Malachite Green (MG), a widely used textile dye, is a toxic and non-biodegradable product commonly found in industrial wastewater. In this work, Fe3O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposites showed as an eco-friendly photocatalyst, effectively degrading the persistent pollutant to support sustainable wastewater treatment. Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a green route with Camellia sinensis (green tea) leaf extract method and integrated with g-C3N4, to form a hetero-structured photocatalyst. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful formation of Fe3O4 and the preserved structural integrity of g-C3N4 structure. UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS) revealed that Fe3O4 and g-C3N4 nanocomposites exhibit enhanced visible-light absorption. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicated suppressed recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, implying improved charge separation. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a crumpled, sheet-like morphology. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis confirmed the mesoporous nature of the nanocomposites. Photocatalytic tests under visible light irradiation demonstrated a remarkable degradation efficiency of 99.20

Here, we describe the phytosynthesis of nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) utilizing an extract from the leaves of Azadirachta indica as a reducing and capping agent. The optimal conditions for synthesizing stable NiNPs were pH 6.8, temperature 70 degrees C, and 5% leaf extract and [NiNO3.6H2O] = 1.0x10-3 mol dm-3. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, and the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analyses verified a triangular form with particles ranging in size from 7 to 18 nm. The study examined the impact of reactant concentrations, reaction temperature, and solution pH on the nickel nanoparticle fabrication method. The following are the ideal parameters for synthesis: 5 % leaf extract, pH = 6.8, temperature = 70 degrees C, and [NiNO3.6H2O] = 1.0x10-3 mol dm-3. Plant biomolecules induce the reduction of nickel ions to NiNPs and function as a capping and stabilizing agent, as confirmed by the FTIR technique. The findings indicated that the synthesis of NiNPs from A. indica leaf extracts are safe technology and may have significant impacts on the industrial synthesis of metallic nanoparticles.

Metal nanoparticles have recently attracted the attention of environmental remediation researchers. We present the green production of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract. Green-generated FeNPs were characterized using several experimental techniques. The findings indicate that the most significant UV absorbance peak was obtained at 248 nm wavelength and the FT-IR peak was obtained at 594 cm−1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show the NPs are spherical and 48 nm in size, confirming the creation of zero-valent FeNPs. The nanoparticles were then used as a catalyst in methyl orange (MO) degradation in the presence of peroxodisulfate (PDS). The corresponding experiments evaluated the elimination kinetics and the effect of reactant concentrations. The loading experiment demonstrated that the dye was almost completely (83%) removed in 48 minutes. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was used to determine the structure of intermediates produced by MO degradation by FeNPs/PDS. Since synthesized FeNPs don’t require costly reagents, they are an innovative, effective, promising, and environmentally friendly approach for improving PDS oxidation potential for MO degradation.

Organic pollutant and dyes released into the environment by industries have been highly harmful and toxic for humans as well as for the environment. Graphene oxide (GO) and its reduction form, one of the allotropes of carbon family, were investigated for the removal of pollutant dyes. GO nano-powder was synthesized using an improved version of Hummer’s method and further thermally reduced at different temperatures 125, 150, 175, and 200 °C in the vacuum ambient. An intense (002) diffraction peak was observed at 2θ=9.136° for the pristine GO in the X-ray diffraction spectra which is gradually shifted towards the higher angles with the reduction, and it disappeared if the GO sample reduced at 200°C. I D /I G ratio for GO nano-powder in the Raman spectra decreased from 0.94 to 0.76 due to reduction. GO shows a characteristic absorption band at 3395 cm -1 in Fourier transform infra-red spectra corresponding to stretching of hydroxyl (–OH) group, this peak is flattened with the thermal reduction but not eliminated completely. The band gap of pristine GO significantly reduced from 2.31 to 0.73 eV with the reduction as measured by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer. Dye adsorption and photocatalytic degradation behaviour of the pristine GO and reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) was examined towards methylene blue dye for 10 mg of GO/rGOs powder in 50 ml of 50 ppm solution by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Pristine GO showed potential adsorption capacity and dye was degraded up to 85.78% within 15 minutes and around 97% after 4 hrs. Meanwhile, highest 47.58% photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue was achieved for the rGO sample reduced at 150°C in the presence of visible light of 100 watt.

The key issues preventing the agricultural and food sectors from remaining sustainable include the growing global population, depleting land, and rising production costs. Natural resources can be used more effectively based on the use of nanobiosensors. To address the enormous need for foods and agricultural items for a constantly growing population, nanotechnology research trends are being implemented in almost every aspect of science. Nanosensors are employed in the food inspection process to support the integrity of the food packaging's external and internal conditions. Electrochemical nanosensors based on carbon nanotubes have been developed to identify particles, hazardous pollutants, organic chemicals, herbicides, excessive chemical use, and so on. Present study discusses a variety of topics relating to nanosensors and nanobiosensors that are currently being developed and have great promise for use in the industry sectors for agriculture and food. In order to give both academic and industrial researchers insightful information, the benefits and limitations are also explored. To advance the study of the sustainable development of agriculture facilitated by nanotechnology, future research directions have been outlined.

Nanotechnology, an innovative field focused on nanosized materials, is combined with plant biotechnology through the green chemical strategy of synthesizing plant-induced nanoparticles (NPs). Synthesizing these NPs through novel, cost-effective, and eco-friendly methods plays a significant role in degrading and eliminating organic pollutants. The presence of dangerous biological agents and chemicals in water that surpass the standard threshold and could potentially impact human health and the environment is called water pollution. In the current study, we synthesized copper–silver bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) using a novel, robust, and inexpensive method with leaf broth of Azadirachta indica as both the reducing and capping agent. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy investigations were used to examine the morphology of the synthesized BMNPs, and results indicate that synthesized NPs are in spherical core–shell morphology with a size of 20 nm. Research using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates that the capping and stabilization of NPs are achieved by the presence of bioactive functional groups including phenolic, amines, and aromatic ring. The activities of synthesized Cu–Ag NPs in degradation of malachite green (MG) dye were tested by the advanced oxidation process using peroxomonosulfate (PMS) as an oxidant. Activation parameters were computed, and pseudo first-order kinetics were used to describe the degradation of MG in the BMNPs/PMS system. Under optimal reaction conditions, the BMNPs/PMS system achieved a maximum MG degradation efficiency of 81% within 50 minutes. The results of the work promise excellent environmental safety for water systems against dye pollution.

The objective of this work was to investigate the production of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) employing an Azadirachta indica leaf extract. The effects of reaction temperature and solution pH on the synthesis of iron nanoparticles were investigated. The UV-visible absorption peaks of the phyto-synthesized FeNPs were at 258 nm, and FT-IR analysis identified several functional groups that are involved in the bio-reduction of FeNPs. Iron nanoparticles were studied using SEM and TEM to define their morphology. The results show that the particles are spherical in shape and have an average size of 48 nm. Additionally, spectrophotometric analysis was used to determine the catalytic activity of the synthesized NPs on the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the presence of Peroxodisulphate (PDS). The kinetics of MB decomposition was enhanced by Peroxodisulphate, dye, increasing concentrations of nanoparticles, and high temperatures. The maximum MB decomposition efficiency for the FeNPs/PDS system was 98% in 90 minutes under optimal reaction conditions. Thus, the current study contributes to the development of green synthesis that is affordable, reduces the use of harmful chemicals, and has diverse applications in the biological sciences.

The development of environmentally friendly material synthesis processes is important for expanding their biological applications. Currently, a variety of microbes have been utilized to fabricate metal sulfide nanoparticles (MSNPs). The uses of materials with well-defined chemical composition, size, and shape in several cutting-edge technological fields have been researched. The recent discoveries in the biosynthesis of different MSNPs, as well as the production methods of these NPs, are highlighted in this chapter. The requirements for controlling particle morphology and stability of NPs are outlined. These green synthesized particles are used as antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant agents; as phytopathogen control agents; and in the food and textile industries, smart agriculture; and wastewater treatment, among other biotechnological disciplines.

Green chemistry and nanobiotechnology have great potential for generating new and significant products that are favorable to the environment, industry, and consumers. The nanoforms of metals and nanocomposites are more effective and efficient agents than their bulkier counterparts because of their distinctive physical, chemical, and optical properties. Green technology is a rapidly growing scientific field that has recently received attention due to its many applications. Different nanoparticle dimensions, sizes, and bioactivities will develop as a consequence of changes in the biomaterials employed for synthesis. The existing understanding of several green synthesis methods, that depend on different plant components and microorganisms for the production of nanoparticles, is summarized in the current review. Employing these materials minimizes synthesis costs while minimizing the use of hazardous chemicals and promoting “biosynthesis.” To produce metal nanoparticles efficiently, bio-reduction is influenced by the abundance of essential enzymes, proteins, and biomolecules. Rapid biosynthetic regeneration makes this characteristic sufficient for their employment in a range of situations. In this review, we explore the biosynthesis of nanomaterials and their potential in sustainable agriculture. Biosynthesized nanofertilizers, or bionanofertilizers, are a revolutionary new class of fertilizer that has been developed with the help of nanotechnology. These fertilizers offer many advantages over traditional fertilization methods and can be used to increase crop yields while reducing the environmental impact of fertilizers. Bionanofertilizer are an inexpensive way to increase plant growth and production, and to improve the use of nutrients by plants and the health of the soil. According to our survey, nanotechnology presents a wide range of prospects by offering a cutting-edge and environmentally friendly alternative in the agricultural sector.

In recent years, the biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) by using microorganisms and other biomolecule compounds in either an intracellular or extracellular route. Biogenic MNP synthesis, an alternative to pHysical and chemical properties, is safer, eco-friendly, non-toxic, and biocompatible. The plenty of vital enzymes and proteins as reducing agent influence fast bio-reduction in the production of MNPs. The microbes replicate rapidly; therefore, in different ways, this attribute can be well used for their use. Microbial nanoparticles, due to their surface charge, scale, geometry, and stability, are found to have strong antimicrobial properties. However, by regulating their reaction conditions, the desired size and shape of MNPs can be generated through the optimization process of synthesis mediated by microbes and biomolecules.

In materials science, "green" synthesis has gained extensive attention as a reliable, sustainable, and eco-friendly protocol for synthesizing a wide range of materials/nanomaterials including metal/metal oxides nanomaterials, hybrid materials, and bioinspired materials. As such, green synthesis is regarded as an important tool to reduce the destructive effects associated with the traditional methods of synthesis for nanoparticles commonly utilized in laboratory and industry. In this review, we summarized the fundamental processes and mechanisms of "green" synthesis approaches, especially for metal and metal oxide [e.g., gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper oxide (CuO), and zinc oxide (ZnO)] nanoparti-cles using natural extracts. Importantly, we explored the role of biological components, essential phytochemicals (e.g., flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, amides, and aldehydes) as reducing agents and solvent systems. The stability/toxicity of nanoparticles and the associated surface engineering techniques for achieving biocompatibility are also discussed. Finally, we covered applications of such synthesized products to environmental remediation in terms of antimicrobial activity, catalytic activity, removal of pollutants dyes, and heavy metal ion sensing.

In nanotechnology, developing an environmentally friendly method for synthesizing iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) is an important aspect. According to recent studies, the use of secondary metabolites from plant leaf extract has recently emerged as a novel technology for synthesizing various nanoparticles. The leaf extract of Azadirachta indica was used to synthesize iron nanoparticles in this research. The effects of reactant concentrations, reaction temperature, and pH of the solution on the synthesis process of iron nanoparticles were studied. A UV-Visible Spectrophotometer that analyzed absorbance spectra was used to monitor the formation of iron nanoparticles in dispersion. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) characterized the morphology of iron nanoparticles, and results reveal the particles are spherical with an average size of 48 nm. The optimum conditions for synthesis are as follows: 15 % leaf extract, [FeCl3] = 1.0 mM, pH 6.0, and temperature 60 °C. The FTIR technique confirms that plant biomolecules induce the reduction of Fe3+ ions to FeNPs and act as a capping and stabilizing agent. Therefore, they have good stability for various applications.

Rice waste is one of the agricultural wastes that increased every year. Consequently, rice waste is ideal renewable resources for the production of nanomaterials as a substitute for harmful chemicals. Thus, a researcher in the major rice-producing areas developed eco-friendly sustainable perspective to replace the common practices for rice waste Management. Furthermore, the researcher needs to understand that rice waste assisted fabrication is a cost-effective, eco-friendly sustainable nanoparticle. The chapter considers the types and composition of rice waste, the various process involved in the production of sustainable nanomaterials and their applications in biological and biomedical, environmental, and agri-food sectors was discussed.

Green technology is a rapidly growing scientific field, which, due to its plentiful applications, has drawn great interest over the last few years. It is a multidisciplinary field that, in contrast to chemical and physical methods used for the synthesis of nanoparticles, is safe, non-hazardous and environmentally friendly. Differences in the biomaterials used for synthesis will lead to the development of different shapes, sizes, and bioactivity of nanoparticles. The current chapter summarizes current information on various methods of green synthesis, depending on different plant parts and Agri-waste for nanoparticles manufacturing. The use of these materials not only reduces synthesis costs, but also minimize the need of using harmful chemical and encourage "biosynthesis." In addition, the effect of different factors that affect the synthesis process and the rate is also discussed.

Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses various disciplines of engineering, biology, physics and chemistry, which deals with nanoscale materials. It is a multiple areas field which covers diverse domains from the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) from plants is a green chemical approach that combines nanotechnology and plant biotechnology. Plant metabolites such as sugars, terpenoids, polyphenols and others play an important role in reducing metal ions to nanoparticles. So to complete the goal; a biological approach to filling in the gaps is imminent; For example, green synthesis uses extracts from biological sources from plant sources, which are superior to chemical and biological methods. Water pollution is defined as the existence of toxic bio- logical agents and chemicals that exceed the normal level of water and may pose a detrimental effect to human health and the environment. In the current report, here we synthesized silver, copper bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) via a novel, robust, and inexpensive method using leaf extract of Azadirachta Indica as reducing as well as capping agent. The synthesized Ag-CuNPs was tested for degradation and degradation kinetics using Methyl Orange dye (MO) through an advanced oxidation process (AOP). The obtained kinetic result indicates the rate of degradation of MO induces significantly in presence of small concentration of BMNPs (1× 10-8 s-1) and UV-Visible spectrum changes are used to analyze the structure of intermediate and end products during the degraded process. This work promises good environmental safetyagainst dye contamination in water based systems.

Green chemistry has proven to be an effective way to synthesize metal nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are very important for the development of sustainable technology for the future, for humans and the environment. The synthesis of nanoparticles from plants is a green chemical approach that combines nanotechnology and plant biotechnology. The plant extract is used for the bio-reduction of metal ion to produce nanoparticles. Plant metabolites have been shown to play an important role in reducing metal ions to nanoparticles and aiding their subsequent stability. Conventional methods for synthesis of nanoparticles uses harmful chemicals, generate serious attention to the development of ecological processes. Therefore, green synthesis uses extracts from biological sources from plant sources, which are superior to conventional methods. Over the past decade, it has been shown that many biological systems, including plant extract such as Steams, leaves, latex, flower, seeds can convert inorganic metal ion into metal nanoparticles. The many plants and plant parts have been used successfully in the synthesis of several green Metal nanoparticles such as Ag, Cu, Fe, Au, Pd Nanoparticles have been confirmed by various instrumental techniques. NPs are widely used in areas such as magnetic devices, photocatalysts, microelectronic devices, anti-corrosion coatings, biomedical and electrocatalysts. Here we report the biosynthesis of FeNPs and their catalytic activity was tested for degradation kinetics for Malachite green dye (MG).