Defect engineering plays a pivotal role in tuning the surface reactivity of nanomaterials, making it a significant research field in enhancing performance of the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, controlling the diversity of defects within nanocrystals and elucidating their impacts on the catalytic activity remain great challenges. Herein, highly open Pt-Cu nanoframes (Pt-Cu NFs) featuring penta-twinned structures, dislocations, and atomic steps are explored. This unique architecture enhances exposure of active sites to a great extent and facilitates H* adsorption and H2 desorption. Impressively, the Pt-Cu NFs merely require an overpotential of 10 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for the HER and exhibit outstanding stability exceeding 500 h in 0.5 M H2SO4. Additionally, the mass activity (MA) and turnover frequency (TOF) of the Pt-Cu NFs are 9.0- and 17.1-fold higher than those of commercial Pt/C at an overpotential of 100 mV, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the electronic interaction between Pt and Cu results in a downshift of the d-band center which in turn optimizes the hydrogen adsorption energy at Pt sites. This work demonstrates that the fabrication of nanoframe architecture with diverse defects presents an effective approach to design high-performance HER electrocatalysts.

Perovskite oxides have garnered extensive interest as prospective catalysts for massive-scale green hydrogen generation through water electrolysis. Nevertheless, their practical utilization has been long constrained by the inadequate bifunctional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) efficiency. Herein, A-site high-entropy perovskite (LaSmPrBaSr)0.2CoO3 (LSmPBSC) is fabricated via a scalable glycine combustion process, producing a phase-pure material with no elemental phase segregation. The incorporation of low-valence Ba and Sr with large-radius into the low-entropy (LaSmPr)0.33CoO3 framework triggers lattice strain, generates numerous oxygen vacancies, and adjusts the electronic configuration of Co at catalytic sites, thereby enhancing intrinsic reactivity and structural durability. The LSmPBSC demonstrates superior bifunctional electrocatalytic performance in 1.0 M KOH, necessitating minimal overpotentials of 237 mV (HER) and 336 mV (OER) to reach current density of 10 mA cm-2, respectively. Meanwhile, it exhibits remarkable long-term stability for both HER and OER, showing negligible degradation over 500 h at 100 mA cm-2. The integrated two-electrode electrolyzer for total water splitting attains 10 mA cm-2 at 1.78 V exhibits outstanding operational longevity for 350 h. This A-site high-entropy approach offers a viable pathway for constructing perovskite oxide catalysts with improved water electrolysis efficiency.

Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for advancing clean and sustainable energy technologies. Herein, we report a highly active and durable catalyst consisting of ultrafine ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles anchored on an octahedral porous carbon matrix (Ru@PC). Ru@PC is fabricated via ammonia solution etching of molybdenum carbide (MoC) from a Ru-MoC@PC precursor, which is prepared through a copper-based metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) assisted galvanic replacement strategy. Ammonia etching increases porosity to facilitate ion diffusion and electron transfer, exposes abundant Ru active sites, and mitigates alkaline instability induced by Mo(VI) species. Benefiting from these structural and compositional advantages, Ru@PC exhibits exceptional pH-universal HER activity, achieving ultralow over-potentials of 6 mV, 28 mV, and 54 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M KOH, 0.5 M H2SO4, and 1.0 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) electrolytes, respectively. Furthermore, the Ru@PC catalyst demonstrates superior mass activity, high turnover frequency (TOF) values, and robust long-term operational stability. The HER activity of Ru@PC is comparable to that of commercial Pt/C and outperforms most recently reported electrocatalysts. This work provides a promising synthetic paradigm for the rational design of advanced carbon-supported noble-metal electrocatalysts for HER.

ABSTRACT Rare earth (RE) oxides are widely applied in electrocatalysis, yet their intrinsic catalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains limited due to unfavorable hydrogen intermediate adsorption. Herein, a novel heterogeneous electrocatalyst comprising ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles coupled with medium‐entropy fluorite‐type oxide (CeNdSmGdEr)O x (MEO x ) on the nitrogen‐doped carbon (Ru/MEO x /NC) is developed. The prepared Ru/MEO x /NC showed superior HER activity in both alkaline and acidic media, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm −2 with overpotentials of merely 18 and 58 mV, respectively. Furthermore, using Ru/MEO x /NC as cathode catalyst, the anion‐exchange membrane water electrolyzer can achieve 1 A cm −2 at 2.17 V and can be operated at 0.7 A cm −2 for 1000 h. The introduction of multiple elements into CeO 2 lattice facilitates the generation of abundant oxygen vacancies, which act as active sites for accelerating H 2 O adsorption and dissociation. The electronic configuration of interfacial Ru sites is tailored by MEO x , resulting in favorable hydrogen adsorption free energy. Furthermore, the established Ru−O−RE bridge facilitates electron transfer from Ru to MEO x , thereby optimizing the interfacial charge transfer kinetics. This work elucidates entropy engineering to regulate the electronic structure of active sites, offering a viable strategy for designing entropy‐controlled electrocatalysts toward electrochemical HER.

Ni-based catalysts have been extensively investigated for lignin hydrogenation; however, they often exhibit limited phenol selectivity and poor catalytic stability. To address these challenges, we introduced Cu as a promoter, resulting in the development of NiCu/ZSM-5 catalysts with significantly enhanced phenol selectivity and durability. Characterization studies revealed that Cu species form an alloy structure with Ni, which effectively suppresses the sintering of Ni nanoparticles during the catalytic process, thereby maintaining consistent performance over multiple reaction cycles. Furthermore, the Cu-Ni alloy demonstrated improved hydrogen activation capability while reducing overall H2 uptake, leading to a marked increase in phenol selectivity compared to the Cu-free Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst. As a result, the Ni1Cu1/ZSM-5 (Ni/Cu molar ratio = 1:1) catalyst achieved a lignin conversion of 69.8% and a phenol selectivity of 84.4%, with negligible performance degradation over 8 cycles. The strategy presented in this work may offer an effective approach for enhancing the performance of industrial catalysts in lignin upgrading processes.

Perovskites with tunable compositions and structures are desirable electrocatalysts for water electrolysis. However, achieving efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media using perovskite-based catalysts remains a significant challenge. Herein, a Cu-doped La0.5Ba0.5CoO3-delta perovskite was synthesized via a sol-gel method, which exhibits enhanced HER electrocatalytic activity through the construction of dual active sites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses reveal that Cu doping simultaneously induces the oxidation of Co and the formation of oxygen vacancies, establishing a synergistic charge compensation between the dual active sites. Specifically, oxygen vacancies promote water dissociation by enhancing adsorption, while high-valence Co species reduce charge transfer resistance, thereby facilitating electron transfer during HER. As a result, the optimized La0.5Ba0.5Co0.8Cu0.2O3-delta (LBCC0.2) achieves low overpotentials of 160 mV and 228 mV at current densities of 10 and 100 mAcm(-2), respectively. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrates outstanding stability, maintaining 200 h for HER operation, outperforming commercial Pt/C. This study highlights the advantage of dual active sites in boosting the intrinsic electrochemical activity and underscores the potential of Cu-doped perovskites for efficient hydrogen production.

Designing catalysts that can undergo deep reconstruction to form active oxyhydroxides for efficient oxygen evolution reactions (OER) remains urgently needed yet challenging. Herein, a series of KCo1- xFexF3 was rationally synthesized, in which the leaching of K+ and F- ions induces self-reconstruction during alkaline OER. Moreover, the introduction of Fe enhances the ionicity of the M-F bonds, promoting bond dissociation and inducing local structural disordering, strengthening the electrochemical reconstruction. In situ Raman reveals that the Co sites serve as the catalytic centers within the amorphous (Co, Fe)OOH active layer, and Fe incorporation increases the formation of active species and promotes deep reconstruction. Further studies reveal that Fe doping enables the OER mechanism to switch from a dual pathway of the adsorbate evolution mechanism and lattice oxygen-mediated mechanism (LOM) to a LOM, thus improving the OER performance. The reconstructed KCo0.7Fe0.3F3 delivers a low overpotential of 257 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and remains stable for over 100 h at 100 mA cm-2, superior to that of commercial RuO2. This work provides a rational method for deep reconstruction of the catalyst and fundamental insights into enhancing OER catalytic performance.

The transition monometallic atom/ nitrogen -doped carbon catalysts (TM/N-C) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), including single-atom TM/N-C (SACs) and homonuclear double-atom TM/N-C (DACs), typically feature active sites with symmetric MN4 or M2N6 moieties. This symmetry often causes unfavorable intermediate adsorption and slow kinetics, resulting in limited activity. An asymmetric trinuclear active site (Fe2N6-LaN4), consisting of a central N-coordinated La atom flanked by two Fe atoms, is anchored into the carbon framework through a straightforward one-step pyrolysis of Fe, La-codoped zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). After introducing the rare earth metal La atom, the Fe d-band center shifts toward the negative direction, thus the interaction between the active sites and the intermediates is weakened, which decreases the reaction barrier during the ORR. The resulting Fe2N6-LaN4 triatomic catalyst (Fe-La/N-C TAC) shows improved electrocatalytic activity for the ORR, with half-wave potentials (E1/2) of 0.910 V in alkaline electrolyte and 0.795 V in acidic electrolyte, significantly surpassing SAC and DAC counterparts. In addition, Zn-air battery (ZAB) utilizing Fe-La/N-C as the air electrode catalyst achieves a capacity of 810 mA h g-1. This work provides a promising atomically dispersed heterometallic electrocatalyst with potential applications in energy conversion.

The precise design of efficient and robust electrocatalysts is critical for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). In this study, hollow platinum-silver alloy nanonests (PtAg NNs/CF) were synthesized via a time-controlled electrochemical approach (5 s) by leveraging the Kirkendall effect, which introduces defect-rich structures such as stacking faults (SFs), grain boundaries (GBs), mismatch dislocations, edges, and steps. This rationally designed MOR catalyst displays a 29.9-fold improvement in mass activity (23.9 +/- 0.47 A mgPt-1 ) and 3.6-fold improvement in current density (116.1 mA cm-2 ) compared to commercial 20% Pt/C. Furthermore, the PtAg NNs/CF catalyst demonstrates excellent stability, retaining 95.9% of its initial activity after 800 cycles. Through in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the superior CO poisoning resistance of PtAg NNs/CF was further verified. Experimental results combined with density functional theory (DFT) simulations demonstrate that electron transfer from Ag to Pt modulates the d-band center of PtAg NNs/CF and alleviates CO poisoning, thereby significantly enhancing the catalytic activity and stability toward MOR. This work highlights the importance of comprehensively understanding defect-rich characteristics and tunable electronic structure-performance relationships for the rational design of catalysts with tailored active sites for targeted catalytic reactions. (c) 2026 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Perovskite oxides are gradually becoming promising catalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting, with rational electronic structure modulation enabling exceptional activity, stability, and cost-effectiveness. Herein, Fe-doped La0.5Ba0.5CoO3-delta (LBC) perovskites are synthesized via a sol-gel method, and the optimized composition, La0.5Ba0.5Co0.6Fe0.4O3-delta (LBCF0.4), exhibits dramatically increased hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities. Notably, Fe doping effectively modulates the electronic structure, optimizes the adsorption energy of H*, and accelerates the reaction kinetics, endowing LBCF0.4 with remarkable HER activity, particularly at high current densities. Furthermore, an in situ surface reconstruction during HER leads to the formation of an amorphous Co-rich layer with exposed active sites. Concurrently, LBCF0.4 demonstrates unprecedented stability, maintaining performance for over 2000 h at 500 mA cm-2. For OER, LBCF0.4 demonstrates a 42% lower overpotential than LBC (301 vs 473 mV @ 10 mA cm-2) and a 36-fold higher turnover frequency at an overpotential of 300 mV. This significant performance improvement can be ascribed to Fe4+ species, the increased content of oxygen vacancies, and the in situ formation of amorphous Co/Fe (oxy)hydroxides. This work highlights the importance of electronic regulation and structural evolution in electrocatalysis, offering a promising strategy for designing efficient perovskite catalysts.

Sodium lignosulphonate, is a biomacromolecule with a three-dimensional network structure and abundant functional groups and is considered an ideal material for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, nitrogen-doped carbon material was achieved using an efficient nano‑magnesium oxide template strategy with sodium lignosulphonate as carbon precursor and the assistance of urea. By using a hard template method, Nano‑magnesium oxide is employed as the template agent to adjust the pore size distribution of the carbon material. The introduction of doping heteroatoms through urea can influence the electronic structure and chemical activity of materials. The optimized sample demonstrated impressive electrochemical performance, achieved an initial discharge capacity of 2541 mA h g-1 at a current density of 0.2 A g-1. Furthermore, after enduring 100 charge-discharge cycles, the sample maintained a capacity of 1031 mA h g-1. This retention of capacity over multiple cycles points to the stability of the material. Additionally, the Coulombic efficiency of the sample remained consistently above 97 %. It exhibits outstanding rate performance and cycling stability. This study presents an original and environment-protecting method to fabricate carbon materials using sodium lignosulphonate as precursor, which is aimed at further enhancing the performance of lithium-ion batteries and broadening the application of new energy technologies.

Perovskite materials are widely used as multifunctional materials in photovoltaics, electronics, and electrochemistry and have been explored for use in the field of lithium-ion battery research in recent years due to their excellent ion mobility properties and defect tolerance. Cs2NaBiCl6, with excellent ion mobility properties and defect tolerance, is explored for use as an anode in lithium-ion batteries, which have higher initial capacity and the potential for combining with halide solid electrolytes; however, low cycling stability limits its application. In this paper, Mn2+-doped Cs2NaBiCl6 powders were successfully prepared via the solvothermal method, and Mn2+ was used as an anchor to stabilize the perovskite lattice to improve its electrochemical performance. Meanwhile, the cycling stability can also be enhanced by the thermal field treatment. Finally, the discharge specific capacity of the cell was increased from 81 mA h/g to nearly 240 mA h/g under the synergistic effect of the dopant and the thermal field, and the capacity retention of the cell was close to 100% in the subsequent electrochemical cycles. This capacity enhancement provides a feasible strategy to improve the performance of perovskite anode materials.

Hydrogen production via electrocatalytic water splitting is hampered by the slow kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, Pt3Co nano-alloy embedded in cobalt-based N-doped carbon nanotubes (Pt3Co@Co@NCNTs) was prepared by one-step high temperature thermal method, achieving energy-saving efficient hydrogen (H2) fabrication by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) coupled with the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Due to the optimal electronic structure of the Pt3Co NPs and asymmetric electron transfer in the NCNTs, the Pt3Co@Co@NCNTs presents the overpotential of as low as 17 mV at 10 mA cm-2 for the HER, and a mass activity of as high as 1170 mA mgPt-1 for the MOR in alkaline conditions, which are better than that of commercial Pt/C (ti10 = 35 mV, 692 mA mgPt-1). This dual-electrode cell boasts impressive long-life cycling stability and operates with a cell voltage of only 1.49 V at the current density of 10 mA cm-2. This performance even exceeds that of the commercial Pt/C||RuO2 electrode pairs. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations have confirmed that the exceptional activity and CO poisoning resistance originate from Co-doping, which leads to a reconfiguration of charge and a reduction in reaction energy barriers for between the rate-determining step of a Volmer procedure in the HER and the formation of *CO to*COOH in the MOR. This study presents a novel approach to achieving efficient HER through overall water splitting.

Exploring robust and cost-effective multicomponent electrocatalysts is crucial for enhancing the diversity of active sites in water oxidation processes. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention as promising electrocatalysts due to their tunable chemical compositions and structural flexibility. Herein, tetrametallic NiFeCoV-MOF-74 nanospheres, with distinctive triangular protrusions, were prepared by a facile one-step solvothermal method. The as-synthesized catalysts demonstrate superior oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance under alkaline conditions. Specifically, the NiFeCoV-MOF-74 displays a low overpotential of 266 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 32.7 mV dec-1, outperforming commercial RuO2 and other catalytic reference samples. Additionally, the catalyst exhibits outstanding long-term stability, maintaining its activity for 100 h even at 100 mA cm-2. Comprehensive characterization through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ Raman spectroscopy reveals that the electrochemically generated NiOOH and CoOOH serve as the real active sites, significantly enhancing OER activity. Furthermore, a multimetallic synergistic effect, facilitated by electron transfer among Ni, Fe, Co, and V elements, substantially accelerates the OER kinetics. This work highlights the importance of designing multimetallic MOFs with optimized compositions for advanced electrochemical energy conversion systems.

The morphology of the electrode materials seriously affect their structure and performances. The application of two-dimensional Ni(OH)2 nanomaterials in supercapacitors is hindered by their low conductivity and limited active sites. Herein, we synthesized Ni(OH)2@NiS composites via a two-step hydrothermal route. It increased the specific surface area and improved ion-transport rate of the composites. The Ni(OH)2@NiS-2 sample delivered a specific capacitance of 1778 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and good cycle stability (88% capacity retention at 2 A g-1 after 10 000 cycles). Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) fabricated using the Ni(OH)2@NiS-2 composite electrode achieved an energy density of 110.25 Wh kg-1 at 2700 W kg-1. Moreover, the device demonstrated stable cycling capability at extreme temperatures (-10 °C and -20 °C).

Abstract Perovskite oxides are gradually becoming promising catalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting, with rational electronic structure modulation enabling exceptional activity, stability, and cost‐effectiveness. Herein, Fe‐doped La 0.5 Ba 0.5 CoO 3–δ (LBC) perovskites are synthesized via a sol‐gel method, and the optimized composition, La 0.5 Ba 0.5 Co 0.6 Fe 0.4 O 3–δ (LBCF 0.4 ), exhibits dramatically increased hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities. Notably, Fe doping effectively modulates the electronic structure, optimizes the adsorption energy of H * , and accelerates the reaction kinetics, endowing LBCF 0.4 with remarkable HER activity, particularly at high current densities. Furthermore, an in situ surface reconstruction during HER leads to the formation of an amorphous Co‐rich layer with exposed active sites. Concurrently, LBCF 0.4 demonstrates unprecedented stability, maintaining performance for over 2000 h at 500 mA cm −2 . For OER, LBCF 0.4 demonstrates a 42% lower overpotential than LBC (301 vs 473 mV @ 10 mA cm −2 ) and a 36‐fold higher turnover frequency at an overpotential of 300 mV. This significant performance improvement can be ascribed to Fe 4+ species, the increased content of oxygen vacancies, and the in situ formation of amorphous Co/Fe (oxy)hydroxides. This work highlights the importance of electronic regulation and structural evolution in electrocatalysis, offering a promising strategy for designing efficient perovskite catalysts.

Amorphous materials, which bear unique atomic arrangements, have garnered significant study on lithium-ion batteries due to inherent properties, including isotropy and defect distribution. Herein, a novel amorphous MoO2- x@V2O3- x@C double-core-shell structure is ingeniously designed by simple solvothermal and pyrolytic reactions, and the valence states of amorphous MoO2 and V2O3 are precisely characterized using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopic measurements. In situ XRD, in situ EIS and density functional theory calculations confirm that the amorphous structure enhances the electronic conductivity of MoO2- x@V2O3- x@C-2, optimizes the Li+ relocation paths and the associated energy barriers, thus improving the Li+ diffusion kinetics. Furthermore, the formation of V2O3- x layer, along with the establishment of a 3D network structure of amorphous carbon, enhanced the electronic conductivity and mitigated swelling of the electrodes, thereby improving stability during battery cycling. Benefiting from this multiscale coordinated design, the optimized MoO2- x@V2O3- x@C electrodes exhibit high discharge capacity of 477.5 mAh g-1 at 10.0 A g-1, along with exceptional cycling stability, showing minimal capacity loss even after undergoing 1000 cycles at 20.0 A g-1. Additionally, MoO2- x@V2O3- x@C||LiCoO2 full batteries maintain good capacity over 300 cycles. The proposed amorphous and core-shell structure fabrication concept offers novel insights into developing advanced high-efficiency energy storage materials.

The development of affordable composite catalysts with excellent electrocatalytic activity and durability for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential for sustainable water splitting. Herein, by using SiO2/C as the sacrificial template and NiCo-BLDH as the phosphating/vulcanizing precursor, we meticulously fabricate a hierarchical stabilization system of the nickel cobalt phosphosulfide nanosheets evenly supporting on hollow carbon spheres (C@(NiCo)PxSy) for OER electrocatalyst. By modulating the electronic structure and interfacial properties via cation-anion coordination, the optimized C@(NiCo)P10S2 catalyst possesses an overpotential as low as 264 mV (at 10 mA cm-2) in 1.0 M KOH medium. The enhanced performance stems from phosphosulfideinduced charge redistribution, hollow carbon-enhanced mass transport, and interfacial synergy, which collectively increase active sites and accelerate charge transfer. This work provides a rational design strategy through electronic structure regulation and interface engineering, offering insights for developing high-performance OER electrocatalysts.

The construction of highly efficient conductive metal-organic frameworks (cMOFs) for water splitting remains a significant challenge. Herein, a hexagonal prismatic trimetallic cMOF grown on carbon cloth (NiFeCo-HHTP/CC) is prepared through a facile solvothermal method. The introduction of Co into NiFe-HHTP/CC not only significantly enhances the electrical conductivity but also modulates the electronic structure of NiFeCo-HHTP/CC, thereby endowing the catalyst with remarkable activities for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 1.0 M KOH. X-ray absorption spectroscopy combined with in situ Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that Co incorporation effectively promotes the formation of NiFeCoOOH which serves as the active species during the OER. Meanwhile, the Co-induced electron redistribution leads to electron accumulation at Ni and Fe sites, facilitating water adsorption and dissociation, thus greatly improving the HER. NiFeCo-HHTP/CC achieves a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at ultralow overpotentials of 214 mV for the OER and 75 mV for the HER, respectively. Furthermore, the assembled NiFeCo-HHTP/CC & Vert;NiFeCo-HHTP/CC electrolyzer requires a remarkably low voltage of 1.53 V to reach 10 mA cm-2 for water splitting and remains stable for 200 h, outperforming commercial RuO2/CC & Vert;Pt/C/CC and most reported MOF-related electrocatalysts. This work presents a promising pathway for designing high-efficiency electrocatalysts for energy conversion.

Halide perovskite materials have received considerable attention for solar cells, LEDs, lasers etc. owing to their controllable physicochemical properties and structural advantages. However, little research has focused on energy storage and conversion applications, such as use as anodes in lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, all-inorganic lead-free halide perovskite Cs3Bi2Cl9 powders were synthesized by the grinding method, and the lattice was successfully adjusted via introducing Mn2+. The characterization results show that Mn-ion substitution can cause local lattice distortion to restructure the lattice, which will cause a mixed arrangement of [BiCl6] octahedra to improve the performance of the anode material. This new material can provide a feasible solution for solving the problem of low specific capacity anode materials caused by unstable crystal structures, and also indicates that such perovskites with unique crystal structures and lattice tunability have broad application prospects in lithium-ion batteries.