Skeletal tissue development and regeneration in mammals are intricate, multistep, and highly regulated processes. Various signaling pathways have been implicated in the regulation of these processes, including redox. Redox signaling is the signal transduction by electron transfer reactions involving free radicals or related species. Redox homeostasis is essential to cell metabolic states, as the ROS not only regulates cell biological processes but also mediates physiological processes. Following a bone fracture, redox signaling is also triggered to regulate bone healing and regeneration by targeting resident stromal cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and endothelial cells. This review will focus on how the redox signaling impact the bone development and bone regeneration.

Human satellite cells (HuSCs) have been deemed to be the potential cure to treat muscular atrophy diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, the clinical trials of HuSCs were restricted to the inadequacy of donors because of that freshly isolated HuSCs quickly lost the Pax7 expression and myogenesis capacity in vivo after a few days of culture. Here we found that oleanic acid, a kind of triterpenoid endowed with diverse biological functions with treatment potential, could efficiently promote HuSCs proliferation. The HuSCs cultured in the medium supplement with oleanic acid could maintain a high expression level of Pax7 and retain the ability to differentiate into myotubes as well as facilitate muscle regeneration in injured muscles of recipient mice. We further revealed that Tenascin-C acts as the core mechanism to activate the EGFR signaling pathway followed by HuSCs proliferation. Taken together, our data provide an efficient method to expand functional HuSCs and a novel mechanism that controls HuSCs proliferation, which sheds light on the HuSCs-based therapy to treat muscle diseases.

Introduction Osteosarcoma is the most common malignancy in children, with high morbidity worldwide. Researches indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) played crucial roles in various cancers. Nevertheless, study investigating lncRNA long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1089 (LINC01089) in osteosarcoma is extremely rare. Thus, the research of LINC01089 is of great significance. Materials and methods qRT-PCR and western blot were done to test the expression of RNAs and proteins in osteosarcoma cells. Functional assays were carried out to evaluate biological behaviors of hFOB1.19 and osteosarcoma cells with or without LINC01089 knockdown and overexpression. In vitro and in vivo experiments in a rescue manner were performed to reveal the influences of LINC01089 and Hippo pathway on osteosarcoma cell phenotype and tumor growth. Results LINC01089 was down-regulated in osteosarcoma cells and overexpressing LINC01089 was validated to restrain cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, silencing LINC01089 could exacerbate cell malignant behaviors. Correlation of LINC01089 and Hippo pathway was proved. Overexpressing LINC01089 could activate Hippo pathway to exert antitumor effects. Conclusion LINC01089 could restrain the progression of osteosarcoma through activating Hippo pathway.

目的:观察参蝎止痛胶囊治疗膝骨关节炎全膝关节置换术后疗效及对患者炎症细胞因子的影响.方法:将70例膝骨关节炎全膝关节置换术后患者随机分为对照组35例、观察组35例.对照组采用常规康复方案治疗30 d,观察组采用常规康复方案联合参蝎止痛胶囊治疗30 d.观察两组治疗前及治疗后14、30 d美国特种外科医院膝关节(HSS)评分、疼痛视觉模拟标尺(VAS)评分、膝关节活动度值(ROM),检测两组治疗前及治疗后14、30 d血清IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8变化情况.结果:治疗后14、30 d两组关节功能均改善,观察组HSS关节功能评分、ROM高于对照组,观察组VAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05).治疗后14、30 d两组IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平均降低,且观察组的IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05).结论:参蝎止痛胶囊能够改善膝骨关节炎全膝关节置换术后患者膝关节功能,其机制可能与参蝎止痛胶囊能够降低膝骨关节炎患者炎症反应有关.

目的 探讨全髋关节置换术(THA)后肌肉衰减状况与跌倒风险的相关性.方法 选取该院2018年7月至2021年6月收治的218例髋骨关节炎行THA的患者为研究对象,记录患者年龄、性别、病程、合并慢性病、下地时间等临床资料.术后1个月采用Harris评分评估髋关节功能,术前及术后1个月采用相对骨骼肌质量指数(RSMI)评估肌肉衰减状况,术后1个月采用摩尔斯跌倒评估表(MFS)评估跌倒风险.结果 术后1个月患者RSMI较术前明显降低(P<0.05).出现肌肉衰减综合征和未出现肌肉衰减综合征患者的病程、合并慢性病情况无明显差异(P>0.05),性别、年龄、下地时间、髋关节功能比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).存在跌倒高危和不存在跌倒高危患者的病程、合并慢性病情况无明显差异(P>0.05),性别、年龄、下地时间、髋关节功能比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).不同髋关节功能等级患者的RSMI有明显差异(P<0.05).出现肌肉衰减综合征与未出现肌肉衰减综合征患者中跌倒高危者占比相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).MFS评分与Harris评分、RSMI均呈负相关(r=-0.44、-0.61,P<0.05),Harris评分与RSMI呈正相关(r=0.40,P<0.05).结论 THA后会出现肌肉衰减综合征和跌倒高风险,且与性别、年龄、下地时间、髋关节功能相关.

Recently, the Populus yunnanensis extract has drawn the attention of most researchers, because of their anti-cancer activity. In this present research, the anti-cancer activity of the Populus yunnanensis extract was measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) detection kit on the cancer cells. Then, the inhibitory activity of the Populus yunnanensis extract on the migration and invasion ability of the cancer cells was also determined in this present research with trans-well assay. Subsequently, to reveal the evolutionary genome evolution evaluation of the Populus yunnanensis and other Populus species, the high-throughput Illumina pair-end sequencing was performed and the chloroplast (cp) genome of Populus yunnanensis was determined, and the phylogenetic analysis was finished as wells. The results of the CCK-8 assay indicated that the Populus yunnanensis extract showed inhibitory effect on the cancer cell viability. Besides, the migration and invasion ability of the cancer cell was also reduced by the Populus yunnanensis extract. The complete chloroplast genome sequence results revealed that the Populus yunnanensis has a 156,505 bp circular cp genome. The phylogenetic analysis further revealed that the Populus yunnanensis has closely relationship with Populus simonii.

Osteoporosis is a common disease in aging populations. However, osteoporosis treatment is still challenging. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of neohesperidin (NEO) in osteoporosis progression and the potential mechanism. Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated and treated with different concentrations of NEO (0, 10, 30, 100 μM). Cell proliferation was analyzed by cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. RNA-sequencing was performed on the isolated BMSCs with control and NEO treatment. Differentially expressed genes were obtained by R software. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin red staining (ARS) were performed to assess the osteogenic capacity of the NEO. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of osteoblast markers. Western blot was used to evaluate the protein levels in BMSCs. NEO treatment significantly improved hBMSC proliferation at different time points, particularly when cells were incubated with 30 μM NEO (P < 0.05). NEO dose-dependently increased the ALP activity and calcium deposition than the control group (P < 0.05). A total of 855 differentially expressed genes were identified according to the significance criteria of log2 (fold change) > 1 and adj P < 0.05. DKK1 partially reversed the promotion effects of NEO on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. NEO increased levels of the β-catenin protein in BMSCs. NEO plays a positive role in promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which was related with activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

In the present study, we explored the effectiveness and complications of omnidirectional internal fixation using a double approach for treating Rüedi-Allgöwer type III pilon fractures. A retrospective analysis was performed of 19 cases of Rüedi-Allgöwer type III unilateral closed pilon fracture. With preoperative preparation and correct surgical timing, the reduction was performed using anteromedial and posterolateral approaches, and the fracture fragments were fixed by omnidirectional internal fixation. Imaging evaluation was performed using the Burwell-Charnley scoring system. The Johner-Wruhs scoring system was used to assess the functional status of the patients. A comprehensive evaluation of efficacy was performed using a 5-point Likert score. The complications were also recorded and analyzed. All patients were followed up for an average of 16.2 months. The operative incisions of 15 cases healed by primary intent and with delayed healing in 4. All patients had achieved bony union at an average of 16 weeks postoperatively. No deep infection, broken nail or withdrawn nail, exposed plate, or skin flap necrosis occurred. The Burwell-Charnley imaging evaluation showed that 14 patients had anatomic reduction of the articular surface and 5 had acceptable reduction. Using the Johner-Wruhs scoring system, the results were excellent for 8, good for 7, fair for 2, and poor for 2 patients; the combined rate of excellent and good results was 78.9%. The Likert score of efficacy self-reported by the patients was 3 to 4 points for 12 patients, 2 points for 4 patients, and 0 to 1 point for 3 patients. The Likert score of therapeutic efficacy reported by the physicians was 3 to 4 points for 10 patients, 2 points for 5 patients, and 0 to 1 point for 4 patients. Omnidirectional internal fixation using double approaches was an effective method to treat Rüedi-Allgöwer type III pilon fractures with satisfactory reduction and rigid fixation, good joint function recovery, and few complications.

BACKGROUNDMalignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the bone is a rare tumor. Most studies comparing limb salvage and amputation have reported that limb salvage had no adverse effect on the long-term survival of patients. This study evaluates the oncological outcomes of limb salvage procedures that were used for 15 patients with MFH of the humerus.OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to assess the functional and oncological outcomes of patients with malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the humerus after en bloc resection and prosthesis implantation.MATERIAL AND METHODSA retrospective review of the charts of 15 patients who had undergone resection of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the humerus followed by reconstruction with prosthesis was used in this study. A functional evaluation was based on Enneking's modified system of the functional evaluation of surgical management for musculoskeletal tumors. Complications of the procedures were also analyzed.RESULTSEight men and 7 women at an average age of 52.9 years were included in the study. The tumor involved the distal humerus in 3 patients, the proximal humerus in 8 patients and the mid-shaft humerus in 4 patients. Excellent results were achieved in 4 patients, good to fair in 10 and poor in 1. One patient had local recurrence. Pulmonary metastases occurred in 6 patients.CONCLUSIONSLimb salvage surgery with chemotherapy is a viable treatment option for patients with malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the humerus.

Background: Arthroscopy was used to observe the clinical effect of liver-softening medicine for treating knee osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and Methods: Forty knee OA patients with cartilage classifications of Outerbridge grade II, III, or II plus III determined via arthroscopy were randomly assigned to a treatment of liver-softening medicine plus glucosamine or a control treatment of glucosamine alone. Clinical observation and determination of the comprehensive effect score were performed at 60, 120, and 180 days. A second arthroscopy was performed at 180 days. Results: Signs and symptoms significantly improved at different time points in the treatment group. The effects in the treatment group were better than those in the control group. When analyzing the cartilage during the second arthroscopy, no further degeneration was observed. Conclusions: After arthroscopic debridement, the treatment of knee OA with liver-softening medicine in conjunction with glucosamine is a feasible and effective solution.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of gene enhanced tissue engineering followed mosaicplasty in a goat model.METHODS:An acute cylindrical defect 9 mm in diameter was created in the weight bearing area of the medial femoral condyle in a goat model. Thirty-six medial femoral condyles were divided into 6 groups using different proportion of gene enhanced tissue engineering and mosaicplasty to restore the defects. The specimen received gross and histology observation, which was evaluated by the histological grading scale of O'Driscoll, Keeley and Salter. Transmission electron microscope observation was also performed. Two factors analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Kewls test were used to compare the specimen.RESULTS:The gross and histology observation revealed that each defects of six groups had different restoration. The scores of the reparative tissue of three groups with gene enhancement were significantly higher than those in other three groups without gene enhancement (p > 0.05).CONCLUSION:Gene enhanced tissue engineering followed mosaicplasty could restore a 9 mm diameter osteochondral defects in a goat model effectively. With the reduction of covering area of the graft, the advantages of the combined gene enhanced tissue engineering method can be better reflected.

To compare the influence of the different osteochondral incongruity grades on the osteochondral repair by the mosaicplasty technique in a goat model.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the optimum proportion of Mosaicplasty and genes-enhanced tissue engineering for the repair of acute osteochondral defects.METHODSWestern blot test was conducted to detect the expression of hTGF-beta1, Col II and Aggrecan in 3 groups, including hTGF-beta1, transduction group, Adv-betagal transduction group and control group without transduction. Eighteen 6-month-old Shanghai male goats (weight: 22 to 25 kg) were used. BMSCs were isolated from the autologous bone marrow, and were subcultured to get the cells at passage 3. Thirty-six medial femoral condyles were used and divided into 6 groups named AR, AL, BR, BL, CR, and CL. Acute cylindrical defects (9 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth)were created in the weight bearing area of the medial femoral condyle of hind limbs. In the single group, the autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty was performed to repair the defect; in the combination group, besides the mosaicplasty, the dead space between the cylindrical grafts and the host cartilage were injected with the suspension of hTGF-beta1, gene enhanced autogenous BMSCs in sodium alginate, and CaCl2 was dropped into it to form calcium alginate gels. The autologous osteochondral transplantation cover rates of group AR was 44.44% single group, AL was 44.44% combination group, BR was 33.33% single group, BL was 33.33% combination group, CR was 22.22% single group, and CL was 22.22% combination group. The goats were killed 24 weeks after operation to receive gross and histology observation, which was evaluated by the histological grading scale of O'Driscoll, Keeley and Salter. Immunohistochemistry and TEM observation were also performed.RESULTSWestern blot test showed the expression of the hTGF-beta1, Col II and the Aggrecan in the hTGF-beta1 transduction group were significantly higher than that of the Adv-betaga1 transduction and the blank control groups. The gross and histology observation revealed that each defects of six groups had different degrees of repairing. There was no significantly difference among the BL, AR, and AL groups. But the scores of the other three groups (BR, CR, and CL) were significantly poorer than the former three groups.CONCLUSIONMosaicplasty associated with genes enhanced tissue engineering could repair the osteochondral defects effectively. With the autologous osteochondral transplantation coverage reducing, the advantage of the combination could have a better representation.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether the unevenness of articular surface would affect the osteochondral repair.METHODS:Eight Shanghai Chongming 6-months-old masculine goats with a mean weight of 25 kg were used in this study. Different unevenness, which were 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 2.0 mm protrude or concavity, were created on the weight-bearing portion of the medial femoral condyles of the goats. The goats were sacrificed 12 weeks later and were observed with the general observation, HE staining and transmission electron microscope. To evaluate the microscopic morphology, a histological grading scale described by O'Driscoll, Keeley and Salter was used.RESULTS:The general observation and HE staining showed that the unevenness of 0.5 mm or 1.0 mm protrudes or concavity could be repaired to get the surface smooth on the whole. The transmission electron microscope showed that the reparative tissues were the same as the normal cartilage. The 2.0 mm depth couldn't be repaired satisfactorily. The transmission electron microscope showed that the fiber bundle proliferated and the chondrocytes degenerated. The scores of the 2.0 mm depth were significantly lower than that of the 0.5 mm or 1.0 mm (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:The unevenness could have an influence on the repair. The limited unevenness could be repaired by itself.

To compare single mosaicplasty, mosaicplasty associated with gene enhanced tissue engineering and mosaicplasty associated with the gels of non-gene transduced bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in alginate for the treatment of acute osteochondral defects in a goat model.

Objective: To determine the vascular anatomy and clinical application of superiorly and inferiorly based posterior thigh fasciocutaneous flaps.Methods: Ten consecutive patients were included in the study. All underwent resection of malignant tumours, five malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFH), two synovial sarcomas, one skin squamous cell cancer, one malignant hamartoma and one fibrosarcoma. The average age of the patients was 49 years (range 25 to 71 years), with six men and four women. Superior defects, including two in the sacrococcygeal region and one lesion over the femoral greater trochanter, were closed with superior posterior femoral fasciocutaneous flaps (SPFFCF). Seven lesions, three in the popliteal fossae, and two in the lateral and two medial knee regions, were closed with inferior posterior femoral fasciocutaneous flaps (IPFFCF). The average flap size was 148 cm(2) (ranging from 90 to 300 cm(2)). The average follow-up period was 23 months (ranging from 3 to 50 months). Patients were assessed by examination of the vascular anatomy, the operation technique and the treatment outcome. In particular the fasciocutaneous network and the descending branch of the inferior gluteal artery of the nutrient flap were analysed.Results: There were no total skin flap failures and no significant complications. Tumours recurred locally in two patients and lung metastases occurred in another two. Five patients returned to their original jobs and daily activity without limitation, but two experienced decreased knee flexion of 30 degrees. The larger SPFFCF is based on the fasciocutaneous branch of the inferior gluteal artery accompanied by the posterior gluteal cutaneous nerve.Conclusion: The larger SPFFCF, which includes the fascia lata femoris and the fasciocutaneous branch with the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, does not include the first cutaneous branch of the fasciocutaneous branch artery. Hence, large defects of the sacrococcygeal region and the femoral greater trochanter can be reconstructed using an SPFFCF. Defects around the knee can be reconstructed with an IPFFCF, which is based on the ascending branch of the fasciocutaneous branch of the 3rd perforating artery. (C) 2008 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.