This study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to maximize the extraction yield, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity from Moringa oleifera. The four UAE factors, solvent ratio (A), solvent–solid ratio (B), extraction temperature (C), and extraction time (D), were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A Box–Behnken design was used for the experimental design. The optimal conditions were found to be a 50% v/v solvent ratio, a 30% v/w solvent–solid ratio, 35 °C extraction temperature, and 45 min extraction time. The experimental value of extraction yield (R1), TFC (R2), TPC (R3), and DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity (R4) (87.99% w/w, 56.63 mg QE/g extract, 97.26 mg GAE/g extract, and 93.32% inhibition, respectively) agreed with those predicted by RSM models (88.10% w/w, 56.61 mg QE/g extract, 97.16 mg GAE/g extract, and93.38% inhibition, respectively), thus demonstrating the appropriateness of the model used and the ability of the RSM to optimize the extraction conditions. Excellent DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity was exhibited by M. oleifera compared with the standard, sitagliptin. While the modeled equation fits the data, the t-test is not significant, suggesting that the experimental values agree with those predicted by the RSM–BBD

The ethanol extraction of papaya seeds provides a synergistic inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus thorugh alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. In this research, the ethanol extract of papaya seeds was formulated in cream preparations and optimized. The optimization of stearic acid as the oil phase and TEA as the water phase resulted in a cream with good physical properties and stability. The parameters used to observe the physical properties and stability of the ethanol extract cream of papaya seeds were organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, centrifugation, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion. Optimization data analysis using Design Expert 12 free trial. The result of optimization is stearic acid contributed most dominantly to the response to increase viscosity by 73.739% and adhesion by 91.695%, while TEA contributed to the increased in dispersibility by 13.107%. The optimum amount of composition used for stearic acid was 5 grams and TEA was 2 grams. The research showed that inhibitory activity of papaya seed ethanol extract at a concentration of 20% was classified as moderate. However, at concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, the inhibitory activity is quite strong.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) occurs when the body experiences insulin deficiency or is unable to use insulin appropriately, which increases the blood glucose levels over the threshold. Moringa oleifera leaf is a widely used and scientifically proven herbal medicine to treat DM. The demand for the development of new drugs has prompted in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies of antidiabetic insulin-resistant activity. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive study of the types of flavonoid and nonflavonoid compounds that have antidiabetic activity in insulin resistance mellitus using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. The literature review was conducted in accordance with the offered reporting items for systematic review. Major bibliographic databases, i.e. Scopus, PubMed, and DOAJ, covering original articles about the aforementioned issues between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2021 were used. In this study, 274 articles were retrieved, of which 4 were duplicates, and after the titles were read, only 108 were left for analysis. After the abstract screening, 32 articles were eligible for the literature review. The results exhibit that flavonoids, including quercetin and kaempferol, and nonflavonoids, including anthraquinone, cytogluside (glycoside), hemlock tannin, phenolic steroid, and 2-phenylchromenylium (anthocyanins), have potential insulin-resistant antidiabetic activity in vitro, in vivo, and in silico. This has broadened the research into the development of new drugs.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds and saponins have been proven its synergistic effect in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. In this research, ethanol extract of papaya seeds was formulated in gel preparations. Optimization of the composition of the gelling agent and humectant was carried out to obtain the gel preparation of papaya seed ethanol extract with good physical properties and stability. The parameters used to determine the stability of the preparation are Physical properties which include viscosity, spreadability, and percentage of viscosity shift. Data analysis was performed using Design-Expert software version 12 and SPSS. The inhibitory activity test was carried out by the disk-diffusion agar method with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 as the test bacteria. The results of the inhibitory activity test of papaya seed ethanol extract at a concentration of 20% had moderate activity and at concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% classified as strong against the Staphylococcus aureus. Carbopol 940 is dominant factor in influencing the response of viscosity (92.504%) and spreadability (59.539%). Preparations with good physical properties and stability were obtained on the use of carbopol 940 and propylene glycol as much as 1.06604 grams and 13.2146 grams respectively.

Introduction: Fish innards contain 14.01% protein, 20% lipid, 4.75% ash, and 60.62% water. Fish innards are formulated into granules for practicality in their application as animal feed. Aim: This research on the proximate analysis of animal feed granules composed of raw material from fish innards wastes used a descriptive quantitative method. Results: The result indicated that the water content measured using the thermogravimetric method was 6.62%, the ash content observed using the dry ashing method was 10.25%, the protein content checked using the biuret method was 37.03%, fat content using the soxhlet method was 6.13%, and carbohydrate content measured using phenol sulfate method was 26.14%. Conclusion: These findings show that nutrient contents in the composition of animal feed granules of raw material from fish innards wastes fulfill the regulation of animal feed content based on SNI-8509-2018.

In our previous work, the partitions (1 mg/mL) of Ageratum conyzoides (AC) aerial parts and Ixora coccinea (IC) leaves showed inhibitions of 94% and 96%, respectively, whereas their fractions showed IC50 43 and 116 µg/mL, respectively, toward Matrix Metalloproteinase9 (MMP9), an enzyme that catalyzes a proteolysis of extracellular matrix. In this present study, we performed IC50 determinations for AC n-hexane, IC n-hexane, and IC ethylacetate partitions, followed by the cytotoxicity study of individual partitions against MDA-MB-231, 4T1, T47D, MCF7, and Vero cell lines. Successive fractionations from AC n-hexane and IC ethylacetate partitions led to the isolation of two compounds, oxytetracycline (OTC) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The result showed that AC n-hexane, IC n-hexane, and IC ethylacetate partitions inhibit MMP9 with their respective IC50 as follows: 246.1 µg/mL, 5.66 µg/mL, and 2.75 × 10−2 µg/mL. Toward MDA-MB-231, 4T1, T47D, and MCF7, AC n-hexane demonstrated IC50 2.05, 265, 109.70, and 2.11 µg/mL, respectively, whereas IC ethylacetate showed IC50 1.92, 57.5, 371.5, and 2.01 µg/mL, respectively. The inhibitions toward MMP9 by OTC were indicated by its IC50 18.69 µM, whereas DOP was inactive. A molecular docking study suggested that OTC prefers to bind to PEX9 rather than its catalytic domain. Against 4T1, OTC showed inhibition with IC50 414.20 µM. In conclusion, this study furtherly supports the previous finding that AC and IC are two herbals with potential to be developed as triple-negative anti-breast cancer agents.

This present study reports some natural products and one hydroxamic acid synthetic compound which were previously reported as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibitors to be evaluated for their inhibition toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro). This enzyme is one of the proteins responsible for this coronaviral replication. Two herbal methanolic extracts i.e., Averrhoa carambola leaves and Ageratum conyzoides aerial part demonstrate >50% inhibition at 1000 µg/mL. Interestingly, apigenin, one of flavonoids, demonstrates 92% inhibition at 250 µg/mL (925 µM) as well as hydroxamic acid compound, N-isobutyl-N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)glycyl hydroxamic acid (NNGH), which shows 69% inhibition at 100 µM. The in vitro results are supported by the docking studies revealing that the binding mode of both compounds is mainly by interacting with GLU166 residue in the hydrophobic pocket of the 3CLpro. Pharmacophore mapping further supported the results by confirming that the in vitro activities of both compounds are due to their pharmacophore features employing hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrophobic. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis reported chromene compounds in Ageratum conyzoides aerial part methanolic extract are potential to be this enzyme inhibitor candidate. These all results reflect their potencies to be SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors through 3CLpro inhibition mechanism.

Papaya seeds has many benefits in medicine. One of the benefits that have been studied is it’s antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to determine the phytochemical compounds of papaya seed ethanol extract and their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The ethanol extract of papaya seeds was obtained through maceration method using 95% ethanol as a solvent. Maceration was carried out by weighing 85 grams of simplicia powder, macerated using 500 mL of 95% ethanol then left for 4 days while stirring occasionally, then filtered to produce filtrate and residue. The remaining residue is then soaked again (remaserated) with 250 ml of 95% ethanol and left for 2 days. After 2 days, the sample is filtered to produce filtrate and residue. All filtrates were evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Phytochemical screening results showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds in ethanol extracts of papaya seeds. The antibacterial activity test of papaya seed ethanol extracts towards Staphylococcus aureus was carried out through in vitro by disc diffusion method with several concentrations. Antibacterial test showed that concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% of papaya seeds ethanol extracts was moderate antibacterial activity and at concentrations of 8% and 10% the antibacterial activity was classified as strong against Staphylococcus aureus.

Yellow root had been extensively studied its potential as herbal medicines in many pharmacologic activities due to its alkaloid content namely berberine. To date, there is no study of the yellow root as the source of flavonoid to have anti-hyperglycemia and anti-hyperlipidemia effect. This present study focuses on flavonoid fraction being investigated its in vivo potential to reduce blood glucose level (165mg/dL at 28mg/kg of a fraction, peroxidase inhibition and catalase activation. The extract was obtained from the fresh yellow root, using the re-maceration method. These extracts were calculated as yield (%), then followed by a preliminary phytochemical investigation. The evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemia activity was done using the fraction form of yellow root. The isolation of phenolic compounds was carried out by radial chromatography (chromatotron). The isolated compound was then structurally and computationally characterized using NMR and molecular docking, respectively. The fraction reduced the activity of peroxidase (6.33%) at 14 mg/kg and increase catalase activity (15.74%) at 28 mg/kg of body weight of fraction, respectively. An effort to isolate the flavonoid in the fraction reveals a rutin-like structure, a flavonoid glycoside. This result, therefore, guides the utilization of rutin and its aglycon as the model of lipid peroxidase inhibitor and catalase activator upon in silico molecular docking. Keywords: anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, molecular docking, a phenolic compound, yellow root

Background: The bioactive compounds of Som Jawa (Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn) have many variations;one of them is flavonoid. This compound has antifungal activity towards Candida albicans, which the leading cause of topical infection. Chewable lozenges are one of the novel methods of delivering drugs for local action, especially in the mouth. Objective: To formulate chewable lozenges from Som Jawa leaves extract and evaluate their active substances. Methods: Extraction was done by rmaceration method with ethanol. The extract was evaporated using a rotary evaporator, then followed by a phytochemical investigation to express the active ingredients inside extract. Colour test was used to identify active ingredients. Som Jawa leaves extract was then formulated into chewable lozenges. Testing of physical properties of the chewable lozenges includes organoleptic test, weigh uniformity, hardness, elasticity, friability, chewiness and moisture content. Antifungal activity was tested by using a diffusion method. Result: Som Jawa leaves extract with the concentration of 50% can inhibit the growth of Candida albicans with inhibition zone diameter of 22.69 mm. The organoleptic test resulted that the dosage is odourless, brown, and chewy. Weigh uniformity resulted that all lozenges were meet the British Pharmacopoeia range with the CV < 5%. The hardness test resulted for approximately of 0.2732 Kgf. The average of elasticity, friability, and chewiness respectively was 0.0826 Kgf, 6.046 mm, and 0.4998 Kgf.mm. Conclusion: This formula chewable lozenge was potential as alternative herbal medicine for topical infection.

Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) is an annual plant, distributed in the tropical parts of the world. Chemical constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols, and minerals have been isolated from this plant. The pharmacological properties, based on scientific research, claimed as antibacterial, antiulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and especially for antimelanogenesis therapy. Iridoid, a flavonoid compound, is the main component found in the Noni leaves extract. Screening of Noni leaves extract possessed flavonoid and steroid content with the concentration of 2.82% and 0.14%, respectively. Therefore, the Noni leaves extract was potential used for sunscreen, based on antimelanogenesis activity.

The growing interest in the cosmeceuticals by natural products has fostered research on the screening of plant-derived raw materials for identifying new antioxidants. Fruit peels as sources of powerful natural antioxidants are often the waste parts of various fruits from daily consumption or food industry. Among the fruit peels, mangosteen peel is an essential source of natural phenolic antioxidants. The a-mangosteen, known as the first compound of Garcinia mangostana L, has the most potent antioxidant activity among the other substances. The new application into sunscreen product will be potentially based on their activity to inhibit the photo-damaged caused by free radical elements from ultraviolet A and B (UVA and UVB). Thus, this formulation into a nanoparticle product may achieve a better effect and efficacy both as cosmetics and pharmaceutics.

Hiperkolesterolemia adalah kelainan yang ditandai dengan peningkatan konsentrasi kolesterol dalam darah. Alfafa (Medicago sativa) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang dipercaya dapat mengendalikan kolesterol darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antihiperkolesterolemia ekstrak etanol herba Alfafa dan dosis efektifnya. Uji antihiperkolesterolemia ekstrak etanol herba Alfafa menggunakan tikus putih jantan galur Wistar sebanyak 30 ekor yang dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok. Kelompok 1 (kontrol normal) diberikan pakan standart. Kelompok 2 (kontrol negatif) diberikan CMC Na 0,5%. Kelompok 3 (kontrol positif) diberikan Simvastatin. Kelompok 4, 5 dan 6 diberikan ekstrak etanol herba Alfafa 270, 540, dan 1080 mg/kg BB. Semua perlakuan diberikan 7 hari secara oral. Induksi hiperkolesterol dengan pakan tinggi lemak yaitu campuran makanan standar tikus dengan 15% lemak babi dan 5% kuning telur bebek, serta fruktosa 1,8 g/kgBB tikus. Induksi diberikan kepada semua kelompok selama 50 hari, kecuali kontrol normal. Pengukuran kadar kolesterol total darah dilakukan pada hari ke 0, 51 dan 58. Kadar kolesterol yang diperoleh dihitung % penurunan yang selanjutnya diuji statistika dengan SPSS release 16. Hasil uji statistika menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok kontrol negative, dengan ekstak etanol herba Alfafa ketiga dosis. Dan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan juga dengan kontrol positif dengan ekstrak etanol herba Alfafa ketiga dosis. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa ekstrak etanol herba Alfafa dapat berefek antihiperkolesterolemia, namun belum sebanding Simvastatin. Dosis ekstrak etanol herba Alfafa yang memberikan efek tertinggi sebagai antihiperkolesterolemia adalah 270 mg/kgBB tikus.

Abstract: Antibacterial is a substance that can interfere with the growth and metabolism of bacteria, so that these substances can inhibit growth or even kill bacteria. This research aimed to utilize natural materials as a natural antibacterial. This study investigated the ability of isolates catechins of tea leaves to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and spectral identification of these catechins. Catechin compounds was extracted by water, and then fractionated with CHCl3 and ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate phase was concentrated fractionation results using a rotary evaporator for further separation using thin layer chromatography with various mobile. The results of the study showed that the concentration of isolates of demonstrated to be effective as antibacterial, with MIC 12.5%. UV spectrum measurement showed that the isolates had a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 279 nm while the FTIR spectrophotometer showed that isolates catechin-containing functional groups C = C aromatic absorption 1500-1600 nm^-1 and OH groups, a broad band between 2000 and 3600 nm^-1. Key words: isolates catechins, Staphylococcus aureus, tea leaves, antibacterial

Nutraceutical is the fusion of nutrition and pharmaceutical. This products, in broad, are food or part of food that provides medical or health benefits including the prevention and or treatment of a disease. Kefir is renowned nutraceutical dairy products produced through fermentation of bacteria and yeasts and naturally present in grains of kefir. The nutritional attributes are due to presence of vital nutrients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, minerals, phosphorus, vitamin, calcium, and certain biogenic compounds. Intestinal immunity, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic effect, antibiabetic, effect on blood pressure level, antioxidant, wound healing, and lactose intoleran can be achieved using this products. The purpose of this review is to gather information about composition, methods of production, and therapeutic properties of kefir products to provide justification for its consumption. This review confirms that kefir can be a new role of nutraceutical products.

Infectious diseases have been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality because of the widespread antibacterial resistance due to existing drugs. Thus, the discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents, especially from natural resources is important to promote the human health.This research aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of som jawa (Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.) standardized extract thus their application into cream. Extraction was done by remaceration method, then followed by phytochemical investigation to obtain the active ingredients inside extract. The result of this research showed that both som jawa standardized extract and their formula cream had antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus. This formula cream was potential as alternative herbal medicine for skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Hypercholesterolemia is a disorder characterized by an increased concentration of cholesterol in the blood. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is one of the plants that are believed to control blood cholesterol. This study aims to determine antihypercholesterolemia effect of herb alfafa ethanol extract and the effective dose. Test antihypercholesterolemia ethanol extract of herb alfalfa using male Wistar rats as many as 30 individuals were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 (normal control) was given standard feed. Group 2 (negative control) was given CMC Na 0,5%. Group 3 (positive control) was given Simvastatin. Groups 4, 5 and 6 was given herb alfafa ethanol extract 270, 540 and 1080 mg/kg rat. All treatments are given 7 days orally. Induction hypercholesterolemia with high-fat feed a mixture of standard rat food with lard and egg yolk duck (3:1), as well as fructose 1.8 g/kg rat. Induction was given to all groups for 50 days, except for the normal control. Measurement of total blood cholesterol levels was done on days 0, 51 and 58. Cholesterol levels were obtained calculated % decline further tested with SPSS statistical release 16. The test results showed a statistically significant difference between the negative control group with the ethanol extract of herb Alfalfa three doses. While the comparison between the positive control with the ethanol extract of the herb alfalfa three doses showed no significant differences. It was provided that the ethanol extract of the herb alfalfa could affected antihypercholesterolemia, but not comparable to Simvastatin. The effective dose of ethanol extract of alfalfa as antihypercholesterolemia was 270 mg/kg rat.

Abstract: Collagen is the most abundant protein of white connective tissue, comprising approximately 30% of total animal protein. This is a fibrous protein which give strength and flexibility in the tissue and bone, also playing an important role for skin and tendon. The utilization of collagen from fish scales waste become an alternative for medication (pharmaceutical), and daily care as cosmetic, which known by cosmeceutical. Nanotechnology application can be completing of cosmeceutical, not only for cure, but also for daily treatment using an wasted materials changed into beneficial product to be developed. Keywords : collagen, fish scales waste, cosmeceutical