How can we measure performance in sport organisations? The usual framework for organisational performance in sport federations is two-stage: measuring and managing performance. A new framework is proposed by adding two intermediate stages for analysing and reporting performance. The four-stage framework is applied to the French Federation of Hiking, a leisure-oriented federation with an aging and primarily female membership. Data comes from administrative membership records over a nine-year period (2011-2019), corresponding to 2 million multivariate observations, i.e. over 20 million available data. The analysing stage combines marketing and advanced sociodemographic statistics.A discrete-time logistic binomial model of the probability of leaving the federation demonstrates the importance of considering membership duration, age (albeit in a nonlinear way) and interesting interactions with members’ sex. Value for money is demonstrated for several stakeholders (e.g. 1 euro of public subsidies corresponds to 485 euros of volunteer work). The new framework proposes a cycle of measuring, analysing, reporting and managing performance. It can be entered at any stage and used to create or cocreate a specific performance system depending on the goals and means of the sport federation considered. Comment mesurer la performance dans les organisations sportives ? Le cadre d’analyse habituel de la performance organisationnelle dans les fédérations sportives se déroule en deux étapes : mesurer puis gérer la performance. Nous proposons ici un nouveau cadre en y ajoutant deux étapes intermédiaires pour analyser et rendre compte de la performance de ces organisations sportives.Ce cadre en quatre étapes est appliqué à la Fédération Française de la Randonnée Pédestre, une fédération orientée vers les loisirs, dont les licenciés sont âgés et principalement des femmes. Les données proviennent des inscriptions administratives des licenciés sur une période de neuf ans (2011-2019), ce qui correspond à 2 millions d’observations multivariées, soit plus de 20 millions de données disponibles. L’étape d’analyse combine marketing et statistiques sociodémographiques avancées.En particulier, un modèle binomial logistique en temps discret de la probabilité de quitter la fédération démontre l’importance de prendre en compte la durée d’adhésion, l’âge (bien que de manière non linéaire) et des interactions intéressantes avec le sexe des licenciés. L’optimisation des ressources est démontrée pour plusieurs parties prenantes (par exemple, 1€ de subventions publiques correspond à 485€ de travail bénévole).Ce nouveau cadre propose un cycle de mesure, d’analyse, de compte-rendu et de management de la performance. Il peut être utilisé pour créer ou cocréer un système de performance spécifique en fonction des objectifs et des moyens de la fédération sportive considérée.

Mental rotation (MR) is a spatial skill considered to be a key-component of intellectual ability. Studies have suggested that the response time (RT) in a MR task (MRt) might be influenced, with possible gender differences, by the practice of a physical activity (PA) and depending on the plane, direction, degrees of the MR and the frame of reference to perform it. The present study aimed at examining the respective influences of all these variables on the RT by developing a linear mixed-effect model from the RTs varying according to the MR plane, direction, degrees and frame of reference. The MRt was performed by 96 males and females, all undergraduate students, distributed in three groups (sedentary subjects, artistic gymnasts, and futsal players). The results showed that only gender had a main effect (faster log RT in males), probably task-dependent. The other variables interacted among them showing that: (a) the log RT may be influenced by rotations experienced during PA, in particular during the locomotion on a horizontal ground and (b) such influence mainly depends on the compatibility of the physical rotations experienced with the plane and the degrees of the MRt.

The present study aimed at examining the effect of mental calculation and number comparison on motor performance measured as the movement time of a fast manual-pointing movement. Three experiments, involving a total number of 65 undergraduate subjects, examined the effect of mental subtraction (complex) and, respectively, of (a) mental addition (simple or complex), (b) mental multiplication (simple or complex), and (c) the comparison of dot sets and number comparison. Each number was written in Arabic. The movement times were analyzed by using a multilevel linear mixed-effect model. The results showed significant improvement of manual-pointing movement performance only after the complex calculations and after number comparison. Possible implication of attentional mechanisms specific to this arithmetical activity is further discussed.

Purpose: In team sports, players have to manage personal interests and group goals, emphasizing intricacies between personal and social identities. The focus of this article was to examine the effect of identity mechanisms on appraisal processes, based on the following research question: Does the level of self-abstraction (low [personal identity] versus high [social identity]) lead to group-based emotions and influence performances? Method: An experimental design was used in which the level of self-abstraction was manipulated through the induction of a self- versus a team-oriented goal. Thirty elite male rugby players (M-age=19.06, SD=0.78, randomly split) participated in a match reproducing conditions similar to those of official games. Individual and perceived team-level emotions and performance were measured 17 times during the match. Results: Linear Mixed Effects models showed that a high level of self-abstraction: (a) led to more positive and less negative individual (variances explained: 52% and 46%) and perceived team-referent (variances explained: 57% and 40%) emotions; (b) reduced the correlation of team-referent emotions with individual ones; and (c) positively influenced team and individual performances (variances explained: 50% and 19%). Moreover, after controlling for potential effects of the level of self-abstraction, only positive team-referent emotions influenced performance. Conclusions: This study is the first to experimentally manipulate athletes' social identity to examine group-based emotions in sport. Challenging the usual intrapersonal approaches, these findings suggested that social identity and its association with team-referent emotions could be one of the key dimensions of emotion-performance relationships in team sports.

To analyze spatiotemporal gait parameters and the body center of mass (CoM) energy transduction at self-selected speed walking in a group of older patients with stroke.A cross-sectional study, fifteen subjects with 4.06 years post ̵stroke hemiparesis (eleven men and four women) and fifteen healthy subjects (four men and eleven women) participate in this study. Pendulum-like determining variables; Recovery (R) and Congruity percentage (%Cong) were analyzed in addition to immediate pendular re-conversion (Rint) during the phases in which the gait cycle is usually divided in clinical evaluations.Healthy subjects walked faster that stroke group (p = 0.001). %Cong was significantly higher in post-stroke respect to healthy subjects (p = 0.05). Rint showed significant differences between the groups for all phases (p = 0.05). The relation between speed and R was confirmed, for healthy (r = 0.67, p = 0.006) and post-stroke subjects (r = 0.851, p = 0.001), %Cong y Rint (r = −0.79, p = 0.001), (r = −0.93, p = 0.001) and periods of double support (r = −0.76, p = 0.001), (r = 0.69, p = 0.004) respectively.Alteration of pendular mechanism in subjects post-stroke is associated mainly with energy transduction; mechanical energy recovered during double support phases in healthy and post-stroke subjects follows a different trend, in post-stroke subjects, a longer duration of the double support is associated with less energy loss.

As part of an analysis of French research on homophobia in sport (in both sports clubs and educational establishments), this study surveyed 413 university-level sport students between January and March 2016 on their perception of homosexuality, their experience of and knowledge about homophobia, and on what their university education has taught them about these topics. This initial overview shows that there is a normalization and a daily use of verbal, social, and physical violence that prioritizes and divides sexes and sexualities, accompanied by teachers' poor awareness of this. This study reflects upon the use of language about homosexuality, upon the evolution of social norms, and upon teachers' discourse and positioning on the topic within the university teaching environment.

Sobre la base de un analisis de trabajos realizado en Francia sobre la homofobia en el deporte (en entornos escolares y de asociacion), entre enero y marzo de 2016, este estudio consulto a 413 estudiantes de STAPS sobre su percepcion sobre la homosexualidad, su experiencia y conocimiento de la homofobia y los aportes de su formacion en relacion a estos puntos. Este primer inventario destaca la trivializacion y el uso diario de la violencia verbal, social y fisica que priorizan y dividen el genero y la sexualidad, junto con una baja conciencia profesional de los procesos en el trabajo. La perspectiva de este trabajo lanza una reflexion sobre el uso del lenguaje relacionado con la homosexualidad, en torno a la evolucion de las normas vigentes y en torno al discurso y el posicionamiento de los docentes en la formacion universitaria.

À partir d’une analyse des travaux menés en France sur l’homophobie dans le sport (dans les cadres associatifs et scolaires), cette étude a questionné, entre janvier et mars 2016, 413 étudiant·es en STAPS concernant leur perception de l’homosexualité, leur vécu et connaissance de l’homophobie et les apports de leur formation par rapport à ces points. Ce premier état des lieux met en exergue une banalisation et un usage quotidien de violences verbales, sociales et physiques qui hiérarchisent et divisent les sexes et les sexualités, assorti d’une faible prise de conscience professionnelle des processus à l’œuvre. En perspective de ce travail, s’engage une réflexion autour de l’utilisation du langage concernant l’homosexualité, autour de l’évolution des normes en place et autour du discours et positionnement des enseignant·es de la formation universitaire.

This research studied the influence of multiple social identities on the emotions that athletes felt toward their teammates/partners and opponents. Athletes (N = 714) from individual and team-based sports reported their identification both as athletes of the sport and as athletes of their club before reporting their precompetitive emotions. The results showed that these multiple social identities influenced precompetitive emotions toward different targets, with higher levels of sport identification associated with increased positive and decreased negative emotions toward opponents and higher levels of club identification associated with increased positive and decreased negative emotions toward teammates/partners, although increased club identification was also associated with more positive emotions toward opponents. These findings extend intergroup emotions theory by showing its suitability and applicability to face-to-face task-oriented teams in sport. Particularly, they highlight the importance of investigating the simultaneous level of multiple social identities, rather than only a dichotomic self-categorization, on group-based emotions experienced toward multiple targets.

PURPOSE:This study investigated emotion-performance relationships in rugby union. We identified which emotions rugby players experienced and the extent to which these emotions were associated with performance, considering how emotions unfold over the course of a game, and whether the game was played at home or away.METHODS:Data were gathered from 22 professional male rugby union players using auto-confrontation interviews to help identify situations within games when players experienced intense emotions. We assessed the intensity of emotions experienced before each discrete performance and therefore could assess the emotion-performance relationship within a competition.RESULTS:Players identified experiencing intense emotions at 189 time-points. Experts in rugby union rated the quality of each performance at these 189 time-points on a visual analog scale. A Linear Mixed Effects model to investigate emotion-performance relationships found additive effects of game location, game time, and emotions on individual performance.CONCLUSION:Results showed 7 different pre-performance emotions, with high anxiety and anger associating with poor performance. Future research should continue to investigate emotion-performance relationships during performance using video-assisted recall and use a measure of performance that has face validity for players and coaches alike.

Due to population aging, elderly drivers represent an increasing proportion of car drivers. Yet, how aging alters sensorimotor functions and impacts driving safety remains poorly understood. This paper aimed at assessing to which extent elderly drivers are sensitive to various task loads and how this affects the reaction time (RT) in a driving context. Old and middle-aged people completed RT tasks which reproduced cognitive demands encountered while driving. Participants had to detect and respond to traffic lights or traffic light arrows as quickly as possible, under three experimental conditions of incremental difficulty. In both groups, we hypothesized that decision-making would be impacted by the number of cues to be processed. The first test was a simple measure of RT. The second and third tests were choice RT tasks requiring the processing of 3 and 5 cues, respectively. Responses were collected within a 2 s time-window. Otherwise, the trial was considered a no-response. In both groups, the data revealed that RT, error rate (incorrect answers), and no-response rate increased along with task difficulty. However, the middle-aged group outperformed the elderly group. The RT difference between the two groups increased drastically along with task difficulty. In the third test, the rate of no-response suggested that elderly drivers needed more than 2 s to process complex information and respond accurately. Both prolonged RT and increased no-response rate, especially for difficult tasks, might attest an impairment of cognitive abilities in relation to aging. Accordingly, casual driving conditions for young drivers may be particularly complex and stressful for elderly people who should thus be informed about the effects of normal aging upon driving.

En sciences du sport, l’interdisciplinarité est souvent envisagée comme une dimension constitutive dont l’actualisation est cependant à caractériser. Pour concourir à cette caractérisation, nous avons étudié quatre Centres de recherche européens en sciences du sport affichant un engagement dans/vers l’interdisciplinarité. Les informations recueillies sur leur fonctionnement ont permis, via une analyse lexicale combinée à un classement intuitif recourant à une procédure « par tas », de dégager un cadre d’analyse intégrant quatre dimensions, que nous avons dénommées « formes » (les formes « académique », « scientifique », « organisationnelle » et « sociétale »). Si la combinaison de ces formes permet de spécifier des configurations particulières, les formes organisationnelle et sociétale semblent jouer un rôle majeur dans l’établissement d’une interdisciplinarité durable au moyen de deux traits essentiels, l’installation d’une culture commune et d’un intérêt pour d’autres disciplines que la sienne propre ainsi qu’une capacité à sécuriser des ressources financières dédiées.

Abstract Abstracts of European College of Sports Science conferences (1995–2014) are studied. The number of abstracts has been increasing regularly (+90 per year). This rise is in recent years largely due to extra-European countries. The magnitude and accumulation of the different topics of discussion are examined. An operational criterion determines four stages of evolution of a topic: social network, cluster, specialty, and discipline. The scientific production can, therefore, be classified as disciplinary or non-disciplinary. The disciplinary part is more important but has been less dynamic recently. The cognitive content of sport science is then explored through a multidimensional scaling of the topics based on the keywords used in the abstracts. Three areas are visible: social sciences and humanities, sports medicine and physiology, and biomechanics and neurophysiology. According to the field theory of Bourdieu (1975), three scientific habitus are distinguished. The logic of academic disciplinary excellence is the consequence of the autonomy of this scientific field, its closure, peer-review process, and barriers to entry. The distribution of scientific capital and professional capital is unequal across the three areas. Basically, conservation strategies of academic disciplinary excellence are predicted in biomechanics and neurophysiology, subversion strategies of interdisciplinarity based on professional concerns can appear in the sports medicine and physiology area, and critical strategies of interdisciplinarity based on social utility in social sciences and humanities. Moreover, additional tensions within these areas are depicted. Lastly methods based on co-citations of disciplines and boundary objects are proposed to find tangible patterns of multidisciplinarity confirming these strategies.

RésuméUne méthode statistique générale, y compris graphique, de l’étude de l’erreur de mesure (fiabilité) pour des données quantitatives est proposée. Les trois modèles probabilistes de Shrout et Fleiss (1979) sont repris et illustrés à l’aide d’exemples réels (biomécanique et psychologie du sport). À partir des paramètres de ces modèles sont définis divers indicateurs de l’erreur : coefficient de corrélation intra-classe, erreur standard de mesure, coefficient de variation, limites de concordance. Les trois modèles probabilistes étant des cas particuliers du modèle linéaire à effets mixtes, leurs paramètres peuvent être estimés par la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance restreint. Les avantages en sont la cohérence théorique et informatique, la possibilité de calculer des intervalles de confiance et de gérer les données manquantes.

The sport manager seeks to maximize customer satisfaction in order to increase loyalty which therefore leads to greater profitability. Understanding the determinants of customer satisfaction allows better decisions in allocating scarce resources. Among the statistical tools to study the factors of customer satisfaction, Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA, Martillla and James, 1977 ; see several variations in Crompton and Duray, 1985) is widely recognized as presenting some advantages because it is simple to administer, simple to analyze by the means of basic computations and simple to translate into actions. Several extensions of the original technique were proposed first to take into account sampling variation by the means of confidence intervals, second to replace the self-stated importance weights by computing derived importance weights (from some regression analysis of an overall satisfaction measurement by the satisfaction attributes) and third to explore some market segmentation strategies.

Previous studies provided evidence of a relationship between mental rotation (MR) and motor processes in children and adults. However, there is no direct evidence that MR ability is a reliable predictor of success for motor performance. After completion of a MR test, the motor performance of 7- to 8-year-old and 11- to 12-year-old children was measured along a steeple chase and an equivalent straight distance sprint. The chase involved several motor actions requiring, among different competencies, spatial abilities such as performing a forward roll, jumping, crawling, turning, and changing directions. Data revealed that the time taken to complete the chase was influenced by speed and sex, but also by the individual MR ability. Based on these findings, we assume that MR and motor performance may share similar subprocesses.

The study investigated different electromyographic (EMG) normalisation methods for upper-limb muscles. This assessment aimed at comparing the EMG amplitude and the reliability of EMG values obtained with each method. Eighteen male tennis players completed isometric maximal voluntary contractions and dynamic strength exercises (push-ups and chin-ups) on three separate test sessions over at least 7 days. Surface EMG activity of nine upper body muscles was recorded. For each muscle, an analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to compare maximal EMG amplitudes between test conditions. The intra-class correlation coefficient, the coefficient of variation and the standard error of measurement were calculated to determine the EMG reliability of each condition. On the basis of a compromise between maximal EMG amplitude and high reliability, the chin-ups appeared to be the optimal normalisation method for M. latissimus dorsi, M. posterior deltoid, M. biceps brachii, M. flexor carpi radialis and M. extensor carpi radialis. The push-ups seemed relevant to normalise M. anterior deltoid and M. triceps brachii activity, while isometric maximal voluntary contraction remained the most appropriate method for M. pectoralis major and M. middle deltoid. Thus, original methods are proposed to normalise EMG signal of upper-limb muscles.