Autonomous colour correction embedded into an individual pixel is crucial to create next-generation intelligent visual systems. Although existing feedback circuits enable robust ex situ colour correction, they remain bulky with logic complexity. Here we propose in-pixel colour correction by integrating three panchromatic organic active adaptation transistors as a single pixel, each featuring two complementary broadband bulk heterojunctions. The devices display an active adaptation index, that is, a change in photosensitivity as a function of orders of magnitude changes in luminance, of over 150 to red, green and blue light stimuli. More importantly, the subpixels adapt following the von Kries coefficient law, thereby mimicking the ability of a human visual system to adjust to changes in illumination and preserve the appearance of colours. Our proof-of-concept device array, under distorted light conditions, achieves a recognition accuracy of >96.3

This article reviews important advances in designing Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite oxides as emerging air electrodes for protonic ceramic cells, aiming to present critical insights for the widespread applications of this technology.

We study the stability of one-dimensional planar isotropic–nematic interfaces in the Landau–de Gennes model with anisotropic elastic constant L. Earlier work proved the instability for L<0 only under an extra condition. We remove this condition and prove that any non-negative minimizer of the reduced energy within the diagonal planar class is unstable under general one-dimensional perturbations throughout -3/2<L<0. This result shows that L=0 is the sharp endpoint of the instability range from the negative-L side: the critical operator is non-negative at L=0, while instability holds over the full negative-L range of the reduced problem. We also define the optimal stability index and correct a factor-of-two normalization inconsistency in a previously stated interface profile.

Protonic ceramic cells (PCCs) are recognized as a promising energy conversion technology for green hydrogen and electricity production owing to their high efficiency, all-solid-state structure, and exceptional reversibility. However, the inadequate mechanical strength of proton-conducting electrolytes remains a critical challenge hindering the widespread application of PCCs. In this study, a cation regulation strategy is employed to enhance the electrolyte mechanical strength by doping silicon (Si) at the B-site of the conventional proton-conducting material BaZr0.1 Ce0.7 Y0.1 Yb0.1 O3 -a (BZCYYb). The optimized Ba(Zr0.1 Ce0.7 Y0.1 Yb0.1 )0.99 Si0.01 O3 -a (BZCYYbSi) demonstrates significantly improved grain boundary conductivity, structural stability, and mechanical strength, achieving a hardness of 3.11 GPa-1.5 times greater than that of pristine BZCYYb (1.14 GPa). The PCC incorporating a thin-film BZCYYbSi electrolyte exhibits a peak power density of 1.179 W cm-2 at 600 degrees C in fuel cell mode and an electrolysis current density of 1.591 A cm-2 at 1.3 V/600 degrees C, outperforming the BZCYYb-based counterpart (0.994 W cm-2 and 1.244 A cm-2 ). Additionally, the BZCYYbSi-based PCC maintains a stable operation for over 370 h at 550 degrees C in a continuous discharge and electrolysis situation. This work provides new insights for the design and fabrication of mechanically strengthened and high-performance electrolytes for low-temperature PCCs. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

A high-performance inverted PSC was achieved through anti-solvent engineering and an additive passivation strategy. The optimized device exhibited enhanced efficiency of 25.84%.

The microbial reduction of graphene oxide (GO) represents a sustainable approach for producing functional nanomaterials, yet the mechanisms in Gram-positive bacteria remain poorly understood. In this study, Lysinibacillus sphaericus HJ-3 was shown to effectively reduce GO through both direct cytochrome-mediated electron transfer and flavin-dependent shuttling. Whole-genome sequencing revealed complete respiratory chain and flavin biosynthesis pathways, while metabolomic profiling indicated enrichment of riboflavin and aromatic amino acid metabolism under GO stress. qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed the upregulation of key electron transport genes, particularly c-type cytochromes, during GO reduction. Control experiments, including abiotic, heat-killed, and non-reducing Gram-positive strains, verified that the process is a genuine biotic activity requiring metabolic viability. Together, these findings provide multi-omics evidence for the extracellular electron transfer mechanism of GO reduction in L. sphaericus and highlight its adaptive responses to redox stress. Importantly, the study demonstrates that endogenous flavins act as efficient electron shuttles to enhance electron transfer, thereby facilitating the microbial reduction of GO. This work not only deepens the understanding of extracellular electron transfer in Gram-positive bacteria but also underscores the potential of microbial strategies as green and scalable approaches for advanced graphene-based materials.

Photocatalytic technology represents one of the most effective approaches to tackling the energy crisis. The development of highly active catalyst materials that can effectively utilize sunlight and the creation of greener photocatalytic processes remain two key challenges. Here, a novel and highly efficient metal-free photocatalyst composed of black phosphorus sheets loaded with mulberry leaf carbon dots (BPNS/CDs) composites was successfully prepared. The spectral absorption capacity of BPNS/CDs composites is expanded by leveraging the synergistic advantages of CDs and BPNS, and their rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs is inhibited, significantly improving the utilization of sunlight. The photocatalytic activity of BPNS/CDs composites was evaluated using selective coupling with benzenamine as the target reactant, showing a high photocatalytic yield of 99% and selectivity of 97% within 35 min. Notably, this catalyst exhibits a turnover frequency (TOF) of up to 57.0 mmol⋅h− 1⋅g− 1 under natural light irradiation, which is higher than that of most reported photocatalysts to date. BPNS/CDs composites also show the universality of photocatalytic selective coupling with other imine derivatives, with a conversion efficiency of approximately 100%. This work will bring an essential strategy for developing biogenic carbon-based photocatalysts to enhance photocatalytic activity under natural light.

The green electricity-driven electrocatalytic nitrates to ammonia conversion emerges as an ideal, economical solution for transforming the nitrogen-containing contaminants into valuable chemicals. Herein, we put forward a new lattice distortion strategy in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to effectively regulate the d-orbitals electronic structure of the metal nodes to boost ammonia synthesis performance. The longer nickel-oxygen bonds extrude the adjacent cobalt-oxygen bonds in the orderly arranged CoNi dual sites, resulting in the distorted Co-O octahedron. The d-electrons are redistributed, which greatly strengthens the binding of *NHOH intermediate, forming a new energy-efficient rate-determining step in nitrate reduction reaction. Benefitting from the regulated electronic structure, the bimetallic CoNi-MOF nanosheets array electrode delivers a higher ammonia yield rate (1.51 mmol cm-2 h-1) and Faradaic efficiency (94.1 %) compared to the counterpart Co-MOF and NiMOF. Furthermore, the array electrode was assembled into a zinc-nitrate battery, an open-circuit voltage of 1.372 V was achieved, and the maximum output power density reached as high as 8.49 mW cm-2.

The photocatalytic performance of ZrO2 is primarily governed by the active sites derived from oxygen vacancies and the abundant surface reaction interfaces provided by high-surface-area microstructures. However, conventional synthesis approaches often fail to achieve the precise, synergistic regulation of oxygen vacancy concentration and microstructural morphology. Herein, a molecular-scale precursor design strategy is employed to establish bidentate bridging coordination between acetate ligands and Zr centers, successfully constructing ZrO2-x with a hierarchical micro/nano-lamellar architecture, high oxygen vacancy concentration, and large specific surface area. These enriched oxygen vacancies not only induce bandgap narrowing but also shift the conduction band toward more negative potentials, thereby enhancing the reducing power of photogenerated electrons, promoting the generation of superoxide radicals (·O2−), and ultimately improving the overall degradation efficiency. Furthermore, the hierarchical micro/nano-lamellar architecture significantly increases the contact probability between reactants and active sites, thereby accelerating the photocatalytic reaction kinetics. Photocatalytic performance evaluations demonstrate that the as-prepared material achieves a 92% degradation efficiency for RhB under 300 W xenon lamp irradiation within 2 h, while retaining 76% of its initial activity after five consecutive cycles. This study elucidates the synergistic role of acetate ligands in regulating both material morphology and crystal defects, offering a robust paradigm for the rational design of high-performance metal oxide photocatalysts.

A novel n-dopant, 10-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]thieno[2,3-f]quinoline (ThJLBI), was developed from the benchmark n-dopant of N-DMBI with benzimidazoline backbone, by switching its electron-donating dimethylaniline group to thienojulolidine. Encouragingly, an improved thermoelectric performance over N-DMBI was achieved when doping the representative n-type polymer ThDPP-CNBTz, with a maximum electrical conductivity of 35.4 S·cm−1 and a power factor of 34.17 µW·m−1·K−2 at the optimized doping concentrations of 40mol

To satisfy the combined magnetic and dielectric requirements of electromagnetic materials for modern communication systems, (1-x)Y3Fe5O12-xBaTiO3 (YIG-BTO) multiphase ceramics were prepared via a conventional ceramic processing method. The phase composition, element distribution, microstructure, and magnetic and dielectric properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and a precision impedance analyzer. The results indicate that, at the microscale, the YIG and BTO phases coexist uniformly within the YIG-BTO composite ceramics. The microstructure, relative density, and grain size of the YIG-BTO ceramics are closely related to the BTO content, which in turn synergistically affects their magnetodielectric properties. For the 90 wt

Formamidinium (FA)-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted particular attentions because of the superb photovoltaic performance, low material costs, and facile fabrication procedures. However, the intrinsic instability of photoactive black-phase formamidinium lead iodide (α-FAPbI3) predominantly limits the large-scale applications of FA-based PSCs. Herein, the recent advancements in interface engineering to stabilize FA-based PSCs are reviewed by emphasizing the importance of phase stabilization and the superiority of interface engineering over other stabilization strategies/methods for FA-based PSCs. Additionally, several distinct strategies based on interface engineering are presented to boost the durability and power conversion efficiencies of FA-based PSCs. Finally, the existed challenges, remained crucial issues and future trends about the interface engineering strategy to stabilize FA-based PSCs are also provided and discussed, aiming to provide valuable insights for designing and fabricating high-efficiency and durable FA-based PSCs.

The electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (e-NO3-RR) is an effective way to address nitrate pollution and offers an attractive strategy for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions. However, the identification of novel catalysts via computational guidance remains a central challenge in this field. Herein, a series of single-atom transition-metals (TMs)-alloyed copper-based single-atom alloys (SAAs) were used as model catalysts (TM1-Cu(111)) for e-NO3-RR. Among them, three TM1-Cu(111) catalysts (TM = Ti, Zr, and Nb) had outstanding catalytic activity, with low limiting potentials of -0.20, -0.39, and -0.32V, respectively. Furthermore, these candidates effectively suppressed the hydrogen evolution reaction and demonstrated excellent thermodynamic stability. To clarify the activity trend of e-NO3-RR on Cu-based SAAs, the adsorption strength of the NO intermediate was identified as an effective descriptor. This work provides computational guidance for the rational design of high-performance e-NO3-RR catalysts.

ABSTRACT Mild photocatalytic valorization of aromatic hydrocarbons is promising for phenolic synthesis, but reliance on oxidants (O 2 or H 2 O 2 ) often leads to the oxidation of alkyl groups rather than stable phenyl rings, thus producing aromatic aldehydes or ketones instead of targeted phenols. In this work, we employed a photocatalytic anaerobic reaction pathway for directly synthesizing the targeted high‐value xylenol and H 2 from m ‐xylene and water over a palladium single atom‐loaded TiO 2 with zinc modification (Pd 1 ‐TiO 2 (Zn)). In situ infrared spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance, in combination with first‐principles simulations, revealed that the photocatalytic anaerobic conversion of m ‐xylene proceeds via surface lattice oxygen‐mediated hydroxylation. Lattice oxygen coordinated with Pd acts as a recyclable oxygen source for phenolic hydroxyl groups, regenerated by the rate‐determining water oxidation. Isotope labeling confirms hydroxyl hydrogen originates from the benzene ring, not water; water only provides oxygen. The zinc modification could significantly reduce the reaction barrier of the water‐oxidation step from 0.85 to 0.22 eV at the Pd‐O site. Therefore, the phenolic production rate over Pd 1 ‐TiO 2 (Zn) reached 376.9 µmol g −1 h −1 , accompanied by an exceptionally high phenolic selectivity of 98.5% and a hydrogen production rate of 380.6 µmol g −1 h −1 , 2‐fold higher than that of unmodified Pd 1 ‐TiO 2 .

Abstract The key challenges for commercializing reversible proton ceramic electrochemical cells (R-PCECs) are the insufficient proton conductivity and inferior thermomechanical stability of oxygen electrodes in air with water vapor. We report a multielement micro-doped BaCoO3-δ-based perovskite material, in which disorder is induced in the ionic substructure to maximize the oxygen-water reaction activity. Atom probe tomography and density functional theory calculations reveal that reduced proton adsorption/diffusion energy barriers are triggered by homogeneous ion distributions in the perovskite oxide. Moreover, the thermally driven mild oxygen release can be further offset by beneficial proton uptake, thereby increasing the thermomechanical durability of the oxygen electrode. The resulting R-PCECs obtain a peak power density of 1.56 W cm-2 and an electrolysis current density of 2.0 A cm-2@1.3 V at 600 °C while demonstrating long-term stability exceeding 780 hours, with degradation rates of 19.3 and 16.9 μV h-1 in fuel cell and electrolysis modes, respectively.

Atomically dispersed single-site catalysts (ADCs) have demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance that surpasses traditional catalysts, attributed to their higher atom utilization efficiency. However, a general engineering approach for converting metal-oxo clusters into efficient and stable ADCs has not been established. In this work, a universal conversion strategy is reported to synthesize a series of noble metal ADCs (NM@WO2-W, NM = Ir, Pt, Ru, and Pd) through the engineering of polyoxometalates (POMs), a well-established type of metal-oxo clusters. This strategy confines the single noble metal atom within the lattice of WO2, thereby creating lattice-confined ADCs. The as-prepared Pt@WO2-W exhibits enhanced catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), with an impressively low overpotential of 49 mV at 50 mA & centerdot;cm-2 and robust durability over 50 h, with only 0.2% current density decay. Furthermore, the catalytic behavior of NM@WO2-W in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has also been explored, highlighting the superior electrocatalytic activity and durability of Ir@WO2-W. In situ experiments and density functional theory calculations further reveal the intrinsic activity of NM@WO2-W for both HER and OER. This work introduces a general strategy for the rational design of lattice-confined ADCs through conversion of metal-oxo clusters, providing efficient and stable ADCs for water electrolysis.

The coverage, orientation, and uniformity of the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are critical to fabricate efficient and stable p-i-n structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which are still greatly challenged by the uncontrollable growth and aggregation on varied substrates. Herein, we introduce three atomic layers of thick aluminum oxide on conductive substrates to provide contact with dense and uniform hydroxy sites for SAM molecules to grow on. As a result, the atomic contact enables highly oriented SAMs with higher coverage, which notably enhances the photon-generated hole-selective efficiency and efficiently eliminates the charge leakage. The orientation of the SAMs with the conjugated backbone parallel to the substrate makes for more efficient hole transport for the perovskite buried interface. To fill the gaps between the SAMs and the perovskite buried interface, an ultrathin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) layer is employed, which is helpful to block carrier recombination as well. The atomic contact-based composite hole-selective structure enables the p-i-n structured PSCs (0.09 cm2) and mini-module (aperture area of 14.40 cm2) achieving efficiency of 26.63% and 22.97%, respectively. The optimized devices retain 92.65% of the initial efficiency after 912 h under the ISOS-L-2 protocol and 97.33% efficiency for 2016 h under the ISOS-D-1 condition.

Reversible protonic ceramic cells (RPCCs) are promising for coupling renewable electricity-driven hydrogen production with power generation, but their reversible operation is still constrained by sluggish fuel-electrode interfacial kinetics and microstructural stability under reducing conditions. Herein, a Cu-modified redox-reconstruction strategy is developed to regulate surface nanostructures on a layered perovskite fuel electrode. A Pr0.5Ba0.5Mn0.975Ni0.025O3−δ (PBMN) precursor was impregnated with Cu and treated in H₂, inducing reconstruction into PrBaMn1.95Ni0.05O5+δ (R-PBMN) together with the formation of Ni/Cu-rich surface nanostructures on a porous layered scaffold. Among the investigated Cu loadings, 3 wt% Cu exhibited the most favorable electrochemical response, as reflected by the lowest polarization resistance, suppressed low-frequency gas-coupled polarization, and accelerated chemical-relaxation kinetics. Distribution of relaxation times (DRT), electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR), and partial-pressure-dependent impedance analyses indicate that the optimized electrode behavior is mainly associated with the regulation of gas-coupled near-surface/interfacial processes rather than enhanced bulk conductivity alone. In single-cell tests, the 3%Cu@R-PBMN fuel electrode delivered a peak power density of 0.87 W cm−2 at 700 ℃ and an electrolysis current density of 1.76 A cm−2 at 1.3 V. Stable reversible operation was demonstrated for over 1400 min during fuel-cell/electrolysis switching and for more than 100 h in each individual mode. This work provides a surface-regulation strategy for layered perovskite fuel electrodes toward reversible protonic ceramic hydrogen conversion and renewable energy storage.

Copper corrosion under elevated temperature, humidity, and salinity environments has always been an important challenge in the engineering application. To enhance the corrosion protection of copper, an anodic oxidation induced coordination polymerization strategy was proposed, in which copper ions are released and in situ coordinated with 1,4-benzenedithiol (BDT) molecules to construct a bilayer passivation film, which consists of an outer Cu-BDT coordination polymer layer (~5.2 nm) and an intermediate cuprous sulfide layer (~ 1.8 nm) intrinsically grown on the underlying copper substrate. This passivation film markedly improves corrosion resistance, reducing the corrosion current density over three orders of magnitude in salinity environments. It also demonstrates chemical and thermal stability under acidic, alkaline, and high-temperature conditions. DFT calculations demonstrate that the passivation film increases the adsorption energy barriers of corrosive species, including O2 (from - 2.07 eV to - 0.18 eV) and Cl- (from - 1.12 eV to 0.13 eV) on the copper surface. Furthermore, the strategy has been integrated into a roll-to-roll system, highlighting its potential for large-scale application. This work presents an effective and innovative strategy for enhancing the corrosion protection of copper through the construction of a nano-scale (~7 nm) bilayer passivation film.

Precise control over the active layer morphology is critical for achieving high-performance all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). In this study, we introduce a fully "chemically homologous" strategy, in which a series of tailored solid additives, polymer donor, and polymer acceptor are constructed from the same bithiophene imide (BTI) building block. Among them, the B3 additive, which shares an identical side chain with the donor, guides the formation of an optimal fibrillar network morphology with enhanced structural order. This optimized microstructure facilitates efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport, yielding a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.52%-significantly surpassing those of additive-free (14.54%) and non-homologous reference devices (<17%). Furthermore, this chemically coherent approach promotes ordered molecular packing, simultaneously suppressing molecular disorder and non-radiative energy loss, achieving a low energy loss (E loss) of 0.509 eV and a high open-circuit voltage (V OC) of 0.943 V. The B3-processed device also retains outstanding stability, maintaining over 97% of its initial PCE after 1240 h in a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. The chemically homologous paradigm demonstrated here provides crucial insights into morphology control and charge transport dynamics in all-polymer blends, offering a promising pathway toward highly efficient and stable organic photovoltaics.