, Pvt., Ltd.), whereas Group II (n=30) received therapy with Solite RS3 retreatment files (Solite Dental in Chennai, India). The remaining dentin thickness (RDT) was assessed by cone beam computed tomography at levels 3, 6, and 9 mm from the cemento enamel junction after the removal of GP. The acquired data underwent examination using an independent t -test to determine statistical significance. Results The findings demonstrate that the utilization of Solite RS3 files led to a higher level of dentin thickness remaining at 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm on the mesial side in comparison to HyFlex Remover retreatment files. The observed difference was found to be statistically significant at a significance level of p<0.05 on the mesial side. Nevertheless, there was no notable disparity seen between the two file types at these three levels on the distal side (p>0.05). Conclusion Based on the obtained results of the study, it can be concluded that Solite RS3 files show promise in preserving the RDT. However, further studies encompassing diverse parameters are needed to establish a conclusive and definitive conclusion.

Background: Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation within root canals poses a challenging problem in endodontics, often leading to treatment failure. To combat this issue, nanotechnology offers a promising avenue for enhancing antimicrobial efficacy. This study explores the potential synergistic effects of combining nanoscale silica particles with conventional antibiotics, including doxycycline, metronidazole, and ciprofloxacin, against E. faecalis biofilms. The unique characteristics of silica nanoparticles, such as their increased reactivity and ability to be functionalized with other compounds, make them ideal candidates for augmenting antibiotic efficacy. This research investigates the antimicrobial properties of these silica -based combinations and their potential to eliminate or inhibit E. faecalis biofilms more effectively than conventional treatments. Methodology: The methods involved the preparation of nanostructured silica particles and their combination with doxycycline, Flagyl, and ciprofloxacin at subinhibitory concentrations. These combinations were then tested against E. faecalis biofilms using the agar well diffusion technique. Results: Preliminary results suggested that the synergistic interactions between silica nanoparticles and antibiotics can significantly enhance antimicrobial efficacy. The combined treatment exhibited superior inhibitory effects on E. faecalis compared to antibiotics or silica nanoparticles alone (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study sheds light on the potential of nanoscale silica -based combinations to address the challenges posed by E. faecalis biofilms in endodontics. Understanding the mechanisms of synergy between nanoparticles and antibiotics can pave the way for the development of more effective and targeted strategies for root canal disinfection, ultimately improving the success rates of endodontic treatments.

OBJECTIVE:Patients with moderate to severe preoperative pain have a high incidence of postoperative pain. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the efficiency of oral premedication with Aceclofenac (immediate release and controlled release) in the management of post-instrumentation pain in root canal treatment, in patients with moderate to severe preoperative pain.METHODS:Three-arm parallel, triple blinded randomized controlled trial was planned. Patients with moderate to severe endodontic pain, requiring primary endodontic treatment were enrolled. Aceclofenac 100mg- immediate release (Aceclofenac-IR), Aceclofenac 200mg- controlled release (Aceclofenac-CR), and Ibuprofen 400mg were compared. The tablets were given one hour before the root canal treatment. Postoperatively, patients rated their pain at various time points. The duration of pain relief (primary outcome), the intensity of post-instrumentation pain, and the need for additional medicine were calculated. Statistical analysis was done using Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn post-hoc, Chi-square tests, and Binominal logistic regression.RESULTS:Aceclofenac-CR had a statistically significant longest duration of pain relief when compared to Ibuprofen (p=0.037) and Aceclofenac-IR (p=0.026). The intensity of post-instrumentation pain was lowest in Aceclofenac-CR, followed by Aceclofenac-IR and Ibuprofen. Additional medicine was required for only 8% of patients in Aceclofenac-CR group; whereas for 32% in each of Aceclofenac-IR and Ibuprofen groups. The odds of taking additional medicine were reduced to 0.16 in Aceclofenac-CR; increased to 1.05 with age.CONCLUSION:Aceclofenac-CR had the longest duration of pain relief compared to Aceclofenac-IR and Ibuprofen. (EEJ-2022-03-037).

Aim  To compare the bacterial reduction in single-rooted teeth with pulpal necrosis after laser-activated irrigation technique (LAI) and conventional needle irrigation (CNI). Methodology In this clinical trial (CTRI/2021/09/047767), 32 patients with pulpal necrosis were enrolled. Under complete aseptic conditions, access cavity preparation was done and the baseline sample S1 was collected from the root canal using paper points. After chemo-mechanical preparation they were allocated into two groups, following block randomization; Group A - CNI with 27 gauge side-vented needle, Group B - LAI with pulsed Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet) (2780 nm) laser. After irrigant activation, canals were dried and a second sample S2 was taken using paper points. Microbial analysis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was done to quantify the bacterial reduction among the two groups. Inter-group and intra-group analysis was done using the independent student t-test and Bonferroni test, respectively. The data was represented in terms of quantification cycle (Cq) values, which are inversely proportional to the microbial count.  Results There was no significant difference in S1 between the two groups (mean difference=0.0205; p=0.912). There was a significant difference in S2 between the two groups for the organisms (mean difference=0.8042; p=0.000). The mean percentage of bacterial reduction in CNI was 10.82% and in LAI it was 25.92%.  There was a significant difference in S1 through S2 within the two groups for the organisms (p=0.000). The mean difference of Cq value is high for LAI compared to CNI (1.3494).  The fold change was calculated by taking the ΔCq value and ΔΔCq value after the logarithmic transformation of the Cq value. LAI showed lower levels of DNA at S2 similar to CNI. There is no significant difference in mean fold change between CNI and LAI (p=0.564).  Conclusion This clinical trial concluded that both LAI and CNI were effective in bacterial reduction. There was greater bacterial reduction with LAI (25.92%) than with the CNI (10.82%) in single-rooted teeth with pulpal necrosis using qPCR analysis.

INTRODUCTION:The techniques used in carious dentine removal were developed by GV Black, in 1893, who initially proposed the principle of 'extension for prevention' in the operative treatment of carious lesions. He proposed that the removal of sound tooth structure and anatomical form at sites that might otherwise encourage plaque stagnation (e.g. occlusal fissures, approximal contact points) would help minimise caries onset and progression. The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on the methods of caries excavation among dental undergraduate students. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A questionnaire was designed online using google docs which consisted of 15 questions on the knowledge, attitude and practice of methods of caries excavation. The study population included dental students. Data was collected and tabulated in Excel. Data was analysed by descriptive statistics and chi square test using SPSS software. RESULTS:80% of the respondents were aware of caries excavation,79% of the respondents were aware about the newer techniques used for caries excavation. Majority of the female respondents were aware about the caries excavation techniques and its effectiveness (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:According to the data collected it can be concluded that 80% of the respondents were aware of caries excavation, 69% of respondents were aware that fluorescence aided caries excavation was effective. The majority of the female participants were aware about the caries excavation and its effectiveness.

Introduction: LASER is an acronym that stands for 'Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.' Since the first use in dentistry by Miaman in 1960, the laser has seen a wide variety of hard and soft tissue applications.Laser technology for hard tissue application and soft tissue surgery is highly refined, having evolved over many decades to the present, and further advancements are possible. Additional applications for laser-based photochemical reactions, especially for targeting specific cells, pathogens, or molecules, hold great promise. Aim of this study was to analyse knowledge, attitude and practice of laser tooth preparation among dental students. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional type of study conducted among the dental students comprising 150 subjects. Closed ended questionnaires consisting of 15 questions were framed and responses were collected in Google forms and analysed using SPSS software. The results were tabulated. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with Chi square analysis was done using SPSS software Results: Male and female population were equally aware that the laser was used in dental practice. Chi square test was done P value 0.526 (>0.05) which is statistically not significant. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, around 78.22% of dental students were aware of the lasers used in dentistry, and 73.25% have practiced laser dentistry. More than 50% of the dental students were aware that lasers are used for composite curing, enamel etching, and removal of caries. The survey concluded that awareness on laser tooth preparations among dental students is quite good.

Background: Many studies explained the importance of remineralisation of early carious lesions with various remineralising agents. In the present study, we incorporated the remineralising agents in a dentifrice, applied that in artificial enamel caries and evaluated their remineralising potential and compared the efficacy among the three. Aim: To evaluate and compare the remineralisation potential of a dentifrice containing bioactive glass, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and novel laboratory synthesised strontiumdoped nanohydroxyapatite paste in artificial enamel caries. Methods and Materials: 120 enamel specimens were divided into 4 groups of 30 specimens each, based on the type of dentifrice applied: GI - conventional toothpaste (control group), GII - calcium sodium phosphosilicate (Novamin), GIII - casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (GC tooth mousse) and GIV- Novel strontiumdoped nanohydroxyapatite paste (SrnHAp paste). Specimens in all the groups were subjected to demineralisation, and calcium/phosphorous ratio was analysed followed by remineralisation and the mean calcium–phosphorus ratio was assessed using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersing X-ray analysis. Statistical Analysis: Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Software, version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation. Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Mann–Whitney tests were used. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results and Conclusion: All except the control group showed a net increase in calcium and phosphorous values after application of the respective remineralising agents in respective groups. Inter-group comparison revealed that Group IV - SrnHAp paste yields higher net calcium and phosphorous values than other groups. Hence, novel SrnHAp can be considered as the material of choice in remineralising early enamel carious lesions.

Introduction:The term cryotherapy comes from the Greek word cryos, which means "cold." It means lowering or decreasing the temperature of tissues for therapeutic purposes in physiotherapy. In fact, cryotherapy does not mean the application of cold, but rather the removal of heat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the knowledge, awareness and practice on cryotherapy in endodontics among dental students. Materials and methods:A survey based questionnaire was done to study the knowledge about cryotherapy in endodontics among dental students. A total questionnaire of 14 questions were collected by google form app. SPSS statistical analysis was done. A total of 100 participants participated in this survey. The collected data was subjected to SPSS. Descriptive statistics was drawn with respective percentages to have a comparative overview. Result:The results were collected and data were analysed. 68% of the participants were aware of the cryotherapy in endodontics. Conclusion:This study concludes that the majority of the participants were aware of cryotherapy in endodontics.

INTRODUCTION: A biofilm could be a highly organized structure consisting of bacterial cells enclosed during a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix attached on a surface. Microbial biofilms within the infected root canal space are the first reason behind apical periodontitis. Root canal treatment therefore aims to either remove the biofilms from the foundation canal or kill all of the microbes within the biofilms. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices on advanced treatment options in the management of endodontic biofilm among internship and postgraduate students. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 100 practicing internship and postgraduate students were randomly chosen. The questionnaire was about knowledge, attitude and practice on advanced treatment options in the management of endodontic biofilm. The collected data was subjected to SPSS. Descriptive statistics was drawn with respective percentages to have a comparative overview. RESULT : 24% consider only the factor time affects the development and characteristics of endodontic biofilm, 19% consider only the factor canal anatomy affects the development and characteristics of endodontic biofilm, 9% consider only the factor flora composition affects the development and characteristics of endodontic biofilm and 48% were aware that development depends on all three factors (p value: 0.525( > 0.05).24% of the respondents consider that the endodontic disinfection depends on chemical effectiveness, 22% of the respondents consider that it depends on Physical effectiveness and 54% of the respondents are aware that it depends on both and p value: 0.509 ( > 0.05). CONCLUSION From the result we conclude that the dental students have adequate knowledge, attitudes and practices on advanced therapeutic treatment options in the management of endodontic biofilm. Post graduate dental students were better informed about the advanced therapeutic techniques than the internship dental students.

Introduction:A matrix is a thin metal strip that is custom-fitted around a tooth to provide missing walls and contours against which amalgam can be mounted and condensed. The matrix should be contoured to ensure that the reconstruction has an anatomically accurate contour and touch, returning the tooth to its original shape and function. A proper matrix must conform to the contour of the missing part of the tooth, provide proper contour and touch to the proximal region of the tooth, adhere to the gingival cavosurface margin of the tooth to prevent gingival overhang of amalgam, be easier to implement and remove, be rigid during amalgam compaction, and be affordable Aim:The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge,attitude and awareness of dental students regarding matrices and retainers in class 2 restoration. Materials and methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in the month of March to April 2021 among 100 dental students through a self administrated questionnaire through an online survey link (I.e.) google forms. The responses were collected and statistically analysed. Chi square test was used to analyze and compare the knowledge and awareness of students about matrices and retainers used for class 2 restoration. The confidence level was 95% and of statistical significance P<0.05. The method of representation of data used here is bar charts. Results: Majority of the students were having knowledge about matrix band and retainers as proved in this study. 89.2% of the students were aware about the usage of matrix band in class 2 restoration. 82.14% of the students felt that the band Matrix used on class 2 restorations and were made up of stainless steel.81.25% of the students felt that the tofflemire matrix is not a component of sectional matrix. From the present study it is evident that the majority of the male and female were aware that the characteristics of Matrix are easy removal from teeth, rigidity and proper anatomical contour .53 male students and 34 female students were aware of it with a P value 0.335> 0.05 which is statistically insignificant. Conclusion: This article concludes that the dental students have sufficient knowledge and awareness about matrices and retainers used for class 2 restoration

Introduction: Antibiotics are medications that are used to cure or avoid bacterial infections. They work by either destroying or blocking bacteria from reproducing and spreading. In recent years, the endodontic regenerative procedure (ERP), an alternative therapeutic approach to apexification, has gained a lot of attention. Incorrect antibiotic use in dentistry would lead to secondary infections, and also it would make antibiotics ineffective against potentially lethal medical infectious diseases. Aim: The purpose of the study was to know about the awareness on protocols for antibiotic usage for endodontic infections. Methodology: A total of nearly 100 dental undergraduates and interns were requested to participate in the study. The questionnaire had 16 items which were designed in such a way to evaluate the awareness and attitude of protocols for antibiotic usage for endodontic infections. A small population of 100 dental undergraduates and specialists were aware of protocols for antibiotic usage for endodontic infections. Result: 59.18% of the study population felt antibiotic therapy is not required in the case of systemic involvement in endodontics, 30.61% of the study participants felt antibiotic therapy is not essential in presence of persistent infection and 10.20% of the study population felt antibiotic therapy is not required in the case of indications of progressive infection (figure 2). Conclusion: Most of the dental undergraduates and interns these days are aware of protocols for antibiotic usage for endodontic infections and show a responsible attitude towards these procedures. But there exists a group of population who are not aware of various protocols for antibiotic usage in endodontic infections.