The relevance of studying the dynamics of ozone concentration in the troposphere is due to the fact that in high concentrations it is a strong poison and a powerful oxidant that extremely negatively impacts both biological structures and the environment. Therefore, the dynamics of ozone concentration require urgent study in different areas of the Earth. Based on monitoring data, the paper examines the distribution of tropospheric ozone in Russia in 2023 in the surface air layer, as well as its vertical distribution based on the results of aircraft sensing. It is shown that the maximum permissible daily average concentrations established by the national hygienic standard, including maximal one-time, daily average, and annual average, were exceeded at all measurement sites. The current situation necessitates widespread public awareness of the results of monitoring and the development of environmental protection measures to reduce the concentration of ozone and its precursors in the surface air layer. The results of the work can be useful to specialists in the fields of atmospheric physics, climatology, and environmental protection, as well as to administrative bodies of different responsibility levels.

Озон в тропосфере в высоких концентрациях является сильнодействующим ядом и мощным окислителем, крайне негативно воздействующим на биологические объекты и объекты окружающей среды. Поэтому весьма актуально исследование динамики его концентрации во всех регионах планеты. По данным мониторинга рассматривается распределение тропосферного озона на территории России в 2023 г. в приземном слое воздуха, а также его вертикальное распределение по результатам самолетного зондирования. Показано, что во всех пунктах измерений превышались предельно допустимые среднесуточные концентрации, установленные отечественным гигиеническим нормативом: максимальные разовые, среднесуточные и среднегодовые. В связи со сложившейся ситуацией необходимы широкое информирование населения о результатах мониторинга и разработка природоохранных мероприятий по снижению уровня концентрации озона и его прекурсоров в приземном слое воздуха. Результаты работы могут быть полезны специалистам в области физики атмосферы, климатологии, охраны окружающей среды, а также административным органам разных уровней. The relevance of studying the dynamics of ozone concentration is due to the fact that at high concentrations it is a potent poison and a powerful oxidizer that extremely negatively impacts both biological objects and the environment. Based on the monitoring data, the paper examines the distribution of tropospheric ozone in Russia in 2023 in the surface air layer, as well as its vertical distribution based on the results of aircraft sounding. It is shown that the maximum allowable daily average concentrations established by the domestic hygienic standard, maximum single, daily average, and annual average, were exceeded at all measurement points. The current situation necessitates widespread public awareness of the results of monitoring and the development of environmental measures to reduce the concentration of ozone and its precursors in the surface air layer.

The temporal and spatial variations in surface air temperature in Moscow are analyzed based on multiyear (2008-2022) observations from the Mosecomonitoring network for the megacity environment quality monitoring. The authors propose to represent the urban heat island (UHI) as zones encircling the warmest territory in the center, highlighting the urban periphery and outskirts, near suburbs, a background area, and an urban cold island in the Losiny Ostrov Park. Zonal temperature reflects the internal structure of the UHI and its dynamics, which allows focusing on individual areas of the megalopolis when developing measures to preserve air quality. The annual mean UHI magnitude in the center of Moscow has increased by 0.5°C over the past 10 years and reached 2.5°C. Significant interannual, seasonal, and interdaily variability in the daily mean and nighttime UHI magnitude is demonstrated. The relevance of estimating an anthropogenic component of the UHI based on the values of the nocturnal heat anomaly is emphasized...

The temporal and spatial variations in surface air temperature in Moscow are analyzed based on multiyear (2008–2022) observations from the Mosecomonitoring network for the megacity environment quality monitoring. The authors propose to represent the urban heat island (UHI) as zones encircling the warmest territory in the center, highlighting the urban periphery and outskirts, near suburbs, a background area, and an urban cold island in the Losiny Ostrov Park. Zonal temperature reflects the internal structure of the UHI and its dynamics, which allows focusing on individual areas of the megalopolis when developing measures to preserve air quality. The annual mean UHI magnitude in the center of Moscow has increased by 0.5°C over the past 10 years and reached 2.5°C. Significant interannual, seasonal, and interdaily variability in the daily mean and nighttime UHI magnitude is demonstrated. The relevance of estimating an anthropogenic component of the UHI based on the values of the nocturnal heat anomaly is emphasized. It has been found that the average long-term nocturnal UHI magnitude is approximately 1°C greater than the traditionally considered daily mean value. Hourly observations from more than 60 Mosecomonitoring network stations for August 2022, together with the Roshydromet weather station data, are used to verify numerical simulations of surface air temperature and the UHI using the updated COSMO-Ru1-MSK configuration of the COSMO atmospheric model with 1-km grid spacing. A new technique is proposed to compare modeling results with observations in the heterogeneous urban environment. The model satisfactorily reproduces the spatial structure of the UHI and the temperature differences between the proposed zones, although the modelled temperature diurnal turn in the city slightly lag behind observations. The Mosecomonitoring network data are promising for the verification of numerical weather prediction models on the city scale for Moscow in further research.

We consider the distribution of tropospheric ozone on the territory of Russia in 2022 using data from 33 stations located in different physical and geographical zones, as well as its vertical distribution from results of aircraft sensing. It was shown that measurements at all measurement sites exceeded the maximum permissible daily average concentrations, determined by the national hygienic standard. In some regions, the excess over the maximum permissible concentrations of the working zone and over the maximum one-time hourly average concentrations is recorded, so that the population should be broadly warned about the monitoring results and measures should be taken to reduce the level of ozone concentration in the surface air layer.

Рассматривается распределение тропосферного озона на территории России в 2022 г. по данным 33 станций, расположенных в разных физико-географических зонах, а также его вертикальное распределение по результатам самолетного зондирования. Показано, что во всех пунктах измерений превышались предельно допустимые среднесуточные концентрации, установленные отечественным гигиеническим нормативом. В отдельных регионах фиксируется превышение предельно допустимых концентраций рабочей зоны и максимальных разовых среднечасовых концентраций в сложившейся ситуации необходимо широко информировать население о результатах мониторинга и проводить мероприятия по снижению уровня концентрации озона в приземном слое воздуха. The work considers the distribution of tropospheric ozone in Russia in 2022 according to 33 stations located in different physical and geographical zones, as well as its vertical distribution according to the results of aircraft sensing. It was shown that ozone concentration stations the maximum permissible daily average concentrations established by the domestic hygienic standard at all exceed. In some regions, the maximum permissible concentrations of the working zone and the maximum one-time hourly average concentrations are exceeded. The current situation causes the need to widely inform the population about the monitoring results and develop environmental measures to reduce the level of ozone concentration in the surface air layer.

The characteristics of acoustic-gravity waves (waveforms, time durations, amplitudes, azimuths and horizontal phase speeds) from the eruption of the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Hapai volcano detected at different infrasound stations of the Infrasound Monitoring System and at a network of low-frequency microbarographs in the Moscow region are studied. Using the correlation analysis of the signals at different locations, six arrivals of signals from the volcano, which made up to two revolutions around the Earth, were detected. The Lamb mode of acoustic gravity waves from the volcano eruption is identified and the effect of this mode on generation of tsunami waves and variation of aerosol concentration is studied. The energy released from an underwater volcano into the atmosphere is estimated from the parameters of the Lamb wave and compared with the energy released from the most powerful nuclear bomb of 58 Mt TNT.

The weekly cycle and weekend effect in the O-3, NO, NO2, CO, CH4, SO2, NMHC, and PM10 concentrations were investigated in the Moscow megacity using in-situ measurements from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2014 at 49 stations of the Moscow Environment Monitoring network. Daily variations in the CO, NOx, NMHC, and PM10 concentrations depend mainly on motor transport emissions and the atmospheric boundary layer vertical stratification. The characteristic feature of Moscow is the time coincidence of rush hours and surface temperature inversion during the cold season, which results in pollutant accumulation in the atmospheric surface layer. It was found that the surface concentrations of the pollutants (except ozone and methane) decrease on weekends. Weekday (Tuesday-Friday)-Sunday differences in the daytime (08:00-22:00 LT) NO, NO2, CO, SO2, NMHC, and PM10 concentrations relative to those of weekday period averaged for all stations over 2005-2014 amounted to 23.9. 5.8, 16.7. 2.8, 13.6. 3.3, 7.6. 6.5, 6.3. 2.2, and 14.5. 5.1%, respectively. The ozone concentration increased on Sunday by 16.5. 4.8%. The methane concentration on weekends was the same as on weekdays. The weekend effects in all pollutant concentrations were weakened within the greenbelt around Moscow. In different sectors of Moscow the pollutant weekend effects except that in SO2 were approximately the same. The vertical structure of the NO, NO2, and CO weekend effects was analyzed based on data obtained from measurements at the TV tower 500 m in height. These weekend effects decreased nonlinearly with height. Estimates obtained for basic criteria of activity of photochemical processes determining the formation of the weekly cycle and weekend effect of ozone (NMHC/NOx ratio, fraction of radical loss via NOx chemistry, concentration of O-x) show that the VOC-limited chemistry is characteristic of Moscow.

Data on the surface NO, NO2, CO, SO2, CH4, and PK10 concentrations measured at 46 stations from 2005 to 2014 in Moscow have been used in studying the characteristic features of their distribution over the city area and their time variations. Both seasonal and interannual variations in pollutant concentrations, as well as their 10-year trends, are closely related with variations in the urban infrastructure and weather conditions. The weekly cycle of the pollutants has been analyzed. Its largest amplitude is 18.9 +/- 5.6% for NO. For CO, NO2, and PM10, the amplitudes amount to 9.3 +/- 3.2%, 13.6 +/- 2.8%, and 10.9 +/- 5.5%, respectively. The weekly variations in CH4 and SO2 concentrations are not significant for such large-scale territorial averaging. The emission fluxes of CO, NOx, SO2, and CH4 and their integral emissions from the Moscow megacity have been estimated from multiyear measurements of their surface concentrations and both vertical air-temperature and wind stratifications. During 2005-2014, the annual integral emissions of CO, NOx, and CH4 decreased with a rate of -1.9 +/- 0.3, -1.7 +/- 0.4, and -7.8 +/- 3.1 %.yr(-1), respectively, and that of SO2 increased with a rate of 3.3 +/- 2.3 %.yr(-1). The means of integral annual pollutant emissions from Moscow differ slightly from those for other world megacities. The CO emissions coincide with their EDGAR v4.2 inventory values interpolated to the territory of Moscow. However, the EDGAR v4.2 values of NOx , SO2 and CH4 significantly exceed their calculated values.

Time variations in the concentrations of gas pollutants CO, NO, NO2, SO2, and PM10 aerosol in the surface atmospheric layer over Moscow show a weekly cycle, manifested as a decrease in the pollution level on weekends. The character of the weekly variations and amplitude of the weekly cycle were determined using, for the first time, a 10-year archive of observations of atmospheric composition from 46 State Nature Conservation Organization (SNCO) Mosecomonitoring stations. The amplitudes of weekly oscillations in the daytime CO concentration, averaged over the territory of the city and seasons, vary from 21.8% in spring to 29.2% in winter, and those of daytime NO concentration vary from 16.9% in summer to 38.1% in winter. The weekly cycle of daytime NO2 concentration is stable throughout the year, and its amplitude is 33% on average. Amplitudes of weekly variations in SO2 and PM10 (22.7% and 35.2%, respectively) are maximal in autumn according to daytime data; the CH4 weekly cycle is insignificant. In nighttime concentrations of these pollutants, a significant weekly cycle is extracted only for NO2. The analysis of the data, obtained for separate Moscow districts, shows approximately the same Sunday effect. Only CO concentrations have high amplitudes at the city center (39.2%) and in the southwestern sector (35.1%).

In the article there are considered the main problems of assessing public health risks of the combined effects of high temperatures and air pollution with the account taken of the consequences of abnormally hot weather observed in summer 2010 in Moscow and without equals in the history of meteorological measurements in the city. The daily average concentrations of fine suspended particles matter (PM10) in the city during peatland fires from 4 to 9 August are emphasized to be within the range of 431-906 μ/m3, being 7.2-15.1 times the Russian maximum permissible concentration (MPCs) (60 μ/m3). The anomalous heat and high levels of air pollution in this period were shown to cause a significant increase in excess mortality among the population of Moscow. There was established the relative gain in mortality from all natural causes per 10 μg/m3 increase in daily average concentrations of PM10 and ozone, which was respectively: 0.47% (95%; CI: 0.31-0.63) and 0.41% (95%; CI: 0.31-1.13). On the base of the statistical analysis of daily mortality rates, meteorological indices, the concentrations of PM10 and ozone there was developed marking scale for the risk assessment of these indices accordingly to 4 gradings--low (permissible), warning, alert, and a hazard level. There has been substantiated the importance of the introduction of the system for the early alert for hazard weather events and the unified rating scale for the hazard of high air temperatures and high levels of air pollution with PM10 and ozone, which allows to take timely measures for the protection of the public health.