Monoliths are porous materials characterized by a large network of interconnected pores or channels, offering superior flow characteristics due to their unique structure. Their high permeability arises from these well-developed porous networks, which efficiently facilitate the transport of liquids and gases. In this research, a highly macroporous 3D monolith was successfully fabricated using a redox cryopolymerization method. The monolith was synthesized by grafting chitosan with N-isopropylacrylamide in the presence of N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide, specifically designed for the selective separation of Quercetin. The developed Cs-NIPAM-based monolith exhibited strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities. It showed inhibition zones with 15 +/- 3 mm against Escherichia coli and 10 +/- 2 mm against S. aureus. Additionally, its radical scavenging efficiency was significantly improved, achieving 66.5 % (DPPH) and 70.5 % (ABTS), compared to 18.4 % and 18.6 % for the Cs-NIPAM-based monolith. The developed Cs-NIPAM-based monolith exhibited better adsorption capacity for Quercetin, owing to the presence of multiple functional groups and a highly porous structure. Under optimal conditions, an impressive adsorption capacity of 198 mg g(-1) was achieved. Kinetics study shows that the adsorption equilibrium was reached within 40 min, indicating a rapid adsorption process. The experimental data fit best with both the Freundlich isotherm model (R-2 = 0.994) and the Langmuir isotherm model (R-2 = 0.993), suggesting that multilayer and monolayer adsorption occur on a heterogeneous surface and that strong interactions exist between quercetin molecules and the monolithic adsorbent. The effect of key parameters such as pH, contact time, and Quercetin concentration on adsorption performance was systematically evaluated, and the optimum conditions were established. Furthermore, when applied to real samples, the monolith notably enhanced the total Quercetin flavonoid content in pure cherry and strawberry juices, increasing it from 78.55 % to 92.78 %. These findings highlight the potential of the Cs-NIPAM-based monolith as a highly efficient material for the selective isolation and enrichment of Quercetin from complex natural product matrices. These findings provide the monolith's potential as an effective material for the selective isolation and enrichment of Quercetin from natural product matrices.

Chlorella vulgaris is a significant green alga that has a role in the bioremediation of environmental pollutants, especially heavy metals. Therefore, to meet the emerging needs of sustainable bioremediation, it is the need of the hour to improve the bioremediation potential of Chlorella vulgaris. Stress-related genes play significant roles in homeostasis and stress management in algal species, including C. vulgaris. It deals with varying pH and temperature, toxic heavy metals, oxidative stress, and many others. While certain stress-responsive proteins such as Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) and Antioxidant Enzymes have been previously reported in C. vulgaris, this study aims to expand the scope by identifying and characterizing a diverse range of genes from various gene families, many of which have not been studied before in C. vulgaris. A comprehensive analysis of the stress-related genes was conducted in which comparative phylogenetic analysis; conserved motif detection, determination of gene structure, and their subcellular localization were performed. As a result of this study, 15 stress-related genes in C. vulgaris were annotated and characterized. The phylogenetic analysis represented that these genes evolved independently in C. vulgaris. Twenty highly conserved motifs amino acid structures have been exhibited. These motifs have a potential role in stress management. The proteins are localized at different locations in the cells. In parallel to genome-wide analysis, an experiment was conducted in a wet lab to evaluate the growth curve of C. vulgaris under Cd and pH stress. The results revealed a probability that C. vulgaris has some mechanisms and genes that act as key players for survival. Moreover, this study not only provides identification and characterization of stress-related genes but also lays the foundation for further identification, annotation, and confirmation by expression profiling under different stress conditions such as toxic heavy metals and pH.

Extreme environmental conditions have significantly affected the natural habitats of Dendrobium huoshanense, a valuable medicinal orchid highly sensitive to abiotic stress. NAC transcription factors are key plants regulators, contributing to growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. Despite their importance, information on the NAC gene family in D. huoshanense remains limited. In this study, a genome-wide analysis was conducted to identify and characterize D. huoshanense NAC genes, using integrated bioinformatics, phylogenetic, and expression profiles. A total of 77 DhNAC genes were identified, unevenly distributed across 19 chromosomes, with chromosome 4 containing the highest number of 16 genes. Phylogenetic and structural analysis grouped the DhNAC genes into 20 groups, with conserved NAM domains and diverse exon-intron structures, indicating both evolutionary conservation and functional specialization. Promoter region analysis identified the presence of diverse stress-responsive cis-regulatory elements, such as drought, cold, abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid signaling pathways, indicating their roles in stress adaptation. Comparative genomic studies with Arabidopsis thaliana, Dendrobium nobile, Oryza sativa, and Zea mays highlighted evolutionary relationships and revealed significant gene duplication, including tandem and segmental events. Finally, expression analysis of selected DhNAC gene using qRT-PCR showed differential expression under cold stress, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid treatment. Under stress treatments, DhNAC genes showed distinct temporal expression patterns, with ABA inducing early, intermediate, and late responders, MeJA driving strong early-to-mid responses, and SA promoting sustained late responses. Key genes including DhNAC9, DhNAC19, DhNAC48, DhNAC51, DhNAC53, DhNAC55, DhNAC58, and DhNAC73 were consistently responsive, highlighting their central roles in stress adaptation. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of NAC genes in D. huoshanense in response to environmental stresses.

Grifola frondosa is a highly valuable edible and medicinal fungus with significant health benefits. In traditional Chinese medicine, has been extensively utilized for its therapeutic properties, playing a vital role in treating various diseases related to immune modulation and inflammation. Polysaccharides are the main active compound in G. frondosa, and their biological activities are closely related to their composition. The Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (GFPs) interact with key immune receptors such as Toll-like receptors and Dectin-1, which activate macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. This interaction enhances the immune system's capacity to mount effective responses against infections and malignancies. These polysaccharides control glucose metabolism and regulate insulin sensitivity, indicating their potential for managing and preventing metabolic disorders like diabetes. Although the preclinical studies are promising, further research is essential to standardize extraction techniques, conform clinical efficacy, and clarify the mechanism of health benefits. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the production, properties, structural characteristics, and biological activities of GFPs. It highlights their therapeutic potential and promotes further research to support their development and application in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical formulation.

The tropical dry forests (TDF) have an enormously rich flora and fauna that offer various ecological services to the surrounding human societies. Biodiversity assessment is mandatory for implementing any sustainable forest management policy, which is why it is one of the important criteria and indicators currently used. Threats to TDF biodiversity are the primary challenges arising from environmental concerns caused by anthropogenic activity leading to global warming issues. The study aimed to investigate the vegetation assessment and several environmental and anthropogenic variables influencing forest biodiversity from 5 threatened forest sites of District Sialkot (Ghalotian, Kishan Garh, Daburgi Chanda Singh, Pir Kot, and Ghulab Garh), Pakistan. We collected 170 distinct plant species, including 135 dicots, 27 monocots, seven pteridophytes, and one bryophyte, categorized into 138 genera and 62 families, divided into 114 herbs, 32 trees, and 24 shrubs. The phytosociological analysis described the quantitative characteristics, including % frequency, % density, % cover, and importance Value Index (IVI) of all forest areas. Gulab Garh forest has the richest biodiversity forest area, and herbs are the dominant species that have been documented. Environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, organic matter, soil pH, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, Cl−, and electric conductivity (EC) strongly affect forest vegetation investigated by principal coordinate analysis. Shannon and Simpson’s diversity indexes reveal that all sites contain loamy and sandy soil and display a significant relationship between alpha diversity and richness. Increasing trends in temperature and decreasing trends in rainfall suggested that climate significantly affects the Sialkot region’s plant biodiversity. SWOT analysis highlighted that population growth leads to increasing anthropogenic activities such as constructing housing societies and roads, inadequate farming, and excessive grazing, impacting the forest vegetation and altering TDF ecosystem properties/services and functioning. Our findings reinforce the vegetational assessment and importance of local forest biodiversity and significant environmental drivers that influence the plant species diversity in TDF areas. Future conservation strategies are suggested to reduce unlawful resource consumption, restore plant biodiversity in designated protected areas, and conserve rare species locally.

Plants are subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses that significantly impact their growth and productivity. To achieve balanced crop growth and yield, including for leafy vegetables, the continuous application of micronutrient is crucial. This study investigates the effects of different concentrations of copper sulphate (0, 75, 125, and 175 ppm) on the morphological and biochemical features of Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa. Morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf area, root length, and fresh and dry weights were optimized at a concentration of 75 ppm copper sulfate. At this concentration, chlorophyll a b levels increased significantly in Spinacia oleracea (462.9 and 249.8 𝜇𝑔/𝑔), and Avena sativa (404.7 and 437.63𝜇𝑔/𝑔). However, carotenoid content and sugar levels in Spinacia oleracea were negatively affected, while sugar content in Avena sativa increased at 125 ppm (941.6 µg/ml). Protein content increased in Spinacia oleracea (75 ppm, 180.3 µg/ml) but decreased in Avena sativa. Phenol content peaked in both plants at 75 ppm (362.2 and 244.5 µg/ml). Higher concentrations (175 ppm) of copper sulfate reduced plant productivity and health. Plants exposed to control and optimal concentrations (75 and 125 ppm) of copper sulpate exhibited the best health and growth compared to those subjected to higher concentrations. Maximum plant height, leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weights were observed at lower concentrations (75 and 125 ppm) of copper sulfate, while higher concentrations caused toxicity. Optimal copper sulfate levels enhanced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein, and phenol contents but inhibited sugar and carotenoid contents in both Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa. Overall, increased copper sulfate treatment adversely affected the growth parameters and biochemical profiles of these plants.

This study aimed to develop bioactive films based on curdlan (CD) and sodium alginate (SA) to enhance the shelf life of the Volvariella volvacea mushroom. A stable nanoemulsion of droplet size of 150.1 +/- 5 nm was first formulated using 5% soy protein (Sp) and 10% lavender essential oil (LEO), achieved by ultrasound treatment for 10 min, resulting in small droplet sizes. In parallel, a CD-SA film was prepared by mixing them in a 1:1 ratio. The SpLEO nanoemulsion was then ex situ added to the CD-SA film at varying concentrations (4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%). The resulting bioactive film exhibited desirable properties, including water vapor permeability (1.15 +/- 0.05 x 10(-10) g m(-1) Pa-1 s(-1)), swelling rate (547%), and tensile strength (10.1 +/- 1.3 MPa). Docking and structural analyses suggested that ultrasound treatment enhanced the intermolecular hydrogen bonding, creating a uniform and regular surface and reduced crystallinity. The CD-SA film with ultrasound-treated 8% SpLEO nanoemulsion [i.e., (CD-SA/SpLEO-8)US] showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and extended the freshness of straw mushrooms prevention of spoilage during storage. Additionally, the film reduced respiration rate (975 mg CO2/kg/h at 96 h) and ethylene production (160 ng/kg/s by 96 h) while effectively inhibiting straw mushroom autolysis. This led to a reduction in browning (2.91), total soluble solids (7.5%), weight loss (13.9%), and polyphenol oxidase activity (0.08 Delta OD420/min center dot g), thereby extending the shelf life of the mushrooms to 96 h. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating different molecules using ultrasound treatment to develop innovative edible films for food preservation.

Edible mushrooms are an important food source with high nutritional and medicinal value. They are a useful source for studying phylogenetic evolution and species divergence. The exploration of the evolutionary relationships among these species conventionally involves analyzing sequence variations within their complete mitochondrial genomes, which range from 31,854 bp (Cordyceps militaris) to 197,486 bp (Grifolia frondosa). The study of the complete mitochondrial genomes of edible mushrooms has emerged as a critical field of research, providing important insights into fungal genetic makeup, evolution, and phylogenetic relationships. This review explores the mitochondrial genome structures of various edible mushroom species, highlighting their unique features and evolutionary adaptations. By analyzing these genomes, robust phylogenetic frameworks are constructed to elucidate mushrooms lineage relationships. Furthermore, the exploration of different variations of mitochondrial DNA presents novel opportunities for enhancing mushroom cultivation biotechnology and medicinal applications. The mitochondrial genomic features are essential for improving agricultural practices and ensuring food security through improved crop productivity, disease resistance, and nutritional qualities. The current knowledge about the mitochondrial genomes of edible mushrooms is summarized in this review, emphasising their significance in both scientific research and practical applications in bioinformatics and medicine.

Green synthesis is an easy, safe, and environmentally beneficial nanoparticle creation method. It is a great challenge to simultaneously improve the capping and stabilizing agent carrier separation efficiency of photocatalysts. Herein, Zn-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with high exposure of 360 nm using a UV/visible spectrophotometer were prepared via a one-step hydrothermal decomposition method. A detailed analysis reveals that the electronic structures were modulated by Zn doping; thus, the responsive wavelength was extended to 600 nm, which effectively improved the visible light absorption of TiO2. We have optimized the different parameters like concentration, time, and temperature. The peak for TiO2 is located at 600 cm-1 in FTIR. A scanning electron microscope revealed that TiO2 has a definite shape and morphology. The synthesized Zn-doped TiO2NPs were applied against various pathogens to study their anti-bacterial potentials. The anti-bacterial activity of Zn-doped TiO2 has shown robust against two gram-ve bacteria (Salmonella and Escherichia coli) and two gram + ve bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus). Synthesized Zn-doped TiO2 has demonstrated strong antifungal efficacy against a variety of fungi. Moreover, doping TiO2 nanoparticles with metal oxide greatly improves their characteristics; as a result, doped metal oxide nanoparticles perform better than doped and un-doped metal oxide nanoparticles. Compared to pure TiO2, Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit considerable applications including antimicrobial treatment and water purification.

This study aimed to develop bioactive nanoemulsion (NE)-impregnated polysaccharide films to extend the shelf life of mushrooms. A stable and well-dispersed NE was prepared using 5 wt% soy protein (SP) and 10% (v/v) lavender essential oil (LEO) through 10 min of ultrasound treatment, resulting in a droplet size of 152.3 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.17, and a zeta -potential of -43.4 mV. Two types of films were prepared by incorporating 5% and 10 % (v/v) SP/LEO NE into a curdlan (CD) and chitosan (CS) composite matrix, forming CD-CSNE1 and CD-CS-NE2 films, respectively. The CD-CS-NE2 films possessed the highest tensile strength (14.5 MPa) and elongation at break (140 %). FTIR and molecular docking studies confirmed strong intermolecular interactions between the CD, CS, and NE components. The antibacterial activity of the NE-impregnated CD-CS films was significantly enhanced, with inhibition zones of 22 mm and 26 mm for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, in the CD-CS-NE2 film. Growth curve and colony-forming unit (CFU) analyses further supported the superior antibacterial performance of the CD-CS-NE2 film. In mushroom storage tests, the CD-CSNE2 film extended the shelf life of button mushrooms to 12 days and straw mushrooms to 4 days. Additionally, it reduced weight loss to 3 % and 4 % in button and straw mushrooms after 12 and 4 days, respectively. Mushrooms treated with CD-CS-NE2 film maintained higher firmness, with values of 18 N for button mushrooms and 6 N for straw mushrooms. The films effectively suppressed polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and browning. Overall, these findings suggest that SP/LEO NE-impregnated CD-CS films have strong potential for improving food preservation and reducing spoilage, particularly in fresh produce like mushrooms.

The invasion of non-native plant species presents a significant ecological challenge worldwide, impacting native ecosystems and biodiversity. These invasive plant species significantly affect the native ecosystem. The threat of invasive plant species having harmful effects on the natural ecosystem is a serious concern. Invasive plant species produce secondary metabolites, which not only help in growth and development but are also essential for the spread of these plant species. This review highlights the important functions of secondary metabolites in plant invasion, particularly their effect on allelopathy, defense system, interaction with micro soil biota, and competitive advantages. Secondary metabolites produced by invasive plant species play an important role by affecting allelopathic interactions and herbivory. They sometimes change the soil chemistry to make a viable condition for their proliferation. The secondary metabolites of invasive plant species inhibit the growth of native plant species by changing the resources available to them. Therefore, it is necessary to understand this complicated interaction between secondary metabolites and plant invasion. This review mainly summarizes all the known secondary metabolites of non-native plant species, emphasizing their significance for integrated weed management and research.

Nanostructure gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are well-known biological active materials, synthesised under different environment-friendly approaches that has gained significant interest in the field of biomedicine. This study investigated a novel, fast, easy, cost-effective and the eco-friendly method to synthesise Au NPs from mediated Viscum album Linn plant extract, where the plant metabolites act as stabilising and reducing agents. The synthesised Au NPs were analysed by UV/Vis spectroscopy that gave strong signals and a sharp absorption peak at 545nm due to the presence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands. In addition, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed that strong signals of Au NPs appeared at 9.7 and 2.3keV, as the rays of light passed. X-ray diffraction recognised the crystalline material and provided information on the cell unit that the synthesised Au NPs are face-centreed cubic in structure. The diffraction of X-ray spectra showed intense peaks at 38.44°, 44.7°, 44.9° and 77.8°. The mediated V. album plant extracts and synthesised Au NPs were screened against gram-positive and gram-negative (Enterobacter , Salmonella typhi , Escheria coli and Bacillus subtilis ) bacterial strains, confirming their antibacterial potential. Au NPs showed strong antibacterial activity due to its unique steric configuration. Au NPs damaged bacterial cell membrane leading to the leakage of the cytoplasm and death of the cell.

Polysaccharides are the main polymers in edible fungi Grifola frondosa, playing a crucial role in the physiology and representing the healthy benefits for humans. Recent efforts have well elucidated the fine structures and biological functions of G. frondosa polysaccharides. The recently-rapid developments and increasing availability in fungal genomes also accelerated the better understanding of key genes and pathways involved in biosynthesis of G. frondosa polysaccharides. Herein, we provide a brief overview of G. frondosa polysaccharides and their activities, and comprehensively outline the complex process, genes and proteins corresponding to G. frondosa polysaccharide biosynthesis. The regulation strategies including strain improvement, process optimization and genetic engineering were also summarized for maximum production of G. frondosa polysaccharides. Some remaining unanswered questions in describing the fine synthesis machinery were also pointed out to open up new avenues for answering the structure-activity relationship and improving polysaccharide biosynthesis in G. frondosa. The review hopefully presents a reasonable full picture of activities, biosynthesis, and production regulation of polysaccharide in G. frondosa.

The knowledge of transcription factor (TF) families is an important aspect in the post-genomic era. The U-box TF play pivotal role in plant development and growth. Although, the U-box gene family has been extensively investigated in many plants, it has not been systematically explored in Juglans regia. This study aims to identify U-box TF in J. regia genome and explore their gene expression and evolutionary relationship. A sum of 88 candidate JrU-box genes were identified in the Juglans database and classified into 10 groups. These JrU-box genes were unevenly distributed on J. regia's 16 chromosomes, with three chromosomes duplicated as tandem repeats, indicating an expansion of the similar to Arabidopsis thaliana. Motif composition and conserved domain analysis showed that the JrU-box genes contain two conserved motifs (1 and 2) and three conserved protein domains (U-box, RING U-box, and Zf-RING U-box), respectively. In addition, the structural analysis showed that most JrU-box genes have one exon and 12 introns. The determined JrU-box gene expression profiles indicated their potential involvement in various developmental and physiological processes. Specifically, 33 JrU-box genes were highly expressed in reproductive tissues (female flower, male flowers, and fruit) of J. regia, whereas, other identified genes were highly expressed in vegetative tissues, suggesting that the JrU-box gene family plays a role in flower development. Hence, we can expect that JrU-box gene family may play a major role in J. regia overall development.

Juglans regia is an important perennial crop cultivated for its high-quality nuts and wood. It is generally believed that J. regia survived and expanded in almost completely isolated stands in Asia after the last glaciation. Humans subsequently dispersed J. regia through cultural expansion and trade. We evaluated the spatial genetic structure and genetic diversity of 2,929 J . regia samples from 150 populations using 14 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) markers. Our study revealed that regions with the highest genetic diversity included Southern Asia, Western Asia, Western Europe, and China, as illustrated using a Geostatistical Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation of observed heterozygosity (H O ), expected (HE) heterozygosity (H E ), percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL), the total number of alleles (N A ) , and Allelic richness (R S ) in Arc Geographic Information System (ArcGIS). The ecological Niche Model (ENM) showed J. regia had a high probability of association with Central Asian and Eastern Asian habitats. Population genetic structure, phylogeny, and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) identified three genetic groups corresponding to three geographic sources. Turkish and Georgian populations served as a bridge between Asian populations and Europe populations. We suggest that J. regia evolved in central Asian mountain ranges ~ 65 million years ago (Mya) and dispersed across Eurasia during climate shifts (~ 65 to 3Mya). The population contracted into multiple refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum. The current distribution of J. regia across Eurasia was shaped by the cumulative effects of contraction or expansion of different refugia and human exploitation after LGM.

Pakistan’s conventional feed supply is rapidly depleting, forcing the country to turn to non-conventional sustainable feed to meet the demand of the livestock and fishery sectors. The current study investigates the effect of pH on the nutritional composition of Lemna minor L., a freshwater macrophyte and a potential alternative feed. Fronds were grown in a pH range of 4–10 and replicated three times. The growth rate was highest (90 g m−2 day−1) at pH 7 while lowest (40 g m−2 day−1) at pH 4. Protein content dropped sharply at pH 4, but the highest (31 g/100 g) was found at pH 7 and 8. The lipid fraction was high at greater pH values (9, 10), while low in acidic conditions. Carbohydrate was maximum (59.3 g/100 g dw). A higher level of Ca (34, 37, 38 mg/100 g dw) was observed in pH 5 and 6 while low Ca content (24 mg/100 g dw) was recorded for the control group. In contrast, the Mg level slightly increased with increasing pH while the maximum concentration (32 mg/100 g dw) was observed at pH 10 and in the control group. High Fe moiety (936 mg/100 g) was found at pH 5 and 6. Higher Mn (3.0 mg/100 g) was seen at a slightly acidic pH. The lowest level of Mn (1.7 mg/100 and 2.0 mg/100) was recorded at pH 9 and 10, respectively. The highest fraction of Zn (0.08 mg/100 g) was observed in pH 6 and 7 while the lowest Zn came at pH 9. The study concluded that L. minor grows best between pH 6 and 10 under the current agroclimatic conditions of Pakistan with an optimal nutritional profile.

Transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) are small non-coding ribonucleic acids that decode messenger RNA sequences and are directly involved in protein synthesis by carrying amino acids to the ribosome. However, the chloroplast genome needs to better understand tRNAs' phylogeny and evolutionary mechanisms. The present study aimed to delineate the novel structural variations and evolutionary characteristics in the chloroplast genome tRNAs of thirty-six Sapindaceae species. Several novel tRNA structures were identified in the Sapindaceae chloroplast genome. The length of tRNAs ranged from 64 to 93 nucleotides, containing 27–29 anticodons. Pair-wise sequence results showed the conserved nucleotide consensus sequence U-U-C-x-A–x-U in Sapindaceae. The structural analysis revealed that, except for a few tRNAs (tRNA His , tRNA Gly , tRNA Thr , tRNA Phe , tRNA Try , tRNA Met , and tRNA Pro ), all contained a G nucleotide at the 1st position in the acceptor's arm of tRNAs secondary structure. The rate of transition and transversion of tRNAs are Iso-acceptor-specific. Evolutionary analysis revealed that Sapindaceae chloroplast tRNAs might have evolved polyphyletically with a high percentage of gene loss. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the chloroplast genome's tRNAs evolved from several common ancestors. At the same time, tRNA Val and tRNA Met appear to be the ancestral tRNAs that underwent duplication diversification to give rise to other tRNAs. Our findings will help us understand the evolution of the tRNA and suggest a key role in chloroplast tRNA biology.

Genus Pinus is a widely dispersed genus of conifer plants in the Northern Hemisphere. However, the inadequate accessibility of genomic knowledge limits our understanding of molecular phylogeny and evolution of Pinus species. In this study, the evolutionary features of complete plastid genome and the phylogeny of the Pinus genus were studied. A total of thirteen divergent hotspot regions (trnk-UUU, matK, trnQ-UUG, atpF, atpH, rpoC1, rpoC2, rpoB, ycf2, ycf1, trnD-GUC, trnY-GUA, and trnH-GUG) were identified that would be utilized as possible genetic markers for determination of phylogeny and population genetics analysis of Pinus species. Furthermore, seven genes (petD, psaI, psaM, matK, rps18, ycf1, and ycf2) with positive selection site in Pinus species were identified. Based on the whole genome this phylogenetic study showed that twenty-four Pinus species form a significant genealogical clade. Divergence time showed that the Pinus species originated about 100 million years ago (MYA) (95% HPD, 101.76.35–109.79 MYA), in lateral stages of Cretaceous. Moreover, two of the subgenera are consequently originated in 85.05 MYA (95% HPD, 81.04–88.02 MYA). This study provides a phylogenetic relationship and a chronological framework for the future study of the molecular evolution of the Pinus species.

Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) is an aquatic macrophyte and grows profoundly on the surface of polluted water reservoirs of Pakistan. The plant can be used as a potential alternative for the fish and poultry industry to meet the promptly growing demand for feed. Our study investigates the effect of varying concentrations (ppm) of nutrients like N, P, and their combination, NP on biomass production, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and mineral (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn & Zn) contents of L. minor. The varying concentrations of N and P substantially affected the above-stated parameters. The highest biomass yield was recorded in the 30 ppm NP tank as 172 g/m(2) day in comparison with the control tank. Higher protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents were recorded for 30 ppm NP, 20 ppm NP, and 10 ppm NP respectively. Minerals like Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn & Zn increased in 20 ppm P and all N concentrations. The combined application of NP was more effective in boosting the protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content whereas less effective in increasing the mineral contents. A rise in the concentration of N and P showed a positive correlation with the nutritional composition of L. minor.

Salinity is one of the significant widespread environmental stress that can limit the growth and development of plants. An experiment was conducted to find how the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) ameliorates the effect of salinity (NaCl) on biomass production, physiological, biochemical, and yield attributes Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Four eggplant varieties (Signath 666, Cluster King, Black Round, and Desi) were treated with two levels of treatment with salt (Control, 80 mM NaCl) and foliar-applied indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (Control, 2 mM IAA). The experiment was designed based on three replications and an utterly random structure. Physiological, biochemical, vegetative, and yield attributes were measured during the experiment. The results revealed that salinity at 80 mM affected the physiological and biochemical parameters that inhibited growth rate and resulted in yield reduction of brinjal plants. The foliar application of IAA overcame this reduction. However, some biochemical attributes, e.g., leaf proline, leaf glycine betaine analysis, and antioxidant enzyme activities, increased under salt stress. Overall, our results demonstrated that the salt-induced harmful effect was overcome by the exogenously applied IAA and increased biomass production, physiological, biochemical, and yield attributes in brinjal varieties.