Abstract. Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that has pigs as the amplifying host. It is important to study the diversity of mosquito species around pig populations to determine the potential of Japanese encephalitis vectors in the region. This study is a cross-sectional study with a single sampling method for adult mosquitoes around pigpen in Tangerang Regency. The capture of adult mosquitoes is carried out by the outdoor resting mosquitoes collection at 18:00 - 24:00 using aspirators and light traps. Female mosquitoes were identified and subsequently tested RT-PCR for JEV. Catching results obtained 223 mosquitoes from the genus Culex, Armigeres, Aedes, Anopheles, and Mansonia with a total of 10 species. Species diversity in the pigpen area is classified as moderate (H = 1.0875 – 1.292) with Culex vishnui and Culex quinquefasciatus as the most abundant species. RT-PCR test found there’s no mosquito’s samples with positive JE RNA virus. Several species of mosquitoes found around pigpens in Tangerang District have the potential to become JEV vectors, so that control to the mosquito abundance and health of pigs is needed as a preventative measure. Keywords: Diversity, Japanese encephalitis, pig, vector Abstrak. Japanese encephalitis merupakan penyakit zoonosis yang ditularkan oleh nyamuk dan babi sebagai inang penguat. Studi keanekaragaman jenis nyamuk di sekitar populasi babi penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi vektor Japanese encephalitis pada wilayah tersebut. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang dengan metode sampling tunggal terhadap nyamuk dewasa sekitar kandang babi di Kabupaten Tangerang. Penangkapan nyamuk dewasa dilakukan dengan metode koleksi outdoor resting pada malam hari pukul 18.00 – 24.00 menggunakan aspirator dan perangkap cahaya. Nyamuk betina diidentifikasi dan selanjutnya diuji RT-PCR virus JE. Hasil penangkapan didapatkan 700 ekor nyamuk dari genus Culex, Armigeres, Aedes, Anopheles, dan Mansonia dengan total 10 spesies. Keanekaragaman spesies pada seluruh wilayah penelitian tergolong sedang (H=1,0875 – 1,292) dengan Culex vishnui dan Culex quinquefasciatus sebagai spesies paling melimpah. Uji RT-PCR tidak menemukan adanya sampel nyamuk positif RNA virus JE. Beberapa spesies nyamuk yang ditemukan di sekitar kandang babi di Kecamatan Panongan memiliki potensi sebagai vektor JEV sehingga diperlukan pengendalian kepadatan nyamuk dan kesehatan ternak babi terhadap JEV sebagai upaya pencegahan. Kata Kunci: Keanekaragaman, Japanese encephalitis, babi, vektor

BackgroundMeasles is one of the most infectious human diseases and can cause serious illness, lifelong complications and death. Measles is still a public health problem since the measles outbreak still occurred throughout Indonesia. Virology surveillance following molecular epidemiology investigations has a major contribution to prevent measles outbreak. Previous studies have documented the presence of measles virus genotypes G2, G3 and D9 in Indonesia, and the other genotypes such as B3, D4, D5, D8 and H1 have been detected in neighboring countries. This study aims to characterize the measles virus that causing outbreak in Indonesia in 2014. MethodsSeventy four urine specimens were collected from eight provinces and examined by one step RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing method. Sequencing analysis were conducted using Bioedit 7.1; DNA Star 7.0 and MEGA 5.0 software. ResultsThe PCR results showed 34 out of 74 clinical specimens positive of measles virus. We found the genotype of 34 measles viruses belongs to genotype D8, D9 and G3. ConclusionThe first measles genotype D8 has been detected from Indonesia in 2014 although other measles genotype still can be found in Indonesia.

Japanese Enchepalitis is one of viral infection that became health problem in Asia, including Indonesia.The information of JE cases are rare since the symptoms are very wide and JE is not familiar amongclinicians. This study aims to describe the JE cases from enchepalitis outbreak. A total of 19 samplesconsisting of serum and CSF specimens collected during 2014 was obtained from reports JE outbreaksof five provinces (Banten, Central Java, West Kalimantan, North Sulawesi and North Sumatera). Themain symptoms were fever (100%), loss of consciousness (58%), confuse (53%), paralyzed (32%) andseizure (21%). The laboratory test results found two cases with positive IgM JE, two cases equivocaland 15 negative. From this preliminary results we concluded that 2 out of 19 suspected cases werepositive JE that came from Landak District in West Kalimantan and Manado District in North Sulawesi.Keywords: Japanese Enchepalitis, IgM, ELISA AbstrakJapanese Enchepalitis (JE) adalah salah satu penyakit ensefalitis yang disebabkan oleh virus dan merupakan masalah kesehatan di Asia, termasuk di Indonesia. Data JE di Indonesia masih sangat minim, karena diagnosis klinis yang cukup luas dan belum terpaparnya para klinisi tentang kasus JE. Penelitian ini bertujuan memaparkan secara dekriptif hasil Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) JE di Indonesia. Sampel penelitian ini adalah kasus KLB JE sepanjang tahun 2014. Spesimen diperiksa dengan menggunakan metode ELISA Capture IgM JE, sementara gejala klinis dianalisis secara deksriptif. Hasil penelitian terdapat 19 kasus KLB JE selama tahun 2014 yang berasal dari 5 Provinsi yaitu Provinsi Banten, Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, dan Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Gejala klinis utama penderita kasus JE adalah panas (100%), diikuti dengan penurunan kesadaran (58%), perubahan status mental (53%) dan lumpuh (32%) serta kejang-kejang(21%). Hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium terhadap antibodi IgM JE menunjukkan terdapat 2 kasus positifJE, 2 Equivokal dan 15 Negatif. Kesimpulan penelitian ini selama tahun 2014 dilaporkan 19 kasus KLBJE, dengan 2 kasus positif JE yang berasal dari Provinsi Kalimantan Barat (Kabupaten Landak) danSulawesi Utara (Kota Manado).Kata Kunci: Japanese Enchepalitis, IgM, ELISA

Background: The rapid detection of influenza viruses from clinical samples is important for providing information to assist public health and clinical decision-making, including infection prevention and control measures. The SD Bioline rapid influenza test is a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic test that is based on influenza-specific monoclonal antibodies. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of this assay against the reference diagnostic standards of RT-PCR in influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance activity. Methods: A total of 4,262 nasal and throat swab specimens were collected from ILI patients at sentinel hospitals and public health centers across 10 provinces in Indonesia. Specimens were tested with the SD Bioline rapid influenza test in the sentinels, and rRT-PCR test was conducted in referral laboratory in Jakarta. Data analysis was performed by comparing the results of the rapid test and the rRT-PCR test. Results: The performance evaluation on the SD Bioline rapid influenza demonstrated the specificity of test 97% for both influenza A and B. However, the overall sensitivity of this rapid influenza test for these samples was low at 28% for influenza A and 21% for influenza B. Conclusions: Overall, the results indicated that the SD Bioline rapid influenza test has a high specificity but has only low sensitivity for the detection of influenza from the throat and nasal swabs. Therefore, the integration of rapid test in the influenza surveillance needs further assessment to obtain optimal benefits for both clinical and public health sectors.

Japanese Enchepalitis is one of viral infection that became health problem in Asia, including Indonesia. The information of JE cases are rare since the symptoms are very wide and JE is not familiar among clinicians. This study aims to describe the JE cases from enchepalitis outbreak. A total of 19 samples consisting of serum and CSF specimens collected during 2014 was obtained from reports JE outbreaks of five provinces (Banten, Central Java, West Kalimantan, North Sulawesi and North Sumatera). The main symptoms were fever (100%), loss of consciousness (58%), confuse (53%), paralyzed (32%) and seizure (21%). The laboratory test results found two cases with positive IgM JE, two cases equivocal and 15 negative. From this preliminary results we concluded that 2 out of 19 suspected cases were positive JE that came from Landak District in West Kalimantan and Manado District in North Sulawesi.

Measles is caused by virus belonging to the genus Morbilivirus and Family Paramyxoviridae. Measles is still a public health problem because outbreak of measles still found in Indonesia. Outbreak is suspected as a result of differences in antigenicity between vaccine strains used with wild-type measles virus strains circulating in Indonesia. This study aims to get genetic characteristics of wild-type measles virus haemagglutinin gene in Indonesia. The specimens were used 27 viral isolates from 17 provinces period 2003-2010. Viral isolates examined by RT-PCR and sequencing with Sanger method. Sequencing analysis were conducted using Bioedit 7.0 and MEGA 4.0 software. The results showed 10 amino acid differences between the vaccine strain measles virus CAM-70 and wild-type measles virus in position D416N; K424T; V451M; N455T; V466I; I473T; F476L; Y481S or Y481N; H495N; G505D. Conclusion: There is a difference between the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles virus in Indonesia and vaccine strain CAM-70.

AbstrakPenyakit Campak disebabkan oleh virus campak yang termasuk genus Morbilivirus dan Family Paramyxoviridae. Penyakit campak masih menjadi masalah kesehatan karena masih ditemukan Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) di Indonesia. Salah satu penyebab terjadinya KLB tersebut diduga sebagaiakibat perbedaan antigenesitas antara strain vaksin yang digunakan dengan strain virus campak liar yang beredar di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan gambaran tentang karakteristik genetik gen Haemagglutinin virus campak liar yang ada di Indonesia. Spesimen yang digunakan sebanyak 27 isolat virus penyebab KLB dari 17 propinsi selama periode tahun 2003-2010. Isolat virus dilakukan pemeriksaan secara RT-PCR dan sekuensing dengan metode Sanger. Hasil sekuensing dianalisis dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Bioedit 7.0 dan MEGA 4.0. Hasil penelitian didapatkan perbedaan 10 asam amino antara virus campak strain vaksin CAM-70 dan virus campak liar pada posisi D416N; K424T; V451M; N455T; V466I; I473T; F476L; Y481S atau Y481N; H495N; G505D. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat perbedaan karakteristik genetik antara virus campak liar di Indonesia berbeda dengan strain virus vaksin CAM-70.Kata kunci : Campak, Analisis Molekuler, Hemagglutinin, CD46AbstractMeasles is caused by virus belonging to the genus Morbilivirus and Family Paramyxoviridae. Measles is still a public health problem because outbreak of measles still found in Indonesia. Outbreak is suspected as a result of differences in antigenicity between vaccine strains used with wild-type measles virus strains circulating in Indonesia. This study aims to get genetic characteristics of wild-type measles virus haemagglutinin gene in Indonesia. The specimens were used 27 viral isolates from 17 provinces period 2003-2010. Viral isolates examined by RT-PCR and sequencing with Sanger method. Sequencing analysis were conducted using Bioedit 7.0 and MEGA 4.0 software. The results showed 10 amino acid differences between the vaccine strain measles virus CAM-70 and wild-type measles virus in position D416N; K424T; V451M; N455T; V466I; I473T; F476L; Y481S or Y481N; H495N; G505D. Conclusion: There is a difference between the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles virus in Indonesia and vaccine strain CAM-70.Keywords : Measles, Molecular Analisys, Haemagglutinin, CD46

Kasus Japanese Encephalitis pada manusia di Indonesia telah ditemukan di beberapa provinsi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya angka infeksi JE pada babi sebagai reservoirutama. Penelitian dilakukan di 12 provinsi yang meliputi 15 kabupaten/kota pada tahun 2012. Jumlahseluruh babi yang diperiksa adalah 726 ekor yang terdiri dari 59-62 ekor di tiap provinsi. Darah venadiambil dari tiap ekor babi dan diperiksa dengan Enzyme Link Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Jeniskelamin, umur dan lingkungan peternakan babi juga dicatat. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi JEpada seluruh babi adalah 14,2 % (103 ekor) yang berkisar antara 1,7 % (1/60) di Provinsi KalimantanTengah dan 32,3 % (20/62) di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Kisaran angka infeksi menurut kabupaten/kota adalah antara 0 % (0/19) di Palangkaraya (Kalimantan Tengah) dan 33,3 % (2/6) di Batanghari(Lampung). Jenis kelamin dan umur babi tidak berhubungan secara signifian dengan besarnya angkainfeksi JE pada babi. Angka infeksi pada babi berbeda bermakna menurut lingkungan, dimana angkainfeksi tertinggi adalah di sekitar danau/setu dan terendah di sekitar pantai. Disimpulkan bahwa babidi 12 provinsi tersebut potensial sebagai sumber infeksi JE ke manusia. Sebab itu perlu dilakukanadvokasi tentang ancaman penularan JE tersebut ke pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat di sekitarpeternakan babi di daerah penelitian, kecuali di Palangkaraya.

Dengue fever is a disease endemic in Indonesia. The disease is caused by dengue virus serotypes DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, and DENV4. One way to control the disease is dengue vaccine discovery. This review based on the study of literatures that showed currently several strategies for dengue vaccine development are live attenuated vaccine, subunit vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Dengue vaccine development still face challenges, especially the formulation of vaccines that can trigger an immune response against all four serotypes and the absence of a suitable experimental animal. From all the existing strategies, the promising strategy is live attenuated vaccines using recombinant inter-flavivirus. Key words : Dengue fever, Dengue virus, Vaccine Abstrak Penyakit demam berdarah merupakan penyakit endemis di Indonesia. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh virus dengue yang terdiri dari serotipe DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, dan DENV4. Salah satu cara yang diharapkan dapat mengendalikan penyakit dengue adalah penemuan vaksin. Kajian makalah ini berdasarkan studi literatur. Hasil kajian menunjukkan beberapa strategi pengembangan vaksin untuk dengue saat ini adalah vaksin hidup dilemahkan (live attenuated vaccine), vaksin subunit, dan vaksin DNA. Strategi pengembangan vaksin masih menghadapi tantangan terutama formulasi vaksin yang dapat memicu respon imun seimbang terhadap keempat serotipe dan belum adanya hewan coba yang cocok. Strategi yang paling menjanjikan adalah vaksin hidup dilemahkan menggunakan metode rekombinan antar-flavivirus. Kata kunci : Demam Berdarah, Virus Dengue, Vaksin

siRNA (small interfering ribonucleic acid) adalah sebuah metode yang dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi infeksi virus yang prinsip kerjanya berdasarkan metode komplementer dsRNA (double stranded RNA) pada RNA virus sehingga menyebabkan kegagalan proses transkripsi (silencing). Untuk lebih memahami bagaimana proses kerja dan ulasan penelitian siRNA yang terkini, di dalam tulisan ini ditinjau siRNA sebagai metoda yang dikembangkan untuk mengatasi infeksi dan meneliti efeknya pada replikasi beberapa virus seperti Hepatitis C, Influenza, Polio, dan HIV. Kami menemukan bahwa urutan basa nukleotida dari target siRNA sangat penting. Hal tersebut harus homolog dengan target RNA virus dan tidak menganggu RNA sel inang. Untuk mengurangi kegagalan terapi siRNA oleh adanya mutasi, digunakan beberapa siRNA yang sekaligus menjadi target RNA virus yang berbeda. Namun demikian, terapi siRNA masih menghadapi beberapa kesulitan seperti pengiriman (transfer) khusus ke jaringan yang terinfeksi dan perlindungan siRNA dari perusakan oleh nuklease. Berdasarkan beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan, siRNA dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk mengobati infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus. Terapi tersebut direkomendasikan untuk dilakukan uji klinis dengan memperhatikan beberapa aspek seperti desain siRNA dan mekanisme transfer. (Health Science Indones 2010; 1: 58 - 65) Kata kunci: siRNA, infeksi virus, target virus, alternatif terapi Abstract SiRNA is a promising method to deal with viral infections. The principle of siRNA is based on the complementarily of (synthetic) dsRNA to an RNA virus which, in consequence, will be silenced. Many studies are currently examining the effects of siRNA on replication of diverse virus types like Hepatitis C, polio and HIV. The choice of the siRNA target sequence is crucial. It has to be very homologous to the target RNA, but it cannot target RNA of the host cell. To reduce the possibility for the virus to escape from the siRNA therapy by mutating, multiple siRNAs have to be used that target different sequences of the viral RNA. Still, siRNA therapy is facing some difficulties such as the specialized delivery to the infected tissue and the siRNA protection from the digestion by nucleases. These problems will have to be solved before siRNA therapy could be used in clinical trials.. Based on several researches, siRNA could be used as an alternative therapy against life threatening viruses. This therapy is recommended to be tested further in clinical trials with respect to several aspects, such as design of siRNA and transfer mechanism. (Health Science Indones 2010; 1: 58 - 65)

Latar belakang: Adanya perbedaan hasil antara kultur virus dengan real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) yang digunakan dalam surveilans influenza-like illness (ILI) menunjukkan perlunya mengevaluasi hasil kultur virus yang didapatkan dengan hasil RT-PCR sebagai pembanding.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi apakah kultur virus masih dapat diandalkan untuk studi surveilans ILI.Metode: Usap hidung dan usap tenggorok didapatkan dari 20 sentinel ILI di Indonesia selama tanun 2007-2008. Identifikasi kultur virus dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode hemaglutinasi dan hemaglutinasi inhibisi. RT-PCR menggunakan primer yang bersifat spesifik untuk influensa A (A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and A/H5N1) dan influensa B. Primer disediakan oleh Center for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. Hasil positif kultur virus dibandingkan dengan hasil RT-PCR berdasarkan persentase kesamaan hasil.Hasil: Sebanyak 112 spesimen dari 4277 spesimen kasus ILI didapatkan hasil positif influenza dengan metode kultur. Kesamaan hasil positif influenza kultur virus dibandingkan dengan real-time RT-PCR adalah 69.6%. Pada penelitian ini juga ditemukan bahwa 30,4 % (n=112) hasil real-time RT-PCR yang ditemukan positif influenza tidak dapat dideteksi oleh metode kultur.Kesimpulan: Metode kultur masih relevan untuk surveilans ILI meskipun hasil positif Influenza dari kultur virus lebih sedikit dari pada hasil positif Influenza yang terdeteksi dengan metode PCR. (Health Science Indones 2011;2:92-5).AbstractIntroduction: From the influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance in Indonesia, we learned that there was disagreement between virus culture and reverse trancriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This implies the need to evaluate whether virus culture is still a relevant method to be used in ILI surveillance.Methods: The ILI specimens obtained from 20 ILI sentinels in Indonesia in 2007-2008. Real-time RT-PCR using primers were specific for influenza A (A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and A/H5N1) and Influenza B. The sequence of these primers was provided by the CDC, Atlanta. Virus culture identification was conducted with hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition methods. We evaluated the percentage of concordance between positive culture results vs its RT-PCR results.Results: A number of 112 influenza positive in culture method from 4277 ILI specimens were compared with real-time RT-PCR result. There was 69.6% of virus culture result was in concordant with real-time RT-PCR result. We also found that 30.4% of positive result using real-time RT-PCR were not detectable by virus culture.Conclusion: Virus culture was still essential and considerably efficient to support real-time RT-PCR detection in ILI cases in Indonesia although the positive Influenza results by virus culture less than RT-PCR. (Health Science Indones 2011;2:92-5).

A cross sectional study of imunity against rubella was conducted in Surabaya and Tabanan districts with the samples of 343 and 257 on children less than five years old and childbearing age women respectively. Rubella antibody was examined by ELISA method (Enzygnost, Behring). The result showed that approximately 90.6% children less than five years old were susceptible to rubella infection, with the highest percentage of rubella antibody at 1-11 months of age and then decreased to 6% at the age of 36-47 months. On the contrary, for childbearing age women that only 23% of them who had no rubella antibody. These antibodies tended to increase, as they got older with the highest percentage of 85% at the age of 35-39 years. There was significant difference between increasing antibody titer with the age, but not with the sex among less than five years old children. The low rubella antibody among children less than five years old, provide an opportunity to immunize this age group especially at the age of three years or older. However, a further research with larger sample and wider scope of region is still required to get a representative result for the country.