In order to explore the germination characteristics of Lolium perenne seeds under different salt and alkali stress, the method of germination on dish paper was used to treat ryegrass seeds with different sodium salt solutions（NaCl, NaHCO 3 , NaCl and NaHCO 3 mixture）. Eight concentration gradients of 0（control）, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200,240, 280 mmol/L were set to detect the changes of germination indexes of Lolium perenne seeds. The results showed that the germination rate, germination index and vigor index of Lolium perenne seeds decreased with the increase of salt and alkali stress concentration. When the concentration of Na+was equal, the indexes under NaCl treatment were higher than those under NaHCO 3 treatment; the germination potential was promoted by the lower concentration（40 mmol/L） and inhibited by the higher concentration（120/160/200 mmol/L）, but decreased under NaHCO 3 treatment; the relative salt injury rate of Lolium perenne seeds perform as NaCl ＜ mixed salt ＜ NaHCO 3 , which indicated that NaHCO 3 had a more significant effect on Lolium perenne seeds than NaCl.

[背景和目的]针对目前国内尚未以国际通行的抗性鉴别宿主区分烟草野火菌的生理小种,首次基于抗性遗传规律鉴定了所收集野火菌株的生理小种归属.[方法]通过大田喷雾接种、温室浓度梯度接种、无损伤接种及同一叶片上的对比试验等4个平行试验,将ATCC11528等5个野火菌株接种到黄花烟等6个不同抗源遗传背景的烟草上,根据不同试验出现的不同病理反应对各野火菌株进行生理小种分类.[结果]所收集的5个野火菌株经多轮分子标签鉴定纯化,可用于接种试验.野火菌株D151、ZD和M109、ATCC11528和W11分别被鉴定为0、1、3等3个小种.[结论]采用国际通行的抗性鉴别宿主和4个平行接种试验区分了5个野火菌株的生理小种归属.为培育野火菌小种专化抗病烟草和克隆烟草中小种专化抗病基因提供了重要基础.

快速城市化引起的城市环境污染问题日趋严重,由城市中心到城郊往往呈规律性递变趋势.北京城市公园作为城市绿地主体,不仅是城市居民重要的休闲游憩场所,也能在一定程度上反应环境污染,如土壤重金属污染的作用规律.以北京市这一典型大城市为研究区域,根据不同城市公园的建成时间、所处位置和距离市中心的远近选择六个公园作为研究样点,选取公园常见6种乔木下土壤,通过对土壤重金属含量、土壤理化性质以及土壤真菌群落测定和测序,旨在探讨城市公园植被下土壤真菌群落特征(多样性和群落结构组成)以及影响因素.研究结果表明:北京城市公园乔木下的土壤真菌群落多样性、群落组成以及优势类群受到土壤pH值、土壤养分和水分以及重金属铅的调控.其中公园土壤重金属铅含量增加会降低土壤真菌多样性、显著影响优势类群子囊真菌(占真菌群落73％)以及土壤真菌功能类群病原真菌群落组成.研究揭示了北京城市公园土壤真菌群落特征及调控因素,特别是重金属铅对土壤真菌群落的影响,这对提高城市公园科学管理和环境健康具有积极的应用价值.

阐述植物标本制作技术课程中的思政元素,提出植物标本制作技术课程思政建设之路:通过融入生态文明元素进行生命教育,通过融入劳动教育培养工匠精神,通过融入法制意识进行法制教育,最终达到立德树人、提升学生思想道德修养的目的 .

森林因承担多种功能而凸显其在地球上的重要地位,对树种进行针对性遗传改良是林业发展中的永恒话题.周期性较长是常规林木遗传育种的主要缺陷,基因工程技术的诞生恰好将之弥补.综述了现今林木基因工程的遗传转化方法及其应用,并对未来发展展望.

茄果类蔬菜中富含花青素,其具有保健、抗炎、抗肿瘤、调节血脂和改善糖尿病等积极作用.为茄果类蔬菜花青素的研究及应用提供参考,从花青素在茄果类蔬菜中的作用、茄果类花青素的种类、调控花青素转录因子和影响花青素稳定性因素等方面进行综述.

生物学科是一门实践性很强的应用型学科,虚拟仿真技术渗透到教学中是教育信息化发展的必然,该研究基于生物学实验教学的现状和虚拟仿真实验资源开发的现状,探讨深入开发虚拟仿真技术在具体实验项目中的应用,构建虚实互补的生物学实验教学模式,可以降低成本、减少污染和毒害、缩短实验周期,进一步提高生物学实验教学效果.

分析地方高校植物学科研究生培养过程中存在的问题,主要表现在研究生学习热情不高、投入不足造成的培养条件受限、研究生学术交流少和实践效果不理想.通过优化课程教学、强化和规范研究生培养的过程管理、强化植物学科导师培养能力、营造良好的学术氛围、强化研究生实践育人环节等方式提高研究生培养质量.

酸浆是我国常见的野生植物,东北及内蒙地区种植较多.本文对酸浆的形态特征、药用价值、食用价值及观赏价值进行了简要概述,以期为其开发利用提供参考.

为了明确龙葵(Solanum nigrumL.)幼苗对不同盐碱胁迫的适应性差异,从而合理高效地利用龙葵资源,以龙葵幼苗为材料,用不同浓度的中性单盐NaCl、中性混合盐(NaCl、Na2SO4的浓度比为1∶2)和碱性混合盐(NaCl、Na2SO4 、NaHCO3、Na2CO3的浓度比为5∶23∶9∶3)进行胁迫处理,研究龙葵幼苗抗氧化酶与渗透调节物质含量的变化.结果 表明,在中性盐与碱性盐的作用下,龙葵幼苗都会遭受氧化胁迫.随着盐浓度的升高,叶片中的丙二醛含量增大,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也在一定范围内增大.在碱性混合盐的作用下,抗氧化酶活性在盐浓度为100～ 150 mmol/L时达到最大值,然后开始下降;在中性混合盐胁迫下,只有POD活性上升,SOD、CAT活性均表现出先上升然后下降的趋势;在中性单盐NaCl的胁迫下,只有CAT活性在盐浓度＞ 200 mmol/L时下降,而其他2种酶活性持续上升.在碱性混合盐作用下,龙葵幼苗会积累更多的丙二醛,在盐浓度为300 mmol/L时达到最高值,渗透调节物质(脯氨酸、可溶性糖)的含量也在一定范围内增加.

以龙葵种子为材料,将NaCl、Na2 SO4、NaHCO3、Na2 CO3按不同比例混合成3种组合,并分别设置0(对照)、15、30、45、60、75 mmol/L 6个浓度梯度,研究龙葵种子萌发过程中不同盐碱胁迫的影响.结果表明,随着盐碱胁迫浓度的增加,龙葵种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数在整体上均有不同程度的降低(P<0.05);中性盐B(NaCl与Na2 SO4浓度比为1:2的溶液)浓度为15～30 mmol/L时,能够促进种子萌发,中性盐B浓度为45～75 mmol/L时,会抑制种子萌发;碱性盐C浓度为15 mmol/L时,会严重抑制种子萌发,当浓度≥60 mmol/L时,种子不萌发.

In order to explore the physiological response mechanism of Physalis alkekengi L. to different drought treatments, and provide scientific references for exploration and utilization of drought tolerant varieties, the seedlings of two P. alkekengi varieties, P. alkekengi cv. Lilitian and P. alkekengi cv. Tieba, were used as materials. Under the PEG-6000 (mass fraction 0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%) simulated drought stress, seed germination and seeding growth characteristics were measured. The research indicates that, at the concentration of 5% PEG-6000, the germination energy, germination index, bud length of the P. alkekengi cv. Tieba seed pulp were significantly increased compared with the control. When the treatment concentration was higher than 10%, the above indexes as well as root length decreased sharply with the increase of PEG-6000 concentra-tion. When the concentration of PEG-6000 reached to 30%, the indexes of P. alkekengi seed were all at a very low level. The seed vigor index of the two varieties was different as the seed vigor of P. alkekengi cv. Lilitian increased first and then decreased; while the activity of P. alkekengi cv. Tieba seed decreased continuously. Under drought stress, the seed germination capacity of P. alkekengi cv. Lilitian is stronger than that of P. alkekengi cv. Tieba.

In order to explore the physiological response mechanism of Physali alkekengi L. in different drought treatments, and provide scientific references for exploration and utilization of drought tolerant varieties, Lilitian and Tieba seedlings were used as materials. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of two kinds of Physalis were measured by PEG-6000 (mass fraction 0,5%,10%,15%,20%,30%)simulation drought stress. The results showed that with the increasing concentra-tion of PEG-6000,malondialdehyde(MDA)content showed a rising trend,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity, peroxidase (POD)activity,catalase(CAT)activity,proline(Pro)content and soluble sugar content(SS)first increased and then decreased. The POD,CAT activity and soluble sugar content of Lilitian reached the highest value under the PEG-6000 treatment of 15%concentration,while the POD,CAT activity and soluble sugar content of Tieba reached the highest value at 20%,15% and 10% concentrations respectively. PEG-6000 concentration arrive at 20%,SOD activity and Pro content of two varieties of seedlings reached the maximum. Lilitian is better tolerated to PEG-6000 than Tieba.

为盐碱地龙葵品种的选育及栽培提供参考,以龙葵种子和幼苗为试验材料,在实验室采用广口瓶遮光培养方法,模拟研究不同浓度盐碱胁迫对龙葵幼苗生长、生物量及叶绿素含量等指标的影响及其耐盐阈值.结果表明:在不同浓度中性单盐、中性混合盐和碱性混合盐胁迫下,龙葵幼苗生长均受到不同程度抑制,并随着盐浓度升高龙葵幼苗的株高、根长、生物量和叶绿素含量不断降低.龙葵对中性单盐(NaCl)、中性混合盐(NaCl∶Na2SO4的质量比为1∶2)和碱性混合盐(NaCl∶Na2SO4∶NaHCO3∶Na2CO3的质量比为5∶23∶9∶3)胁迫的耐盐阈值分别为211.74 mmol/L、170.35 mmol/L和128.51 mmol/L.碱性混合盐对龙葵幼苗生长的抑制作用大于中性混合盐和中性单盐.

为了更好地利用网络资源开展高级植物学教学,本文结合教学实践,以能力培养为目标,以培养"研究型"人才为主线,依托植物学精品课,针对高级植物学实践教学和理论教学提出了相应的教学改革措施和建议.

The optimization of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total pulsatilla saponin was studied by using the response surface methodology. The extraction rate of pulsatilla saponin B4 was the evaluation index. On the basis of single factor exper-iment, the optimum extraction condition was determined by using Box-Behnken response surface analysis method. The results showed that ultrasonic-assisted extraction and the optimum technological parameters of total saponins in Pulsatilla root were ultrasonic power of 240 W,60% ethanol, ultrasonic time of 30 min. Under these conditions the extraction rate of pulsatilla saponin was 5.35%. Response surface optimization of the extraction process was stable and reasonable, accurate and reliable, which was a feasible method to extract of pulsatilla saponin.

新媒体视角下传统的教学方式面临困境,将慕课与微课的相关元素与精品课建设有机结合,融入植物学课程建设:变一元教学方式变为多元互动教学方式;变限制性教学特点为无限性的教学方式;变不可复原的教学方式为可复原的教学方式,从而提高植物学教育教学质量.

对牡丹江火山口原始森林苏云金芽孢杆菌的分布与基因多样性进行研究.采集91份土壤样品,利用温度筛选法从中分离出40株苏云金芽胞杆菌并对其进行光学显微观察,晶体形态为球形和菱形.PCR-RFLP鉴定结果表明:该地区的苏云金芽胞杆菌含有cry1,cry2,cry4,cry8,cry9,cry18,cry26,cry28,cry35基因,含cry8基因的菌株最丰富;苏云金芽孢杆菌在火山口原始森林的分布具有良好的多样性.

利用响应面法对白头翁(Pulsatilla chinensis)皂苷的微波提取条件进行了优化.在单因素试验基础上,利用Box-Behnken中心组合设计原理及响应面法分析并建立二次回归模型.以乙醇体积分数、微波功率、微波时间为考察因素,以白头翁皂苷提取率为响应值,研究了各因素对白头翁皂苷提取率的影响.确定最佳微波提取条件为乙醇体积分数50％、微波功率300 W、微波时间4 min,在此条件下,白头翁皂苷提取率达到5.33％.

为了提高北虫草的营养价值,通过不同培养基配方培养北虫草,用凯氏定氮法和氨基酸自动分析仪测定各配方中蛋白质和氨基酸含量,分析不同培养基配方对北虫草中蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响.结果表明:配方C(大米40 g,1号营养液56 mL)中蛋白质平均含量最高,为20.430 g· (100 g)-1.配方A(玉米40 g,1号营养液56 mL)中必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量、总氨基酸含量均最高,分别为3.882,12.512,16.394g·(100g)1.