The band gap energy of lead mixed bromide-iodide perovskite can be simply tuned by adjusting the ratio between the composing halide anions, which would be segregated again upon continuous light illumination to form the iodide-rich domains. Here, we have employed transient absorption microscopy to investigate the carrier diffusion dynamics in an individual CsPbBr1.5I1.5 microplate under the influence of such iodide-rich domains. As expected in the phase-segregated microplate, the lifetime of charge carriers is shortened owing to their migration into the iodide-rich domains with a low band gap energy. Surprisingly, the diffusion coefficient of charge carriers is significantly increased in the phase-segregated microplate, signifying their effective acceleration by the iodide-rich domains according to our Green's function simulations. The above findings have advanced the understanding of the carrier diffusion dynamics in mixed-halide perovskites, which would facilitate their potential applications in various optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and photodetectors.

Research on quantum geometric-related effects in antiferromagnetic van der Waals heterostructures has predominantly focused on separating the contributions of Berry curvature and quantum metric through the manipulation of Parity-Time (PT) symmetry. However, the critical role of interfacial symmetry-breaking mechanisms, particularly those emerging from parity inversion symmetry manipulation, has remained underexplored. This study advances the field by investigating the hBN/CrPS4 heterojunction, where the mirror symmetry at the interface is systematically controlled. A significant circular photogalvanic effect is induced through the breaking of mirror symmetry, as evidenced by helicity-dependent photocurrent measurements. Symmetry analysis reveals that the observed difference in left- and right-handed circular photocurrents originates from a Berry curvature dipole, which is directly linked to the broken mirror symmetry. Our research highlights the critical role of interface symmetry breaking in inducing quantum geometric-related effects at magnetic material interfaces and pioneers a new strategy for manipulating interface PT symmetry.

Moir & eacute; superlattices in van der Waals heterostructures offer a novel approach to manipulating the Bloch wavefunction texture, influencing nonlinear electromagnetic responses like photocurrents. Twisted anisotropic ReS2, with its lower symmetry and inclusion of more independent non-zero nonlinear conductivity tensor elements, emerges as a promising platform for exploring nonlinear photoresponses distinct from highly symmetric hexagonal lattices. This study systematically investigates several novel anisotropic moir & eacute; superlattices based on the twisted ReS2 homojunctions using second harmonic generation (SHG) and nonlinear photoelectric response measurements. It is found that the texture patterns of these anisotropic moir & eacute; superlattices are highly dependent on the twist angle. Especially, the photocurrents exhibit sensitivity to both wavelength and incident direction excited by left- and right-circularly polarized light. In addition, due to the chiral moir & eacute; interface and the contribution of the Berry curvature dipole (BCD), twisted ReS2 homojunctions demonstrate an exceptional circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE) as well. By exploiting the unique photoresponse to polarization, image recognition using vortex beam within a single twisted ReS2 device is achieved. This work not only underscores the potential of quantum geometry through anisotropic moir & eacute; superlattices but also provides valuable insights for the development of advanced intelligent optoelectronic devices.

The formation of electric dipoles at the buried interface through self-assembled molecules is crucial for minimizing non-radiative recombination and improving the efficiency of inverted perovskite solar cells. However, creating dipoles at the upper interface has seldom been reported in the literature, primarily due to the scarcity of suitable n-type organic passivants, film sensitivity of perovskite, and chemisorption issues. In this study, a novel bimolecular host-guest strategy is proposed utilizing the cavity of crown ether as the host and the ammonia ion as the guest. The ion-docking phenomenon is thoroughly examined through a comprehensive range of experimental characterizations and theoretical analyses, instilling confidence in the robustness of the findings. These findings demonstrate that the host-guest electrostatic interlocking induces an electric dipole at the perovskite surface, which facilitates electron extraction and prevents hole recombination. As a result, a power conversion efficiency of 25.25% is achieved with minimal photovoltage and non-radiative recombination losses. The target devices also exhibited superior long-term stabilities under high humid and high temperature environments.

In this letter, a trench and field limiting rings co-assisted JTE termination with N-P-N sandwich epitaxial wafers for 4H-SiC devices is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The formation of an N-enrich region by ion implantation at the bottom of the trench prevents the generation of leakage current along the P+ buried layer. The P+ buried layers on both sides and the P-shield region at the bottom of the trench can together modulate the electric field near the N-enrich region and improve the breakdown characteristics of the proposed termination. Meanwhile, it is found that the electric field on both sides of the P+ buried layer is similar to that near the P-shield region, indicating that a good modulation effect is formed. Further, it is verified that the proposed termination is less sensitive to the ring width and the initial ring spacing of the field limiting rings, and better electrical characteristics can be obtained with appropriate trench width and enough field limiting rings. Moreover, the over etching effect is found in the fabrication process, and simulation is used to verify that deeper over etching depth will lead to lower breakdown voltage. The breakdown characteristics of the proposed termination can be improved by increasing the dose and energy of ion implantation in the P-shield region.

Bistable materials with multiphysical channels, such as optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, have been paid dramatic attention due to their alternativity of the signal status in electronic devices. Herein, three stable supramolecular radicals ([(NH3-TEMPO)(18-crown-6)][XF6] (1, X = P; 2, X = As; 3, X = Sb)) were synthesized and characterized. The former two molecules present ferroelectric phase transitions around 381.7 and 382.7 K, respectively, with bistability in dielectric property and second-harmonic generation (SHG) effect, which are first found in supramolecular radicals. Their ferroelectric transition and bistable properties are generated from a net polar crystal structure owing to the static ordered packing of NH3-TEMPO radical cations in the low-temperature phase (LTP) to a nonpolar structure owing to a distinctive symmetric scissoring motion of NH3-TEMPO radical cations between two 18-crown-6 molecules in the high-temperature phase (HTP). Both of them exhibit paramagnetic properties in HTP and LTP states since no intermolecular spin-spin interaction occurs due to the long distances among the radicals in their crystals. These results make us possible to design bistable optoelectronic radical materials with bistability in magnetic property in the future.

BACKGROUND:The mechanism promoting papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) metastasis remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the potential metastatic mechanisms at a single-cell resolution. METHODS:We performed single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) profiling of thyroid tumour (TT), adjacent normal thyroid (NT) and lymph node metastasized tumour (LN) from a young female with PTC. Validation of our results was conducted in 31 tumours with metastasis and 30 without metastasis. RESULTS:ScRNA-seq analysis generated data on 38,215 genes and 0.14 billion transcripts from 28,839 cells, classified into 18 clusters, each annotated to represent 10 cell types. PTC cells were found to originate from epithelial cells. Epithelial cells and macrophages emerged as the strongest signal emitters and receivers, respectively. After reclustering epithelial cells and macrophages, our analysis, incorporating gene set variation analysis (GSVA), SCENIC analysis, and pseudotime trajectory analysis, indicated that subcluster 0 of epithelial cells (EP_0) showed a more malignant phenotype, and subclusters 3 and 4 of macrophages (M_3 and M_4) demonstrated heightened activity. Further analysis suggested that EP_0 may suppress the activity of M_3 and M_4 via MIF - (CD74 + CXCR4) in the MIF pathway. After analysing the expression of the 4 genes in the MIF pathway in both the TCGA cohort and our cohort (n = 61), CD74 was identified as significantly overexpressed in PTC tumours particularly those with lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION:Our study revealed that PTC may facilitate lymph node metastasis by inhibiting macrophages via MIF signalling. It is suggested that malignant PTC cells may suppress the immune activity of macrophages by consistently releasing signals to them via MIF-(CD74 + CXCR4).

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

For inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the interfacial defects and mismatched energy levels between the perovskite absorber and charge-selective layer restrain the further improvement of photovoltaic performance. Interfacial modification is a powerful tool for defect passivation and energy level turning by developing new charge-selective materials. Herein, we report three new molecules, 2BrCzPA, 2BrPTZPA, and 2BrPXZPA as self-assembled hole selective contacts (SA-HSCs) by an economical and efficient synthetic procedure. Benefiting from the stronger electron-donating ability of phenothiazine and phenoxazine compared to that of carbazole, 2BrPTZPA and 2BrPXZPA showed more matched energy levels and decreased energy loss. In addition, the ITO substrate coated with 2BrPTZPA and 2BrPXZPA could induce higher-quality perovskite crystal growth without obvious grain boundaries in the vertical direction. Consequently, the corresponding inverted PSCs with decreased trap state density achieved high power convention efficiencies (PCEs) of 22.06% and 22.93% (certified 22.38%) for 2BrPTZPA and 2BrPXZPA, respectively. Furthermore, the 2BrPXZPA-based device with encapsulation retained 97% of the initial efficiency after 600 h of maximum power point tracking under one sun continuous illumination. Finally, 2BrPXZPA was also used for the surface modification of NiOx, and the inverted PSC based on the NiOx/2BrPXZPA bilayer achieved a higher PCE of 23.66% with an open circuit voltage of 1.21 V. This work extends the design strategy of SA-HSCs for efficient and stable inverted PSCs and promotes the commercialization process.

A series of CuO@g-C3N4 composites with different contents of g-C3N4 and different morphologies of CuO have been designed and prepared by hydrothermal method and applied to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the removal 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP). The results showed that 3D spherical shape CuO-1@g-C3N4-3, being able to activate PMS to produce a large amount of singlet oxygen (O-1(2)), not only had good catalytic performance, but also reduced the dissolution of Cu2+. By comparing the morphological characteristics, catalytic performance, free radical species, decomposition rate of PMS and surface properties of three kinds of CuO, the generation mechanism of O-1(2) and key reasons of CuO for producing O-1(2) were deeply explored and finally deduced. Besides, under the conditions of initial pH 7.0, catalyst dosage 50 mgL-1, PMS dosage 0.3 mmolL-1 and initial concentration of 2,4,6-TCP 10 mgL-1, the removal rate of 2,4,6,-TCP reached 94 % at 25 min in the first cycle, and 85 % in the fifth cycle. When CuO-1@g-C3N4 was applied in actual water samples, 65 % of 2,4,6-TCP was removed in the Yangtze River, and 60 % of 2,4,6-TCP in Xuanwu and Yueya Lake in 40 min. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were used to indentify active species during degradation process and the degradation intermediates of 2,4,6-TCP and possible degradation pathways were determined and proposed by high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF-MS2). This study shed light on the O-1(2) generation mechanism of catalyst and provided theoretical basis and guidance for the design of O-1(2) catalysts rich in non-radical active species.

A novel 1700 V 4H-SiC semi-superjunction(SJ) Schottky diode have been designed and simulated in this study to alleviat the tradeoff dilemma between specific on resistance and blocking voltage in SiC power devices. The proposed multi-step trenched structure could be realized by the self- aligned process, and the p-pillars are then formed through vertical implantation into the bottom of the trenches. This practical and cost-effective fabrication method ensures controllable trench morphology and uniform p-doping below each level of trenches. Composed of a 4 μm SJ region above a 6 μm drift region, the optimized SiC semi-SJ have achieved a breakdown voltage above 2000 V with a specific on- resistance as low as 0.997 mΩ·cm 2 , which breaks the theoretical 1-D limit of the SiC unipolar device. Furthermore, the proposed semi-SJ widens the implantation window by 37.5% compared to full-SJ, while realizing one order of magnitude lower leakage current due to the decreased surface electric field.

Tin oxide thin is a promising electron transport layer (ETL) for perovskite solar cells due to its excellent electronic properties and high thermal stability of SnO2. In addition, unlike TiO2 and ZnO, SnO2 does not have high photocatalytic activity and therefore would improve device stability under illumination compared to devices with titania or ZnO ETLs, and it can be deposited at low temperatures which makes it compatible with flexible devices. However, surface roughness, conformal coating, surface defects of SnO2, as well as its energy level alignment with the perovskite layer, affect the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. In this study, we utilized ALD, sol-gel deposition and nanoparticle spin coating method to prepare SnO2 thin films and apply them as ETLs for planar perovskite solar cells. The obtained results indicate that the method of preparation of SnO2 significantly affects the solar cell performance. To improve the device performance, we investigated SnO2 bilayers to attempt to combine advantages of individual coating approaches. For an optimized order of layers to achieve efficient charge extraction across the interface, improved performance can be obtained compared to single layer SnO2 electron transport layers. Reasons for the performance improvement are discussed.

With the progress in the development of perovskite solar cells, increased efforts have been devoted to enhancing their stability. With more devices being able to survive harsher stability testing conditions, such as damp heat or outdoor testing, there is increased interest in encapsulation techniques suitable for this type of tests, since both device architecture compatible with increased stability and effective encapsulation are necessary for those testing conditions. A variety of encapsulation techniques and materials have been reported to date for devices with different architectures and tested under different conditions. In this Perspective, we will discuss important factors affecting the encapsulation effectiveness and focus on the devices, which have been subjected to outdoor testing or damp heat testing. In addition to encapsulation requirements for these testing conditions, we will also discuss device requirements. Finally, we discuss possible methods for accelerating the testing of encapsulation and device stability and discuss the future outlook and important issues, which need to be addressed for further advancement of the stability of perovskite solar cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) commonly exhibit significant performance degradation due to ion migration through the top charge transport layer and ultimately metal electrode corrosion. Here, we demonstrate an interfacial management strategy using a boron chloride subphthalocyanine (Cl6SubPc)/fullerene electron-transport layer, which not only passivates the interfacial defects in the perovskite, but also suppresses halide diffusion as evidenced by multiple techniques, including visual element mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy. As a result, we obtain inverted PSCs with an efficiency of 22.0% (21.3% certified), shelf life of 7000 h, T80 of 816 h under damp heat stress (compared to less than 20 h without Cl6SubPc), and initial performance retention of 98% after 2000 h at 80 °C in inert environment, 90% after 2034 h of illumination and maximum power point tracking in ambient for encapsulated devices and 95% after 1272 h outdoor testing ISOS-O-1. Our strategy and results pave a new way to move PSCs forward to their potential commercialization solidly.

Contamination of drinking water with heavy metals, particularly arsenic (As), is a persistent problem with serious public health implications worldwide. In this study, we present a zinc based metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF-74) and polyacrylamide polymer (PAM) coated on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as an effective adsorbent for the removal of arsenite (As(III)) from water. Zn-MOF-74 nanoparticles were prepared by room temperature precipitation and these were immobilized on rGO surface grafted PAM by a free-radical polymerization method, (Zn-MOF-74/rGO/PAM nanocomposites). The experimental data correlates well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacity (q(max)) was 282.4 mg g(-1) at pH 10, 298 K. The removal efficiency was rapid, removing more than 99.8% of As(III) from a 0.2 mg L-1 solution and achieving drinkable levels in 15 min. Thermodynamic data revealed that the process was spontaneous and endothermic. Furthermore, the adsorbent revealed high stability in pH range 4-10 and could be reused at least four times. Adsorption mechanism involved a synergistic combination of chemisorption and physisorption. FTIR and XPS analyzes revealed that the amide group (-NH2) and hydroxyl group (-OH) on ZnMOF-74/rGO/PAM dominate in their adsorption.

A charge-transfer induced BCP:Ag complex is employed as a multifunctional buffer layer for efficient inverted semi-transparent perovskite solar cells.

The performance of quasi‐2D perovskite light emitting diodes (LEDs) with mixed small cations, cesium and formamidinium (FA), is significantly affected by their ratio. The best devices obtained for Cs:FA ratio of 1:1 exhibit a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 12.1%, maximum luminance of 15 070 cd m −2 and maximum current efficiency of 46.1 cd A −1 , which is significantly higher (about 3 times) compared to devices with FA only (maximum EQE of 4.1%, maximum luminance of 4521 cd m −2 ) and Cs‐only (maximum EQE of 4.0%, maximum luminance of 4886 cd m −2 ). The photoluminescence quantum yield of the Cs:FA 1:1 sample is similarly enhanced, 21.3% compared 5.4% and 6%, for FA‐only and Cs‐only samples, respectively. It can be observed that the Cs:FA ratio significantly affects the crystallization of the perovskite, with the optimal 1:1 ratio resulting in the formation of tetragonal Cs 0.5 FA 0.5 PbBr 3 phase (different from cubic FAPbBr 3 and orthorhombic CsPbBr 3 ) with pronounced preferential orientation as well as a significant reduction in the trap density, which leads to a substantial improvement in the light‐emitting performance.

The race to the future generation of low‐cost photovoltaic devices continuously takes on added momentum with the appearance of novel practical solutions for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), a paradigm technology for ultracheap light‐to‐electricity conversion. Much has been done in the past few years toward defining standard protocols for the assessment of their efficiency and stability, aiming at achieving a worldwide consensus on the issue, that will allow reliable reporting of new data. While this is undoubtedly a step ahead toward commercialization of these devices, it also often triggers researchers to test record architectures using benchmark configurations, mainly for what regards the ancillary layers that extract electrical charges from the photoexcited perovskite. In particular, the mostly used hole‐transporting material (HTM) is the small‐molecule spiro‐OMeTAD, which is also well known to be the origin of PSC degradation after prolonged operation. Herein, it is aimed to remark the huge impact of the HTM on PSC performance, recalling major issues associated with the conventional spiro‐based one and providing an overview of state‐of‐the‐art alternatives. Finally, possible scenarios for the future development of smart HTMs are also envisioned, as charge‐extracting layers, with a real active role in ensuring PSC operational stability.

Switchable materials with a high phase transition (PT) temperature have drawn much attention in the past few decades due to the wide application in electronic devices. Herein, 2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-ium perrhenate ([N-Me-isoQH]ReO4) and 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-ium perrhenate ([isoQH]ReO4) were designed and synthesized by molecular modification based on the reported ferroelectric compound quinuclidinium perrhenate (HQReO4). Their crystal symmetries at room temperature decrease mainly owing to the cation-ion interaction and hydrogen-bond interaction between the cations and anions from [N-Me-isoQH]ReO4 to the reported HQReO4 and to [isoQH]ReO4. However, their PT transition temperatures increase in the order of [N-Me-isoQH]ReO4, HQReO4, and [isoQH]ReO4. [isoQH]ReO4 showed a high PT temperature of 393 K, which is 48 K higher than that of reported HQReO4, and experienced a symmetry change from noncentrosymmetric point group C2 to centrosymmetric point group C4h. Its reversible dielectric and SHG behaviors make it a promising high-temperature dielectric and NLO molecular switch.

2D perovskite solar cells with high stability and high efficiency have attracted significant attention. A systematical static and dynamic structure investigation is carried out to show the details of 2D morphology evolution. A dual additive approach is used, where the synergy between an alkali metal cation and a polar solvent leads to high-quality 2D perovskite films with sandwich-type structures and vertical phase segregation. Such novel structure can induce high-quality 2D slab growth and reduce internal and surface defects, resulting in a high device efficiency of 16.48% with enhanced continuous illumination stability and improved moisture (55-60%) and thermal (85 °C) tolerances. Transient absorption spectra reveal the carrier migration from low n to high n species with different kinetics. An [PbI6 ]4- octagon coalescence transformation mechanism coupled with metal and organic cations wrapped is proposed. By solvent vapor annealing, a recrystallization and reorientation of the 2D perovskite slabs occurs to form an ideal structure with improved device performance and stability.