Background: Aristolochia longa L. (Aristolochiaceae), known as Berreztam, is frequently used in traditional medicine to manage several diseases and has been the subject of several studies. However, its inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has not yet been reported. Thus, the present work aimed to study the anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of extracts from different parts of A. longa from the Mila region (Algeria). Methods: Phytochemical screening and quantitative determination of total phenolic, flavonoids, and flavonols were performed by colorimetric methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using four complementary tests (ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and β-carotene-linoleic acid), and the inhibitory effect of the extracts on AChE and BChE was carried out by Elman’s method. Results: Polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, and terpenes were revealed in the extracts, while saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, anthocyanins, and mucilages were absent. The plant was found to have high levels of phenolic compounds (values between 46.33 ± 8.39 176.56 ± 4.00 mg/g), with the leaves being found to be the richest part. Methanolic extract of leaves and stems showed the highest antioxidant activity evaluated. The extracts showed negligible inhibitory effect on AChE but showed a potential effect on BChE, especially the methanolic extract of roots was the most potent (IC50=23.09 ± 1.81 μg/mL). Conclusion: These results suggest a possible use of the different parts of Aristolochia longa as a source of bioactive compounds endowed with antioxidant and anti-butyrylcholinesterase properties.

Background: The traditional pharmacopoeia is full of potential resources for molecules with therapeutic effects involving the inhibition of enzymes linked to some diseases. Objective: This work aimed to test in vitro neuroprotective activity against Alzheimer's disease (AD) combined with the antioxidant effect of root extracts obtained by water, water/methanol, and ethyl acetate of the endemic Arctium minus. subsp. Atlanticum, a native of Algeria. Methods: The different extracts of the root of the studied plant were obtained by decoction or maceration. The inhibitory effect of acetyl/butyrylcholinesterase (AChE/BChE) was achieved by a colorimetric method. Similarly, the antioxidant activity was measured based on several mechanisms: 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and galvinoxyl (GOR) radicals free scavenging assays, β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity, and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). Results: In the various tests carried out, the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) possessed the most powerful antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities compared to the other samples. The IC50 and A0.5 values of DPPH, GOR, β-carotene, CUPRAC, anti-AChE, and anti-BChE assays were 69.45±5.49, 28.87±0.18, 121.58±16.76, 37.41±1.59, 265±21, and 240±6.3 μg / mL, respectively. Likewise, a correlation could be deduced between the type of extract and the potent antioxidant/anticholinesterase potential. Conclusion: This work examines for the first time the anticholinesterase potential combined with the antioxidant effect of Algerian Arctium minus. subsp. atlanticum. This association between the two effects could be effective in the fight against AD, and therefore, the use of this natural resource may be possible in combating this aspect of neurodegeneration.

Ephedra alata, Ononis angustissima, and Genista saharae are endemic Algerian plants with pharmacological potential, used for centuries in traditional medicine. Herein the efficiency of subcritical water extraction (SWE) of phenols and flavonoids from these plants was evaluated by spectrophotometric assays. The most important operational parameters of the technique (temperature, pressure, time) were optimized for each plant based on phenols yield. At defined optimal extraction conditions (140ºC for E. alata, 155ºC for O. angustissima and G. saharae, 50 bars, 15min), maximum contents of phenols in the extracts were 16.13, 18.33, and 21.12 mg GAE/g dry weight, for E. alata, O. angustissima, and G. saharae, respectively. Considering the safety of the used solvent, excellent yields of phenols and short extraction time, subcritical water extraction can efficiently be used in exploitation of pharmacological potentials of the studied plants.

Capparis spinosa (Capparidacea), is one of the most used medicinal plants worldwide. It is used for the treatment of various diseases because of its biological and pharmacological effect, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and antibacterial. Phytochemical analysis of the plant showed that it is a rich source of bioactive constituents, including alkaloids, glucosinolates, tocopherols, carotenoids and polyphenols, which have led to C. spinosa being considered as a promising medicinal plant. Our study aims to detail the chemical profiles of the present bioactive responsible for the pharmacological effects of C. spinosa; it also aims to experimentally demonstrate the presence of polyphenols in different parts of the plant as well as their antimicrobial effects. For this, we used methanolic and aqueous extracts of the different parts of the plant picked in Beni Aziz in the Sétif region (North-east of Algeria). The extracts subjected to TLC and HPLC showed that they were rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids. This led to find that rutin was the most dominant compound in most of our extracts. On the other hand, the antimicrobial effect was tested by the disk diffusion method on three bacterial strains: E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and two fungi: C. albicans and A. flavus. Candida albicans’s antifungal effect of our extracts was absent. While the same extracts showed a slight inhibitory activity against Aspergillus flavus. As for the antibacterial effect, it exists only for the methanolic extract of the twigs against Staphylococcus aureus. While the other extracts only showed a slight inhibitory activity against the same strain. The other strains of bacteria were resistant to all extracts at any used concentration. Keywords: Capparis spinosa, Pharmacological effect, Chemical investigation, antibacterial activity, phenolic compounds, antifungal activity.

In the last years, an insect is detected on the foliage of Quercus ilex trees in Algeria (North-East region). Dryomyia lichtensteini F.Löw, 1878 (Diptera: Cecidomyidae), The Chronology of Gall’s emergence of Dryomyia lichtensteini and its field infestation rate were followed since 2014, in evergreen oak plantation in the Algerian North-East Region (Setif). Some statistical methods of Gall’s emergence of this pest and its effect at Quercus ilex’s Sanitary state are reviewed and discussed. For each study area (North-South-East-West), 10 trees were marked. 30 leaves of each tree were removed, so it is 300 leaves for each site, which were analyzed. This study is based on the number of galls observed. In order to highlight the degree of attack of pests. The outputs were made from November 2014 to November 2016, due to one output per month. Keywords: Quercus ilex, Cecidomyidae, gall inducers, Algeria

Pinus halepensis Mill., is an essence from the Pinaceae family. This importance is attributed to its economic and aesthetic values. Despite its robustness, this tree is subject to many degradation factors including, for some time, that of wood-boring insects which for the most part are fatal. The purpose of this investigation is to classify these insects, define their role in pine decline and evaluate the damage caused by them in the Megsem forest. The result of the study shows that members of the Curculionidae, Cerambycidae and Buprestidae families could be held responsible for the majority of the damage observed on the pine Keywords: Pinus halepensis, decline, Megsem, wood-boring insects, Algeria

Eucalyptus camaldulensis is an essence of the family Myrtaceae. It resists a certain salt content and the sea wind. Despite that, it subject to many factors of degradation as parasitic and harmful insects. In the last years, an insect is detected on the foliage of Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees in Algeria (North-East region). The results made it possible evidence the presence of one harmful species Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle 2004 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), this parasite has been detected in 2006, The Chronology of Gall’s emergence of Leptocybe invasa and its field infestation rate were followed since 2010, in Eucalyptus plantation in the North-East Region. Some statistical methods of Gall’s emergence of this pest is reviewed and discussed. First, after exploration, we selected the most affected trees, second, we organized the samples of each tree, we respected the orientation (North-South-East-West). For each study site 10 trees were marked. 30 leaves of each tree were removed, so it is 300 leaves for each site, which were analyzed. We used the method of time series that connects the time with the number of galls. This study is based on the number of galls observed, on both sides of the leaves. In order to highlight the degree of attack of pests. The outputs were made from October 2012 to October 2013, due to two outputs per month. Keywords: Eucalyptus, gall wasps, Eulophidae, gall inducers, Algeria.

The need for antioxidant agents, which can prevent oxidative stress, has become a major priority. Saharan plants could constitute a reservoir of effective biomolecules useful as antioxidants. Genista saharae, wich is anendemic plant of Algeria,is a leafless spontaneous fabaceae called Tellegit by local people. As it is known to be a source of chemical compounds which are characterized by antioxidant properties, this medicinal shrub is used in traditional pharmacopoeia. The originality of the present study consists in scrutinizing the phytochemical composition and evaluating the antioxidant activity of aerial parts of aqueous extract of Genista Saharae (AEG) in conditions corresponding to its traditional use. Phytochemical screening was performed to assess the qualitative chemical composition of (AEG) using precipitation and coloration reactions. In addition, the total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and β carotene contents were determined by using spectrophotometric methods. Finally, AEG was assayed to determine its antioxidant activities using 3 methods: DPPH, reducing power and β carotene bleaching tests. The results reveal the presence of several biomolecules in AEG such as phenolics compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, steroids and saponins. Besides, the quantitative analysis show a considerable total phenolics, tannins and β carotene contents. In sum, it was found that EAG possess a high antioxidant activity against bleaching of β carotene, which justifies its use by traditional healers.Consequently, Genista Saharae is a good source of antioxidants. Its good antioxidant activity may be explained by the occurence of tannins or other phenolic compounds such as terpenoids, β carotene and saponins.

Medicinal plants would be the best source to obtain variety of antioxidant compounds. Effectively, several studies have demonstrated the potential of plant products as antioxidants against various diseases. By their resistance to several stress factors and under extreme climatic conditions, Saharan plants could contain biomolecules potentially useful as antioxidants. Ononis angustissima is an endemic plant of the north of Algerian Sahara. The aerial part were used by local people for its hemostatic properties. According to literature, Ononis angustissima was previously little chemically studied. The originality of the present study consists in scrutinizing the phytochemical composition and evaluating the antioxidant activity of aerial parts of aqueous extract of Ononis Angustissima (AEO) in conditions corresponding to its traditional use. Phytochemical screening was realized to scrutinize the qualitative composition of (AEO) using precipitation and coloration reactions. The total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and β carotene contents were determined by using spectrophotometric methods. Finally, AEO was submitted to antioxidant activities assays using 3 methods : DPPH, reducing power and β carotene bleaching tests. The obtained results show the presence of different metabolites in AEO such as, phénolics compounds, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, steroids and saponins. In addition, the quantitative analysis shows a considerable total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids contents. In sum, it was World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 6.805 Volume 5, Issue 3, 1793-1815. Research Article ISSN 2277– 7105