Barium strontium titanate (Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3, BST) is a material with excellent dielectric properties in the ferroelectric material system. Bismuth magnesium niobate (Bi1.5MgNb1.5O7, BMN) is a non-ferroelectric material. It was doped into BST, and four groups of samples BST-xBMN(x = 0-0.3) were prepared to discuss the influence of BMN on BST. BMN exists in an amorphous state between BST grains. Therefore, BST-xBMN still has a perovskite structure. Excessive doping is observed to cause pore formation within the BST. The doping of BMN reduces the dielectric constant of BST from 4500 to 1500 (at room temperature). However, it also reduces the dielectric loss of BST from 0.02 to 0.005. BMN improves the performance stability of BST. The dielectric properties of BST-xBMN are more stable than those of BST with the change of temperature or frequency.

Although graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a promising two-dimensional material with good thermal conductivity, its wide bandgap and rapid charge recombination limit its direct application in photothermal conversion. In this study, an in-situ doping strategy was employed to introduce copper into the intrinsic vacancies of g-C3N4, fabricating a surface-porous 2D Cu-doped material (g-C3N4@Cu). Microstructural and spectroscopic analyses reveal that atomically dispersed Cu via Cu-N bonds significantly broadens the visible-light absorption band via the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) effect. This mechanism enables highly efficient absorption and photothermal conversion under blue light (450nm). This novel photothermal sensitizer was then uniformly immobilized onto nitrocellulose (NC) via a solution-based approach, forming g-C3N4@Cu/NC energetic microspheres. This integrated design not only enhances interfacial adhesion but also curtails the thermal diffusion path from the photosensitizer to the NC matrix, establishing a synergistic photothermal-thermocatalytic mechanism. Consequently, the composite g-C3N4@Cu/NC achieves a photothermal conversion efficiency of over 37%. Furthermore, its laser ignition delay time is significantly reduced by approximately 30 times compared to the blank control group, demonstrating an extremely low ignition threshold. Ultimately, this study provides fundamental insights into metal-doped g-C3N4 systems and offers an effective material-design approach for integrating photosensitive and energetic materials for highly controllable optical-to-thermal responses.

Low combustion efficiency is a challenge of aluminum (Al) particles in solid propellants, especially in small solid rocket motors. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the combustion performance of Al to improve the energy release of solid propellants. Here, a core–shell structured Al-based composite Al@IL/FG with high combustion efficiency has been prepared through ionic liquid (IL) and fluorinated graphene (FG) coating. It is seen that IL can form a smooth coating layer on the surface of Al particles and encapsulate fluorinated graphene inside the coating layer. Thermal analysis results show that the coating layer can lower the reaction temperature of Al in the solid propellants due to the surface activation reaction between the Al and IL/FG. After substituting Al@IL/FG with Al, the residual Al content in the condensed combustion products of solid propellants decreased by 11.37%. In addition, compared with Al-based propellant, the d (0.5) of condensed combustion products of Al@IL/FG-based solid propellant was reduced from 69.157 to 21.559 μm. These results indicate that Al@IL/FG has a higher combustion efficiency than Al in solid propellants.

The inadvertent deposition of latent fingerprints stamps indubitable forensic evidence, serving as a solid link between individuals and objective scenes. In this study, a novel approach was developed to simultaneously collect the geometrical and chemical features from latent fingerprints, which establishes a broadened perspective over the inspected biological traces. Ultrasonic spraying was employed to swiftly acquire a uniform distribution of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging. The NP-developed fingerprint brings an improved contrast of microscopic visualization as well as additional inelastic spectral information within the SERS image. K-NearestNeighbor (KNN) feature point matching and local similarity matching were utilized to recognize the SERS fingerprint images reconstructed from characteristic SERS bands. A matching score involving minutia descriptors was introduced to parametrize the degree of resemblance in latent fingerprint identification, yielding high matching accuracy even with partially damaged fingerprints. The trade-off between the accuracy in chemical identification and the completeness in fingerprint reconstruction was discussed. The effective SERS visualization and reconstruction of fingerprints was accomplished from the sample containing etomidate with the concentration as low as 1 μM. Additionally, the SERS imaging on a curved keycap surface was realized, which meets the critical demands of the investigation over particular chemicals.

Dispersing high-energy inorganic nanoparticles within nonpolar hydrocarbon media, such as aviation kerosene, poses a fundamental colloid science challenge because of the severe surface-energy mismatch between the particles and the fuel. Herein, we report a dual-silane interfacial engineering strategy to tailor the surface chemistry of boron nanoparticles and thereby improve both storage stability and combustion reactivity. A mixed alkyl/fluoroalkyl organosilane interfacial layer, denoted B@Si-C16H33@Si-C10H4F17, was constructed using hexadecyl- and perfluorodecyl-silane modifiers. FTIR and XPS analyses confirmed successful surface functionalization and the introduction of fluorocarbon/siloxane surface species. The modification induced a pronounced wettability transition from a hydrophilic state (contact angle of 8.5°) to a highly hydrophobic state (156°), thereby improving compatibility with aviation kerosene. In a n-decane-based gel fuel system, the functionalized particles exhibited excellent storage and phase-transition stability, resisting sedimentation under both thermal stress (90 °C) and shear-induced liquefaction/re-gelation. The improved stability is attributed to the synergistic effects of hydrocarbon compatibility, steric hindrance, and fluorine-enabled interparticle repulsion. In addition, the fluoroalkyl-containing interface played an active role in combustion: single-droplet combustion experiments showed a shortened ignition delay, faster droplet regression, and stronger microexplosion behavior. Overall, this study provides an effective surface-processing route for preparing boron nanoparticles with simultaneously improved colloidal robustness and combustion performance in hydrocarbon gel fuels.

Strong bonding between fine-line PCB copper and polyimide prepreg is essential for high-frequency and high-density interconnects, yet conventional brown and black oxidation improves adhesion through surface roughening, which can impair signal transmission and fine-line reliability. Here, we show that an on-etching alkaline oxidation can build a copper-side bridging interphase in situ, enabling chemistry-dominated adhesion while preserving ultra-low roughness. The treated interface achieves a peel strength of 1.20 N/mm at an Sa of about 0.25 μm, with lower insertion loss from 10 to 20 GHz and maintained electrical reliability relative to brown oxidation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Kelvin probe work function mapping, focused ion beam cross-sections, and molecular dynamics simulations identify Cu-O-Si linkages and BTA-Cu+ coordination as key chemical anchors for load transfer and interfacial cohesion. This strategy offers a low-loss interface design route compatible with existing PCB processing for advanced 5G/6G and high-density interconnect applications.

Organic accelerators play a critical role in regulating copper electrodeposition and deposit quality. However, the interfacial mechanism of MPS-mediated acceleration remains incompletely understood. To address this issue, we propose a more self-consistent mechanistic model centered on an MPS-Cu(I)-Cl ternary intermediate. By integrating density functional theory (DFT) calculations, DFT-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, electrochemical measurements, and plating experiments, the feasibility and interfacial behavior of the proposed structure were investigated. DFT calculations on representative MPS-Cu(I)-Cl-Cu(II) structures with different charge states distinguish the coordination and reduction behaviors of two Cu centers: the thiolate-bound Cu(I) remains strongly stabilized and resists further reduction, whereas a second Cu(II) species associated with the sulfonate group preferentially accepts electrons and is reduced to Cu(0). This indicates that the Cu(I) center acts as a stable coordinator rather than being directly consumed. MD simulations further reveal that MPS-Cu(I)-Cl adopts a stable adsorption configuration on Cu(220) at lower negative charge, whereas progressive electron enrichment weakens interfacial binding and enhances electrostatic repulsion, indicating a tendency toward interfacial redistribution or separation. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry support the stability and interfacial involvement of MPS-associated Cu(I) species, galvanostatic measurements show sustained potential oscillations consistent with dynamic variations in interfacial coverage, and plating experiments demonstrate that accelerator-derived activity can redistribute beyond the initially treated surface region. Collectively, these results support MPS-Cu(I)-Cl as a physically reasonable and theoretically supported mechanistic model that provides a unified interpretation of Cu(I) stability, rapid interface establishment, potential oscillations, and cross-area activity migration. Although the precise coordination structure of this transient intermediate has not yet been directly confirmed experimentally, this work provides molecular-level insights into chloride-mediated interfacial processes and offers a theoretical basis for the rational design of acid copper electroplating additives.

Transition metal stannates have emerged as promising candidates for efficient air purification owing to their remarkable activity in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) degradation under ambient conditions. However, the molecular-level origin of key active species and the fundamental mechanism underlying aromatic ring activation specifically, the steps of C-H bond cleavage and ring-opening oxidation remain elusive, hindering the rational design of catalysts toward complete toluene (C7H8) mineralization. Herein, an oxygen-vacancy-enriched S-scheme heterojunction, denoted as OV/SnO2@MSH (MSH = MgSn(OH)6), was constructed via a facile one-step hydrothermal strategy. The optimized heterostructure exhibits outstanding performance in C7H8 removal (96.65%), mineralization efficiency (101.8%), and long-term operational stability (>600 min). Combined experimental and theoretical analyses unveil the critical roles of OVs in modulating charge transfer and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) evolution. Specifically, (1) the incorporation of OVs induces a dual-electron transfer pathway centered on OV sites, greatly facilitating interfacial charge migration; (2) this enhanced charge transfer in turn promotes O2 adsorption and its activation into highly oxidative singlet oxygen; and (3) the optimized interface further accelerates intermediate conversion, enabling a smoother Gibbs free energy profile for efficient ring-opening oxidation. This work provides molecular-level insights into charge dynamics and ROSs modulation within S-scheme heterojunctions, offering a new paradigm for the rational design of advanced photocatalysts toward deep VOCs mineralization and sustainable air purification.

In this work, a simple, low-cost and palladium-free method for the electroless metallization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers was developed to enable insulate PET fibers with electrical conductivity. The activation solution containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) dispersed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is applied to form a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-rich surface-physical-interpenetrating-network (SPIN) structure on the surface of the PET fibers. The formed AgNPs adsorb to the PVP within SPIN, serving as active sites dispersed on the fiber surface for metal deposition. The obtained AgNP-SPIN surface was examined by morphological and chemical characterizations, confirming the complete modification over the PET fiber surface. Followed by electroless copper plating, a uniform and dense copper layer with a thickness of approximately 0.8 μm was deposited covering the PET fiber surface. The fabricated conductive PET fibers exhibit outstanding flexibility and strong adhesion between the copper and polymer interface. By sewing the developed conductive fiber threads onto the fabric, the flexible circuit on regular cotton cloth was realized.

Copper foil is a critical material in lithium-ion batteries, with its surface properties having a significant impact on the manufacturing process, internal resistance, heat generation, and long-term performance. This is particularly important for silicon anodes, which experience large strain during cycling, leading to the detachment of active material and subsequent battery degradation. In this study, two surface modification techniques-chemical roughening and electrochemical roughening-were applied separately to copper foil. Interfacial characterization revealed that both methods altered the surface morphology and chemical composition of the copper foil, significantly enhancing its adhesion to silicon/graphite composite anodes. As a result, the treated foils exhibited superior capacity retention and strong rate capabilities, greatly outperforming untreated copper foil. These findings demonstrate that surface modification of copper foil is an effective strategy for improving lithium-ion battery performance, providing a promising pathway for the development of high-capacity, long-life current collectors.

Adenosine (ADO) was selected as a leveling additive for superconformal cobalt filling in X-shaped through-hole. Changes in deposition potential and the generation of new stripping peaks in cyclic voltammetry curves were observed in electrochemical tests of ADO-containing plating solution. The adsorption behavior of ADO on the cobalt surface was investigated using density functional theory calculations, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and electrochemical in situ Fourier transform infrared (E-FTIR) spectroscopy tests. Furthermore, the Co2+ with ADO coordination was simulated via interaction region indicator analysis. Based on the changes of the ADO adsorption sites from the MD and E-FTIR analyses, an intramolecular synergistic acceleration-suppression mechanism was proposed to explain the effects of low-concentration acceleration but high-concentration suppression in cobalt deposition. Surface analysis revealed that ADO exhibited a grain refinement effect, and crystal analysis showed that the Co hcp (002) crystalline plane was preferentially formed. Finally, X-shaped throughhole with a maximum aspect ratio of 2:1 formed cobalt superconformal filling, with a surface deposition thickness of the cobalt layer as low as 1.2 mu m and meanwhile a filling rate >= 90 %.

The introduction of noble metal nanoparticles effectively improves the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 due to the retarded recombination time of the photo-generated electron-hole pairs as well as raised charge transfer rate at interfaces within the composites. In this study, spherical TiO2 particles were prepared by sol-gel reaction and converted into anatase phase by calcination treatment. Ag nanoparticles were deposited on the spherical TiO2, yielding an optoplasmonic core-satellite composite structure. The coverage of Ag nanoparticles on the TiO2 surface was tuned by altering the duration of electroless plating. Due to the enhanced interaction between metal nanoparticle and dielectric component, the photodegradation of organic dyes was promoted accordingly. It was found that with proper Ag deposition degree, the optoplasmonic particle demonstrates the improved photocatalytic performance under ultraviolet and visible excitation. This composite particle was further evaluated in the experiments of practical copper electroplating solution, in which the optoplasmonic particles exhibit promoted photocatalytic activity. This developed structure is therefore a powerful candidate for the low-cost removal of organic additives.

In this work, a self-healing elastomer involving reversible imine bonds was synthesized by Schiff base reaction between the amino groups in amino-modified polydimethylsiloxane (APDMS) and the aldehyde groups in 1,4-diformylbenzene (DFB). The incorporation of amino-modified multi-walled carbon nanotube (AMWCNT) allowed for good dispersion of AMWCNT with few aggregates and effectively balanced the mechanical properties and self-healing performance, achieving a mechanical strength of 132.3 kPa and a self-healing efficiency (HE) of 99.87% at room temperature after 24 h. The reversible imine bond based on the Schiff base linkage promotes quick self-healing upon damage without any external stimulus at room temperature. Through electroless deposition, copper and nickel patterns were formed on the surface of the elastomer, establishing conductive pathways. The average resistivity of the copper trace was 5.40 x 10-8 Omegam (3.63 x 10-7 Omegam for nickel trace), which is 3.18 times that of regular copper wire (5.19 times for regular nickel wire). Upon cleavage and self-healing of the elastomer with copper lines, with the resistivity increment by 14.43% in average (11.01% for nickel wire). This work offers an alternative pathway to the development of self-healable silicone elastomers for future flexible electronics.Highlights Elastomer with balanced mechanical properties and self-healing performance. Recyclable elastomer through hot-press treatment. Copper patterns were electroless-deposited on the elastomer. Damaged pattern restored conductivity within 24 h at room temperature.

Aluminum particles have become one of the essential fuels in solid propellant technology. However, the agglomeration of Al particles in combustion significantly reduces the combustion efficiency of propellants. For improving the combustion efficiency of aluminum particles, CuTFA is grown in-situ on the surface of aluminum particles and synthesized the composites fuel, named Al@CuTFA. Morphological analysis reveals that CuTFA is formed as the sheet-like structure coated on the surface of aluminum particles. The Al@CuTFA demonstrates catalytic activity in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). Furthermore, comparing with the aluminum particles, the burning rate of Al@CuTFA mixed with AP increases from 173 mm/s to 257 mm/s, attributed to the catalytic effect of Cu(II) in CuTFA on aluminum combustion. In addition, Al@CuTFA composites can effectively destroy the Al2O3 layer and mitigating the agglomeration of aluminum particles in the combustion of solid propellant. The metal fuel of solid propellant replaces the aluminum particles with Al@CuTFA, and particle sizes D50 of its condensed product is reduced from 64.976 mu m to 31.303 mu m. Thus, constructing the bifunctionalized Al@CuTFA composites is an effective strategy to improve the combustion performance of solid propellant.

This study investigated the impact of zinc oxide’s (ZnO’s) morphology on the piezoelectric performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites for flexible sensors. Rod-like (NR) and sheet-like (NS) ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via hydrothermal methods and incorporated into PVDF through direct ink writing (DIW). The structural analyses confirmed the successful formation of wurtzite ZnO and enhanced β-phase content in the PVDF/ZnO composites. At a degree of 15 wt% loading, the ZnO-NS nanoparticles achieved the highest β-phase fraction (81.3%) in PVDF due to their high specific surface area, facilitating dipole alignment and strain-induced crystallization. The optimized PVDF/ZnO-NS-15 sensor demonstrated superior piezoelectric outputs (4.75 V, 140 mV/N sensitivity) under a 27 N force, outperforming its ZnO-NR counterparts (3.84 V, 100 mV/N). The cyclic tests revealed exceptional durability (<5% signal attenuation after 1000 impacts) and a rapid response (<100 ms). The application trials validated their real-time motion-monitoring capabilities, including finger joint flexion detection. This work highlights the morphology-dependent interfacial polarization as a critical factor for high-performance flexible sensors, offering a scalable DIW-based strategy for wearable electronics.

Transient electronics has demonstrated significant promise in data protection and information security, as a novel category of advanced electronic devices with specialized applications. We report that a pressure sensor exhibiting high energy characteristics was developed utilizing direct writing technology and directional pressurization. This sensor comprises a poly(ionic liquid) derived poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and carbon nanotubes (PEDOT:PILs/CNTs) electrode and an energetic ionic liquid modified carbon nanotubes (EILs-CNTs) film. The control system is engineered to enable the sensor to detect instances of violent disassembly of the target chip, allowing it to actively incinerate and obliterate sensitive information in response to external threats. The sensor exhibits high sensitivity, rapid response times, and robust energy attributes. Notably, experimental results indicate that the transient electronic device is capable of executing self-destruction within a timeframe of 180 ms.

Some potential impurities could be found in copper plating solution with the utilisation of insoluble anodes and the addition of CuO. The influences of Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple, NH4+ and Ti4+ on the performance of copper electrodeposition were investigated. The mechanism of Fe3+/Fe2+ in the plating solution was investigated to determine the impact of the ferric/ferrous (Fe3+/Fe2+) redox couple on the behaviour of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and bis-(3-sulphopropyl) disulphide (SPS) during copper electrodeposition. Experimental results showed that the thickness of the copper layer was inhibited but the throwing power was improved in the presence of the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple while current efficiency was diminished. However, little significant difference was obtained in the throwing power, current efficiency, morphology and thermal stress with Ti4 + and NH4+ in the plating solution.