Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), a member of the Linaceae family, is a versatile crop valued for its oil, fibre, nutritional and medicinal applications. Recognized as a superfood, linseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acid (~55%), lignans, high-quality proteins, dietary fibre and bioactive secondary metabolites. Previously published genome assemblies of linseed are quite fragmented and non-contiguous. In this study, we present a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) chromosome-scale genome assembly of the Indian linseed variety T397 using advanced sequencing approaches. The assembly comprises ~595 Mb of genomic sequences, with a scaffold N50 of 32.86 Mb, spanning 15 chromosomes, including 29 telomeres and 15 centromeres. A total of 34 572 protein-encoding genes were predicted with an average length of 2980.7 bp and an average of 5.0 exons per gene. Gene family analysis determines a considerable number of unique genes in linseed and its close relationship with Manihot esculenta and Ricinus communis. The higher expression of oleosin and FAD3 genes in linseed highlights their roles in oil accumulation and enrichment for omega-3 fatty acid. The metabolites found in the seeds were enriched for the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Various potential key structural genes and transcription factors that regulate oil metabolism especially unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis has been identified. Overall, the present study provides the potential genomic resources for accelerated genetic studies and improvement of linseed.

Background: Leaf blight caused by Alternaria spp. is one of the serious concerns in guar production worldwide. Despite this, the interaction of host-pathogen and responses of different guar genotypes against necrotrophic fungus Alternaria is still not much explored. Methods: In the present investigation, six guar genotypes have been infected with Alternaria and observed differential responses by using various parameters, including biochemical assays, antioxidant activities (SOD, CAT, PO, GPx, APx PAL, β-1,3-glucanase enzyme, total phenolic content) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll content, carotenoid and photosynthetic yield-II). Result: After the pathogenicity of Alternaria there was a substantial shift in the biochemical activity in all the inoculated resistant genotypes compared to their respective controls. Moreover, a significant reduction was also observed up to 65% in terms of physiological performance, such as total chlorophyll content, carotenoids and photosynthetic yield-II content, after 14 days of pathogenicity. The genotypes RGC-1066 and RGC-936 showed relatively more resistance and RGC-936 showed relatively more susceptibility towards Alternaria infection. These findings also imply that host-pathogen interactions factors have a role in the differential expression of defence-related enzymes and antioxidant activities in response to Alternaria inoculation.

Diversity information mining about a crop for different attributes is an essential step for effective breeding programs. The present investigation evaluates the quantum of genetic variability and determines the relationship among the important agro-economic traits based on two years of phenotypic data of 210 accessions of linseed. The traits, capsule weight per plant, capsule per plant, husk weight per plant, and seed weight per plant exhibited comparatively higher genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV). In contrast, oil content and seed per capsule exhibited a lower value. The high magnitude of broad sense heritability was observed for all traits except seeds per capsule and husk weight per plant. The trait, capsules per plant, plant height, and days to 50% flowering showed high genetic advance coupled with high heritability. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 210 accessions into six distinct clusters. Out of 210, 144 (68.57%) accessions were grouped into three clusters (I, II, and III), in which cluster-III was the largest, containing 64 accessions followed by cluster II and cluster-I. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters-I and V (127.85), while the lowest was between clusters-II and IV (27.09). The positive correlation of capsule weight per plant with the seed weight per plant and a negative correlation with the days to 50% flowering indicates that high yielding linseed varieties with early flowering/maturity could be developed through direct and indirect selection. Further, seed yield and oil content could be enhanced together as indicated by ghe positive association among these two important traits. In this study, high yielding accessions with moderate to high oil content such as GP36, GP31, GP14, GP54, GP26, GP24, GP34, GP21, GP37 and GP27 and early flowering (less than 70 days) accessions such as GP2, GP26, GP27, CG33, CG44, CG42, CG132, and CG31 identified as potential genetic materials that could be exploited for developing early maturing varieties with high yield. In addition, information’s on various genetic parameters will help breeders to devise suitable breeding methodology for linseed genetic improvement for targeted traits.

Rapid deterioration of rice bran due to the LOX3 enzyme catalysed oxidation of PUFA is the major bottleneck for its utilization in various downstream applications. In the present study, we have identified a set of nine novel LOX3-null rice accessions carrying a deletion of C residue in the exon2 causing a frameshift mutation resulting in a truncated non-functional LOX3 protein. Our study, further manifested the predominance of C deletion based LOX3-null allele, named lox3-b, in the aromatic rice germplasm particularly in the Indian Basmati rice group. The LOX3-null genotypes exhibited significantly reduced rancidity, after six months of storage. They also showed significantly lower percentage reduction of linoleic acid (LA), higher γ-oryzanol content and lower hexanal content. A functional dCAPS marker designed based on the deletion polymorphism clearly differentiated LOX3 and lox3-b alleles, and has the potential application in marker assisted rice breeding programmes to develop cultivars with better bran storability.

The study presents the morpho-physiological performance under induced drought condition and molecular marker based genetic variability amongst 13 rice varieties released for cultivation in Uttar Pradesh, India. An attempt was made to identify suitable genotypes for drought affected areas, based on their morpho-physiological characteristics and genetic diversity. The physiological parameters of photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), along with the yield parameters and genetic diversity by simple sequence repeats marker (SSR) profile were analysed. The rice varieties PR-115 and PR-113 exhibited high water use efficiency, suggesting its possible advantageous response to drought due to low transpiration and high rate of net photosynthesis. The varieties, PR-115 and PR-113 were also found to be best performer in terms of yield under drought conditions. However, the more widely cultivated varieties namely Basmati, IR-36 and IR-20 were found to be intermediate in their response to drought for both yield and physiological parameters. The 19 simple sequence repeats marker (SSR) produces a total of 64 alleles across the 13 varieties, with alleles ranging from 2 to 7 per locus (average 3 alleles). The Polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.13 to 0.78 with an average of 0.45 ± 0.19.

Nowadays beverages are consumed which has high bioactive compound. Both cocoa and Hibiscus-flower extract have high antioxidant effect and their combined effect increases the free radical scavenging potentials of the beverages. Hibiscus Sabdariffa has various effect such as Anti-hypertensive effect, Anti-oxidant effect, Diuretic effect, Anti-spasmodic effect etc. The dried flower extract is used to prepare various Tea, Syrup, Jams-jellies and beverages. The phytochemicals studies have found that it contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenols and flavonoids. Daily intake of Hibiscus tea, an amount readily incorporated into diet, effectively lowered BP in mild hypertensive adults and has anti-oxidative properties. Nutritionally, Hibiscus Sabdariffa contain vitamin c (ascorbic acid). The extracts of Hibiscus Sabdariffa are used for the treatment of various ailments such as high blood pressure, liver disease and fever. It shows antihypercholesterolaemic, antinociceptive and antipyretic in rats and rabbits but not anti-inflammatory activities. On smooth muscles (in vitro) the effect of calyx extract is variable, it mainly obstructs the tone of isolated muscles. In healthy person, the intake of Hibiscus Sabdariffa has led to remarkable drop of uric acid, citrate, tartrate, calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and urinary concentration of creatinine but not oxalate.

Face Cream is used cosmetically For Softening and cleansing the pores and skin like cold cream and vanishing cream. pores and skin like cold cream, vanishing cream, pores, skin Brightening cream, and ointment. Cream-Toiletry consists of many diverse substances inside the form of a thick liquid that possesses soothing as well as moisturizing outcomes while implemented to the skin. there are various sorts of lotions to be had in the marketplace like a light cream, sour cream, half and half the heavy cream, clotted cream, and many others, cause the formula of Anti-aging herbal cream is for reducing darkish Spots.

Rice is a major staple food across the world in which wide variations in nutrient composition are reported. Rice improvement programs need germplasm accessions with extreme values for any nutritional trait. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) uses electromagnetic radiations in the NIR region to rapidly measure the biochemical composition of food and agricultural products. NIRS prediction models provide a rapid assessment tool but their applicability is limited by the sample diversity, used for developing them. NIRS spectral variability was used to select a diverse sample set of 180 accessions, and reference data were generated using association of analytical chemists and standard methods. Different spectral pre-processing (up to fourth-order derivatization), scatter corrections (SNV-DT, MSC), and regression methods (partial least square, modified partial least square, and principle component regression) were employed for each trait. Best-fit models for total protein, starch, amylose, dietary fiber, and oil content were selected based on high RSQ, RPD with low SEP(C) in external validation. All the prediction models had ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) > 2 amongst which the best models were obtained for dietary fiber and protein with R-2 = 0.945 and 0.917, SEP(C) = 0.069 and 0.329, and RPD = 3.62 and 3.46. A paired sample t-test at a 95% confidence interval was performed to ensure that the difference in predicted and laboratory values was non-significant.

Flowers are a key source of released fragrance volatiles in the biotic world. Despite the fact that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have low molecular weights, low polarity, and low vapour pressures, the process of volatile release is influenced by the floral tissue’s morphology, anatomy, and cellular properties. Polianthestuberosa L. is a flowering plant in the Agavaceae family (also known as Asparagaceae and Amaryllidaceae by some botanists) that is commonly seen in Bangladeshi gardens. In India, tuberose is commonly known as Gulchari and Galshabbo in Hindi, Rajanigandha in Bengali, Sukandaraji and Nelasanpengi in Telugu, NilaSampangi in Tamil and Sugandharaja in Kannada.

Rice bran is an invaluable by-product of paddy processing industry. It is rich in minerals, protein, lipids, and crude fiber. In addition, it also possesses compounds with anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer properties. It forms a basis for the extraction of rice bran oil and preparation of various functional foods with health benefits and potential to prevent chronic health issues. Nevertheless, the rapid deterioration of bran upon storage acts as a major limitation in exploiting the full potential of rice bran. In this review, we have discussed three strategies to address rapid rancidity of rice bran and enhance its shelf life and storability vis-a-vis emphasizing the importance of rice bran in terms of its nutritional composition. One strategy is through exploitation of the null mutations in the genes governing lipases and lipoxygenases leading to nonfunctional enzymes (enzyme deficient approach), another strategy is through reducing the PUFA content that is more prone to oxidation (substrate deficient approach) and a third strategy is through enhancing the antioxidant content that effectively terminate the lipid peroxidation by donating the hydrogen atom.

A SSR-based linkage map of linseed constructed based on 154 individual lines of F2 mapping population derived from JRF-4 (disease-resistant) and Chambal (disease susceptible) genotypes. QTLs for Alternaria blight and other yield related traits identified. Out of 1720 SSRs, 216 SSRs were found polymorphic among the parents but due to segregation distortion 18 SSRs could not be used for linkage map construction. Total 191 SSRs were used to construct the linkage map and distributed in 15 linkage groups covering genome length of 1802.4 cM. A total of 10 QTLs were identified for 4 phenotypic traits including 4 QTLs for capsules/plant, 2 for capsule weight/plant, 2 for seed weight/plant and 2 for Alternaria blight resistance. This study laid a foundation for further validation and fine mapping with more advance and large set of marker for different QTL identification and marker-assisted selection in linseed.

The present study was aimed to characterize linseed accessions for genetic diversity, population structure and establish marker-trait association using SNP markers. A total of 10057 SNPs were identified in 86 accessions through genotyping by sequencing approach of next-generation sequencing. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value was found to be in the range from 0.08 to 0.30 with an average of 0.27 ± 0.09. Moderate value of PIC (0.30–0.60) was shown by 48% SNPs while remaining had low PIC values. Based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, the genetic distance varied from 0.17 to 0.65 with an average of 0.42 ± 0.07. Based on genetic relatedness among the accessions, CG 79, CG 86, GP 25, GP 31 GP 33, GP 47, and GP 49 were found to be most divergent and could be potential accessions for the future breeding program of linseed to create further genetic variability. The neighbor-joining clustering revealed that 86 genotypes were grouped into four clusters with 28, 8, 21 and 29 accessions respectively. An admixture model-based clustering method in STRUCTURE was also implemented which grouped all the accessions in four subpopulations (K = 4) as similar to NJ clustering. One pleiotropic SNPs was observed for capsule weight/plant and seed weight/plant which could assist in their simultaneous improvement during the breeding programme.

The present investigation aimed to explore the level of genetic diversity, determine the population structure in a larger set of germplasm of linseed using microsatellite marker and identify linked markers through association mapping. A total of 168 accessions of linseed were evaluated for major agro-economic traits and SSRs markers deployed for diversity assessment. A total of 337 alleles were amplified by 50 SSRs ranging from 2 to 13 with an average of 6.74 ± 2.8 alleles per loci. The neighbor joining based clustering grouped all the accessions into three major clusters that were also confirmed by scatter plot of PCoA. While model based clustering determined four sub-populations (K = 4). Further, analysis of molecular variance analysis considering three population showed that maximum variation (79%) was within the population. We identified one putative SSR marker (Lu_3043) linked with days to 50% flowering through both GLM and MLM analysis of association mapping. The results of this preliminary study revealed genetic diversity, population structure in linseed and linked marker which could be utilized in future breeding program.

Linseed is an important oilseed and fibre crop predominantly grown in India. The aim of the present research was to evaluate genetic diversity and patterns of relationships among the 58 genotypes through 10 morphological traits and 12 polymorphic microsatellite (SSR) markers. Euclidean analysis of agro-morphological traits grouped the 58 genotypes into four clusters of which cluster I was the largest with 20 accessions while clusters II and IV were most genetically diverse due to maximum inter-cluster distance. Principal component analysis revealed three traits accounted for more than 86% of the total variation. A total of 41 alleles were amplified with 12 SSRs having an average of 5.71 alleles per primer locus. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) varied between 0.18 to 0.78. Based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient, the genetic distance varied from 0.07 to 0.89 with an average of 0.54 +/- 0.10. The genotypes RKY-14, KL-213, LC-185 and Kartika were found to be the most divergent among all the genotypes studied on the basis of genetic distance. The most diverse genotypes identified in this study can be used in breeding programs to broaden the genetic base of the linseed germplasm.

Combining ability studies helps in selection of appropriate parents for a cross and also indicates suitable breeding procedure for handling a cross to develop a cultivar.In the present investigation, combining ability estimates for yield and related traits have been analyzed in 45 F 1 and 45 F 2 progenies derived from 10 parent half diallel mating design.The analysis of variances showed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied.Significant differences have been found for general combining ability (GCA) effects among the parents as well as specific combining ability (SCA) effects among the hybrids for all the studied traits.The GCA and SCA components of variance were significant for all the traits.However, the magnitude of GCA variance was higher than SCA suggested the preponderance of additive gene action for most of the traits.The GCA:SCA ratio revealed predominance of additive gene effects in both the generations except seed weight in F 1 and husk weight and oil content in F 2 generation.Among all the parents, EC-1392, JLS-9 and JWR-17 were the best general combiners for branches/plant, capsules/plant and seeds/capsule and average to high combiners for other traits in both the generations.Most of the specific crosses for yield related traits as well as oil content involved high/average, average/average and average/poor general combiners.These crosses combinations could be utilized for further use in breeding program in combination with the parents having good general combining ability for improvement in yield of linseed.

Fifty eight genotypes of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) were evaluated two consecutive years for variability and other genetic parameters based on various traits. Substantial amount of genetic variations were observed with low influence of environment indicated consistence performance of the genotypes. High heritability, GCV, PCV and GA was observed for number of branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, days to 50% flowering and capsule weight/plant. Oil content showed high heritability with low genetic advance indicating non-additive genetic behavior. Positive and significant correlations were observed among days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches/plant. Seed weight had significant and positive correlation with number of capsules/plant, capsules weight/plant, husk weight/plant and test weight. The branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, and plant height identified as important traits for selection in linseed breeding program.

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in abiotic stress response apart from its influence on growth and development of a plant. Our studies on abscisic acid response element binding factor 1 (ABF1) gene in Arabidopsis demonstrate that it is required for seedling establishment during winter. ABF1 is also involved in regulating seed dormancy and seed germination to some extent. Analysis of transcriptional activity of ABF1 promoter reveals that ABF1 expresses specifically in trichomes of young leaves and constitutively in cotyledons, roots, older leaves and flowers. The expression is induced upon exposure to ABA, cold and heat. The alignment of cDNAs of ABF1 (At1g49720) and At1g49730 (encodes a protein kinase of unknown function), reveals an overlap of 88 bp at their 3' UTR region suggesting that they can potentially form natural cis-antisense mRNAs pair in a tail-to-tail manner. Analysis by Genevestigator microarray stress response viewer further supports the regulatory role of these genes. An inverse proportion is observed in the transcription the two loci in number of stress responses. The abf1 mutants do not show any seedling establishment defects when grown under standard growth conditions. The mutant seedlings exhibit growth defects during winter in the western Himalayan region. Our study also signifies the importance of functional analysis for mutant phenotypes in natural habitats by reverse genetic approaches, in order to identify specific function of particular gene/s whose expression level is altered upon exposure to changes in environmental cues such as temperature and light.

Bark of Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham., commonly known as ‘Kaphal’ in indigenous systems of medicine, is used for treatment of a variety of ailments. Three samples were collected from the Nainital, Ranikhet, and Shimla regions of India for qualitative and quantitative standardization by HPTLC on silica gel plates. The profiles obtained by use of two mobile phases revealed the presence of almost similar components. A method was established for identification of the biomarkers gallic acid, lupeol, oleanolic acid, and stigmasterol in extracts of the plant, because of the therapeutic importance of these compounds. The characteristic band of gallic acid occurred at RF 0.56 when toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid 5:5:1 was used as mobile phase. Bands of oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, and lupeol occurred at RF 0.38, 0.49, and 0.62, respectively, when toluene-ethyl acetate 8:2 was used. These biomarkers were also estimated quantitatively. The amounts of the biomarkers varies from sample to sample stigmasterol from 0.2229–0.4489%, oleanolic acid from 0.0079–0.0384%, lupeol from 0.0233–0.0783%, and gallic acid from 0.0795–0.0918%. The amounts were highest in the Nainital sample and lowest in the Shimla sample.