Bosnia-Herzegovina and Republic of Croatia share 931km of border (494km land and 425km riverine), which has been contentious for the greater part of the modern European history and represented one of the hardest and most-militarized border demarcating the frontiers of the major empires. Nowadays, it is in the process of becoming another hard-border between the Schengen-Zone EU and non-EU Western Balkans. In this study we are considering several strategic elements required for planning of effective and constructive border security, while countering variety of pseudo-hybrid warfare operations as well as tactical considerations when responding to crisis, communications and overall control of the fluid frontier. Strategic elements taken into consideration are: a) overall contiguity of the border, b) communications network / trafficability at border-crossing and c) geospatial support in the intelligence preparation of the area. Tactical elements considered are a) real-time geospatial support during operations b) alternative communications and vetting of alternative communications c) defensive operations (e.g. drone defense, jamming defense, incursion prevention). We are considering lessons-learned from the hostilities and frozen-conflicts in Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Yemen and potential future conflagrations in Trans-Dnistria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo* and the Baltics. We are using several criteria in understanding the required geospatial preparations required to undertake or defend against mass-migrations and potential hybrid threats such as unresolved territorial issues, population density information, infrastructure condition, land-use and overall completeness and availability of geospatial data. * Designation without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence

Bosnia-Herzegovina and southern-coastal/hinterland-region of Dalmatia, Republic of Croatia are a part of the same seismo-tectonic province and share a considerable and real threat of high-magnitude earthquakes. Numerous Magnitude 6 (Richter) and above earthquakes have been recorded in the past 500 years and some of them have resulted in a considerable loss of life, material and even prestige or geopolitical significance (e.g. the demise of Ragusa in the earthquake of 1667). Given the propensity of the region for destructive earthquakes, complex geomorphological framework and challenging infrastructure, still recovering in parts from the Yugoslav civil wars of the 1990s., the region may yield a “perfect” crisis in the aftermath of a major earthquake event. Taking into consideration unchecked development of several metropolitan areas, lack of oversight and permitting, decaying infrastructure as well as unresolved political ambiguities and territorial disputes, a potential destructive earthquake may create several cascading crises, especially if it coincides with some other challenging events (e.g. winter storms). This study is taking into consideration several scenarios, their possible effects and resulting conditions upon which cascading crises may arise in the aftermath of a magnitude 7+ earthquake affecting several major urban areas in southern and central Bosnia-Herzegovina and the southern Dalmatian region of Croatia. These scenarios are intended to provide training aids and risk assessments in countering the destructive forces after the earthquake, expected to test the current crisis-management models.

Jelen tanulmányban Michaél Kritobulos jellemábrázolási módszereit elemzem. Azt vizsgálom, hogy a bizánci történetíró munkájában található jellemleírások milyen kapcsolatban, illetve kölcsönhatásban vannak a szöveg stílusával és bizonyos szerkezeti sajátosságaival, valamint hogy a szerző honnan merített szereplői jellemének megrajzolásánál. A dolgozatban választ keresek arra a kérdésre is, hogy milyen célt szolgáltak a történeti szereplők jellemábrázolásaiban előforduló nyelvi formulák.

E tanulmány bemutatja, hogy az egyik utolsó bizánci történetíró, Michaél Kritobulos hogyan alkalmazta az irodalmi utánzás eszközét II. Mehmed szultán drinápolyi beszédében. Megpróbálja feltárni a beszédben olvasható hosszabb történeti ekphrasis irodalmi mintáit és szerepét, majd az orációban található rejtett történetírói reflexiókat vizsgálja. Közismert tény, hogy a klasszikus szerzők történeti szereplőik beszédeiben számos alkalommal implicit módon saját nézeteiket szólaltatják meg a történelemről és a történeti megismerésről. Mehmed beszédének egyes mondatai arra utalnak, hogy e jelenség nemcsak a klasszikus, de a késő bizánci történetírásban is felfedezhető.

It is an indisputable fact that the growth of the human population leads to enormous growth in consumption and, consequently, waste generation. Waste, the consequence of all our activities, is the loss of resources, such as energy and raw materials. Among all types of waste, food waste is one of the major problems of today. It can be seen from different perspectives: environmentally and ethically. To ensure the highest possible usability of the food is the goal of every producer, but the question is why so much food is being discarded. Efficient management can only be achieved if the entire production, procurement, storage and sales process meets the standards. The aim of the paper is to analyze how the management of food waste can be effectively achieved and the detect effects to the economy.

In Croatia, the mission, set of goals and general issues of crisis management are still not complete, and to a sufficient extent, defined by appropriate legal solutions, regulations and strategic documents. Therefore, access to this vital area of safety issues is still divided into certain areas depending on the type of crisis or threat. The necessity of establishing a comprehensive and unified system to manage crises was recognized over fifteen years ago, and a series of discussions have been held on the issue, as well as the issue of developing the concept of a crisis management system. Despite these efforts, there have been no significant results. The issue was approached in 2004 by passing the Law on Protection and Rescue and the establishment of the State Protection and Rescue Administration (DUZS), and again in 2005 by passing a new Civil Protection Law. However, the civil protection system covers only a part of an integrated crisis management system at the national level, such as protection and rescue, disaster, and major accident management. The normative framework of the Republic of Croatia, even after Croatia entered the EU and adopted its acquis communautaire, is marked by the lack of comprehensive solutions regarding the definition of national crises and the establishment of a crisis management system.

Konstantinápoly török bevétele egy lassan haldokló birodalom történetének utolsó felvonása volt. A kortárs bizánciak többsége az isteni gondviseléssel magyarázta a török hódítást. Voltak azonban néhányan, akik szakítottak a keresztény értelmezéssel, és más magyarázatot kerestek Bizánc bukására. Közéjük tartozott a Halósis egyik történetírója, az imbrosi Kritobulos. A tanulmány az ő történelemszemléletét vizsgálja. A korábbi elképzeléssel szemben, mely szerint Kritobulos művében a történelem menetét a kiszámíthatatlan τύχη irányítja, azt állítjuk, hogy a hellenisztikus fogalom csak az egyik – és nem is a legfontosabb – volt azon eszmék közül, amelyeket Kritobulos felhasznált a múlt értelmezésénél.

Konstantinapoly torok bevetele egy lassan haldoklo birodalom tortenetenek utolso felvonasa volt. A kortars bizanciak tobbsege az isteni gondviselessel magyarazta a torok hoditast. Voltak azonban ne...

One important objective of the RECIPE project is to recommend the model for Critical Infrastructures Protection system. The recommended model is focused on three major issues. These are establishment of the National Center on Critical Infrastructures, issue on information exchange and issue related the public-private partnership in Critical Infrastructures Protection. The article deals with the first item. A methodology for selection of an appropriate national scheme in the field of Critical Infrastructures Protection will be chronologically described and argued. Description will start with general ideas that resulted from the Panel discussions. A deeper analysis of the models suggested afterwards will be presented as well. the feasibility analysis on organizational placement of the National Center for Critical Infrastructures and the feasibility analysis of the objectives and major activities that are supposed to be performed in the National Center for Critical Infrastructures will be shortly explained. Finally, the related guidelines will be highlighted.

Ključne riječi: vatrogastvo, vatrogasna izobrazba, krizno upravljanje, sigurnosni izazovi SAŽETAK: Novi oblici prijetnji u globaliziranoj međunarodnoj zajednici postavljaju sve više izazove sustavu kriznog upravljanja na traženju odgovarajućih rješenja, pri čemu sve više problematika nacionalne sigurnosti ustupa mjesto sustavu građanske sigurnosti, utemeljene prvenstveno na sigurnosti pojedinca u globaliziranim, multipolarnim odnosima transnacionalizma. Nove prijetnje sve više poprimaju opći, transgranični karakter i podjednako počinju ugrožavati svakog pojedinca u određenom civilizacijskom okružju, bez obzira na njegova nacionalna, etnička, religiozna, kulturološka ili socijalna obilježja i pripadnost pojedinim društvenim strukturama. Naravno, te prijetnje se razlikuju prvenstveno od civilizacijskih obilježja društvenih sredina kojima prijete, ali u kojima nerijetko i nastaju. Sukladno tome i temeljni instrumenti zaštite nacionalne sigurnosti, među kojima značajno mjesto zauzima sustav vatrogastva, moraju se prilagoditi novim sigurnosnim izazovima. Sustav vatrogastva u Republici Hrvatskoj propisan je Zakonom o vatrogastvu i podzakonskim aktima koji reguliraju ustroj vatrogastva na razini lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave, pri čemu decentraliziranost upravljanja sustavom vatrogastva, koliko može biti korisna u kontekstu pozitivnog dispergiranja ustrojbeno-organizacijske odgovornosti i nadležnosti lokalne samouprave, toliko se može negativno odraziti na funkcioniranje jednog od vitalnih sustava kriznog upravljanja zbog toga što mora imati elemente centraliziranog vođenja. Vatrogastvo u Republici Hrvatskoj ima specifično izgrađeni sustav specijalističke izobrazbe, u svojem osnovnom sklopu utemeljen na prekvalifikaciji postojećih srednjoškolskih kadrova na poslove profesionalnih vatrogasaca, dok više razine specijaliziranog školovanja ne postoje već se oslanjaju na postojeće oblike stručnog ili sveučilišnog školovanja. Takav oblik izobrazbe u suvremenom sustavu vatrogastva više nije zadovoljavajući, zbog čega se provodi opsežno istraživanje radi njegove optimalizacije, pri čemu je najvažnije definirati specifična znanja potrebna vatrogasnoj profesiji, te opredijeliti sadržaje znanja i vještina za svaku razinu upravljanja i vođenja u sustavu vatrogastva. SIGURNOST 57 (2) 113 125 (2015)

Novi oblici prijetnji u globaliziranoj međunarodnoj zajednici postavljaju sve vise izazove sustavu kriznog upravljanja na traženju odgovarajucih rjesenja, pri cemu sve vise problematika nacionalne sigurnosti ustupa mjesto sustavu građanske sigurnosti, utemeljene prvenstveno na sigurnosti pojedinca u globaliziranim, multipolarnim odnosima transnacionalizma. Nove prijetnje sve vise poprimaju opci, transgranicni karakter i podjednako pocinju ugrožavati svakog pojedinca u određenom civilizacijskom okružju, bez obzira na njegova nacionalna, etnicka, religiozna, kulturoloska ili socijalna obilježja i pripadnost pojedinim drustvenim strukturama. Naravno, te prijetnje se razlikuju prvenstveno od civilizacijskih obilježja drustvenih sredina kojima prijete, ali u kojima nerijetko i nastaju. Sukladno tome i temeljni instrumenti zastite nacionalne sigurnosti, među kojima znacajno mjesto zauzima sustav vatrogastva, moraju se prilagoditi novim sigurnosnim izazovima. Sustav vatrogastva u Republici Hrvatskoj reguliran je Zakonom o vatrogastvu i podzakonskim aktima koji reguliraju ustroj vatrogastva na razini lokalne i podrucne (regionalne) samouprave, pri cemu decentraliziranost upravljanja sustavom vatrogastva, koliko može biti korisna u kontekstu pozitivnog dispergiranja ustrojbeno-organizacijske odgovornosti i nadležnosti lokalne samouprave, toliko se može negativno odraziti na funkcioniranje jednog od vitalnih sustava kriznog upravljanja zbog toga sto mora imati elemente centraliziranog vođenja. Vatrogastvo u Republici Hrvatskoj ima specificno izgrađeni sustav specijalisticke izobrazbe, u svome osnovnom sklopu utemeljen na prekvalifikaciji postojecih srednjoskolskih kadrova na poslove profesionalnih vatrogasaca, dok vise razine specijaliziranog skolovanja ne postoje vec se oslanjaju na postojece oblike strucnog ili sveucilisnog skolovanja. Takav oblik izobrazbe u suvremenom sustavu vatrogastva vise nije zadovoljavajuci, zbog cega se provodi opsežno istraživanje s ciljem njegove optimalizacije, pri cemu je najvažnije definirati specificna znanja potrebna vatrogasnoj profesiji, te opredijeliti sadržaje znanja i vjestina za svaku razinu upravljanja i vođenja u sustavu vatrogastva.

Az imbrosi Kritobulos a Halósis egyik legbecsesebb forrásának szerzőjeként ismert. Az 1451-től 1467-ig eltelt időszakot felölelő kortörténete azonban nem csupán történeti adatok tárháza, de a késői bizánci történetírás kiemelkedő alkotása is. Régtől fogva ismert tény, hogy Kritobulosra nagy hatást gyakoroltak a klasszikus szerzők, kiváltképp az athéni Th ukydidés. Ennek ellenére viszonylag kevés tanulmány foglalkozott azzal a kérdéssel, hogy ezek a klasszikus minták miként jelennek meg művében. A tanulmányban megkísérlem — új párhuzamokat is felfedve - bemutatni a prooimionban és az ajánlólevélben felbukkanó történetírói toposzokat és Kritobulos irodalmi utánzásának főbb sajátosságait.

The human knowledge is being multiplied today very fast, and the human power over nature seems infinite. However, still the modern human of today lives, as Ulrich Beck puts it, in the »risk society«, obsessively worried about the safety and being very sensitive to the least sign of it being threatened. Particularly today, when the scientific development in various fields of human progress (medicine, chemistry, communications, information technology and other technologies) enable unimaginable achievements of the human development and creativity, there is also realistic danger of abuse and destruction of these achievements. The complexity and openness of the modern societies, various forms of economic, social and political actions, as well as disasters caused by disturbances of nature, create every day challenges and threats to which we are responding through various procedures and instruments. The phenomena of modern crises indicate their complexity and high demandsin terms of structural and organized responses. Risk, potential and actual crisis, are components of our everyday lives. This is precisely the reason why crisis management is the central topic which runs through all six international scientific and technical conferences »Crisis Management Days« that have been organized by the University of Applied Sciences Velika Gorica. The aim of the »Crisis Management Days« Conference is contained in the intention of gathering together the Croatian and foreign scientists and experts from this and other related fields in order to exchange contemporary scientific and technical achievements and to actualize and bring closer this extraordinary significant topic to the Croatian public, which is becoming every day more actual and more global.