In this paper, a mode-mismatched photothermal lens liquid sensing system using a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) as the excitation source for the detection of furfural in insulating oil. The mid-infrared absorption spectrum of furfural in an insulating oil matrix was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, identifying the optimal absorption peak at 1703 cm-1 . Temperature and current tuning of the DFB-QCL were performed on pure oil and a 500 mg/L furfural/insulating oil sample to determine the optimal temperature and current values, ensuring maximum sensitivity during light excitation of the oil samples. Frequency-domain investigation of the PTL signal response revealed an exponential decrease in signal amplitude with increasing modulation frequency. The PTL signal amplitude exhibited a linear correlation with furfural concentration in the insulating oil. The sensing system has a low limit of detection (LOD) for furfural in insulating oil down to 5.9 mg/L, with a linear concentration range extending up to 500 mg/L. This method does not require pretreatment of the oil sample and can be used for real-time in-situ monitoring.

Diabetic wound management is compromised by infection, oxidative stress, and viscous exudates that dilute therapeutic agents. We report a spatially organized bilayer polyurethane scaffold designed to address these barriers. The scaffold integrates: (i) a hydrophilic layer with covalently bound L-arginine and ascorbic acid for degradation-dependent nitric oxide generation and ROS scavenging; (ii) a hydrophobic layer presenting REDV peptides for endothelial recruitment; and (iii) aligned microchannels with engineered wettability gradients enabling directional transport of viscous exudates (up to 90 mPa·s). This architectural segregation prevents therapeutic dilution while promoting regeneration. In diabetic infected wounds, the scaffold achieved 91.7% closure by day 12, significantly outperforming controls (43.8%) and commercial Tegaderm (56.7%). Treatment facilitated bacterial clearance, inflammatory resolution (reduced TNF-α/IL-1β, elevated IL-10), growth factor upregulation, and robust vessel maturation. These findings demonstrate that orchestrating degradation-dependent therapeutic release with directional fluid transport offers a potent translational strategy for chronic wound treatment.

As the foundation for connecting and supporting various electronic components, Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) play an important role in modern electronic systems. The quality of PCBs physical design directly impacts the performance, reliability, and cost of the entire circuit. However, the automation of PCB physical design remains an issue that has not been fully resolved. In order to obtain high quality PCBs, component placement is the most important stage in an PCB design, and its result significantly influences both the wirelength and the overall routability of the design. Hence, we propose an analytical automated placement algorithm tailored for PCBs in this paper, including three stages: global placement, legalization, and fine-tuning. We perform an extensive study with 10 PCB designs and an open-source router. We show that the quality of our placement results is closer to that of manual. Compared to traditional algorithms, our analytical approach achieves higher routing completion rates and significantly reduces placement runtime.

Passivation of three-dimensional (3D) perovskite surface defects using low-dimensional (LD) perovskites has emerged as a prevalent strategy for boosting device efficiency. Nevertheless, organic ammonium iodide-derived LD perovskites typically induce undesirable interfacial deprotonation and unstable Pb–I bond exposure, ultimately compromising device stability. Herein, we introduced a robust one-dimensional (1D) perovskite interface layer through co-assembly of tetrabutylammonium (TBA⁺) cations and pseudo-halogen anions. The optimized interface configuration concurrently suppresses interfacial deprotonation and interlayer ion migration. Furthermore, triflate (CF3SO3−) anions stabilize the lattice through coordinated displacement of unstable surface Pb–I bonds and anchoring of undercoordinated Pb2+ sites. Finally, the champion small-area device and module achieve remarkable efficiencies of 26.47% (certified as 26.18%) and 24.29% (certified as 23.73%), demonstrating superior performance across multiple configurations. The treated devices retain >90% initial efficiency after 800 h at 85°C (ISOS-D-2) and exhibit T90 operational lifetime over 2,000 h under continuous illumination (ISOS-L-2).

Abundant new nanomaterials are developed every year to enhance traditional radiotherapy by improving therapeutic response and reducing side effects. However, current pre-clinical models for evaluating these nanomaterials suffer from low fidelity (e.g., 2D cellular assays) or high cost (e.g., model animals). Considering that tumor spheroids can proliferate on a large scale and at low cost while possessing complex architectures that replicate in vivo solid tumors, in this work, we developed a microfluidic platform integrated with uniform tumor spheroids for the fast and reliable evaluation of radio-therapeutic nanomaterials. Utilizing a cascade of two microfluidic chips (G-chip and T-chip), our platform enabled fast generation, long-term cultivation, and precise pre-treatment of uniform tumor spheroids. The narrow size distribution and high viability of the tumor spheroids originating from the droplet microfluidic G-chip ensured the subsequent evaluation was reproducible and reliable. By regulating the concentration gradient formed in the T-chip through controlling fluidic flow rates, tumor spheroids can be pretreated with different concentrations of radio-therapeutic nanomaterials precisely and simultaneously. Herein, a previously reported radio-therapeutic nanoenzyme was employed to implement radiotherapy evaluation based on the platform as a proof of concept, producing results with high fidelity to in vivo solid tumor. This microfluidic platform shows great potential for the straightforward, reliable, and cost-effective evaluation of radiotherapy nanomaterials.

Driven by the demand for low-latency, privacy-preserving edge AI inference, this paper proposes a multimodal-capable edge platform based on the open-source RISC-V E203 CPU. It integrates a tightly coupled deep learning accelerator, extends a custom deep learning instruction set, and deploys TensorFlow Lite Runtime. It supports processing image, audio, and text data from peripherals such as the OV5640 camera, microphone, and SD card, enabling multimodal input. The experimental results on the Xilinx XC7A200T-2 FPGA show a speed increase of 3.29x–9.89x for different deep learning models, with a dynamic power of 1.737W and static power of 0.167W.

This paper presents a high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC) based on a Time-Interleaved Successive Approximation Register (TI-SAR) architecture. The ADC employs 5-channel time-interleaving technique to achieve a sampling rate of 1 GS/s with 10-bit resolution. The chip is implemented in 65nm CMOS process. Operating under a 1.2V supply voltage, the ADC consumes 28.4 mW of power, achieving an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 9.76 bits, a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 60.56 dB, a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 67.41 dB, and a figure of merit (FOM) of 32.7 fJ/conv.-step. This design is suitable for applications such as 5G communications, radar communications, and high-performance digital oscilloscopes.

Abstract This paper proposes an AI-based end-to-end decoding method for high-density optical disks. A bidirectional RNN directly decodes raw RF signals, overcoming the jitter-noise sensitivity of traditional PRML decoders. Experimental results show significantly improved BER under jitter noise with linear computational complexity O(N).

As an important energy storage device, the monitoring and early warning of thermal runaway in lithiumion batteries is a key issue that urgently needs to be addressed. This paper proposes the use of flexible sensors to monitor the surface expansion force of batteries, thereby achieving early warning of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries. To this end, two types of capacitive flexible sensors based on Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene (MXene) and carbon nanotube (CNT) were designed and fabricated, and their performances were studied through a combination of experimental tests and simulation analysis. It is found that the MXene/TPU sensor has significantly higher sensitivity in the low-pressure range (<25 kPa), while the CNT/TPU sensor exhibits better response performance in the high-pressure range (25 kPa–1000 kPa), along with a lower detection limit and superior stability. Both sensors demonstrate excellent overall performance, and their properties can be optimized by adjusting the electrode microstructure and dielectric layer parameters. This study provides an effective sensing solution for the development of battery safety monitoring technology.

Diabetic wounds represent one of the most devastating complications of diabetes mellitus, characterized by delayed or non-healing outcomes arising from the complex pathological microenvironment, including vascular impairment, excessive inflammation, and persistent infection. To achieve simultaneous modulation of the multiple pathological features underlying diabetic wounds, herein we developed polydopamine nanoparticles surface-functionalized with copper-tannic acid metal-phenolic networks (PDA@Cu-TA). PDA@Cu-TA improves the photothermal conversion efficiency of pristine PDA. Benefiting from the chelating effect of Cu-TA and the strong adhesion of PDA, this composite material achieves responsive sustained release of Cu2+, which greatly elevates its biosafety. In addition, the combination of released Cu2+ and mild photothermal treatment exhibits outstanding antibacterial capacity and markedly facilitates neovascularization. In vitro studies demonstrated that PDA@Cu-TA exhibited excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and antibacterial activities, along with outstanding biocompatibility.In vivo experiments further confirmed that PDA@Cu-TA significantly accelerated wound closure in diabetic mice.Collectively, this study presents a multifunctional nanoplatform that enables synchronous regulation of the diabetic pathological microenvironment for effective wound repair via mild photothermal therapy.

The regulation of intratumoral redox homeostasis represents a significant challenge for therapies leveraging reactive oxygen species (ROS) to achieve antitumor effects. Perturbing the fine balance between ROS and antioxidant defenses within tumor can increase their susceptibility to ROS-based cancer therapies. In this study, a supramolecular nanoamplifier, P alpha LA@TAPP-MnO2, was developed via the co-assembly of the photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (TAPP) and manganese dioxide nanoenzyme (MnO2) with a reductive-responsive anticancer drug carrier, poly alpha-lipoic acid (P alpha LA), through electrostatic adsorption and metal coordination interactions. This nanoamplifier is efficiently internalized by tumor cells and releases its therapeutic payload in response to elevated intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. The MnO2 component, capable of depleting GSH and generating hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH), synergizes with TAPP-mediated photodynamic therapy to further exacerbate intracellular redox imbalance. In vivo studies demonstrated that this nanoamplifier significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy while progressively promoting photodynamic therapy-induced immunogenic cell death. Overall, the supramolecular nanoamplifier presented here provides a novel strategy for designing anticancer nanomedicines by modulating intratumoral redox homeostasis.

The performance of air-processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is often compromised by the vulnerable perovskite/charge transport layer interface arising from exposure to ambient moisture during fabrication, which promotes nonradiative recombination, ion migration, and poor tolerance to reverse-bias stress. Conventional passivation strategies primarily focus on defect-density reduction and fail to address these issues simultaneously. Here, we report a dielectric-chemical interfacial engineering based on solution-processed metal oxide nanoparticles deposited at the perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interface. On one hand, the Pb-O coordination between the metal oxide and the perovskite surface chemically passivates Pb-related defects. On the other hand, the resulting high-κ dielectric environment screens residual charged defects and increases interfacial capacitance, thereby suppressing recombination, mitigating electric-field localization under reverse bias, and restraining ion migration. Among the investigated metal oxides, ZrO2 provides the most effective interfacial passivation and dielectric screening, leading to notable efficiencies of 25.60% and 22.85% for the PSCs and perovskite solar modules (PSMs), respectively. Moreover, the resulting devices exhibit excellent operational robustness, as evidenced by the increased reverse breakdown voltage from -1.8 V to -4.0 V and the retention of 96.8% of the initial efficiency after 1470 h of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with encapsulation.

This paper presents MARS-Place, a novel multi-stage alignment-refined strategy for automated PCB placement and routing optimization. The proposed framework consists of three key stages: Initial Placement, Detailed Placement, and Fine-tuning, each designed to address specific challenges and enhance placement quality. In the Fine-tuning stage, a force-based alignment mechanism is introduced, leveraging both attractive and repulsive forces to improve pad alignment within nets, thereby reducing routing complexity and unnecessary bends. Furthermore, a classification-based initial placement and an adaptive exploration radius strategy are integrated to accelerate convergence while maintaining high solution quality. Experimental results on open-source benchmarks demonstrate that MARS-Place outperforms state-of-the-art PCB placement methods, achieving an average 5%-25% reduction in wirelength, 12%-36% reduction in via count, and 8%-23% reduction in the number of routing segments, leading to improved signal integrity and routing efficiency.

Surgical resection often leaves residual lesions that lead to tumor recurrence and high mortality across various cancer types, a challenge that is particularly pronounced in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Herein, we developed a sprayable hydrogel loaded with fusion cellular vesicles (Fus-CVs) and characterized its structural and mechanical properties for the prevention of postoperative tumor recurrence. Fus-CVs co‑express PD‑1 to engage PD‑L1 on tumor cells and CD36 to competitively bind oxidized lipids in the tumor microenvironment, thereby effectively reversing T cell exhaustion and restoring T cell effector function. Additionally, the sprayable hydrogel, formed by crosslinking sodium alginate (SA) with the ionic solution (calcium chloride, CaCl2; manganese chloride, MnCl2), enables sustained local delivery of Fus‑CVs to potentiate T cell‑mediated killing of residual tumor cells. In vitro experiments and primary tumor model confirmed that Fus‑CVs specifically achieve dual targeting of PD-L1 on tumor cells and oxidized lipids in the tumor microenvironment, reverse T cell exhaustion and achieve combination therapy. In an established postoperative recurrence mouse model, the SA solution containing Fus-CVs and the ionic solution could be co-sprayed to rapidly form a conformal, uniform and stable layer on irregular tissue surfaces, enabling sustained local release of Fus-CVs and achieve effective tumor recurrence suppression. Fus‑CVs-loaded sprayable hydrogel not only achieves dual functionality in immune checkpoint blockade and lipid metabolic regulation but also offers localized controlled release, and reduced systemic toxicity, thereby presenting a clinically translatable strategy for postoperative recurrence prevention.

The clinical efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapeutics is frequently diminished by the emergence of resistance during prolonged treatment. Cisplatin (DDP)-resistant tumors adapt to chemotherapeutic stress by establishing a new state of adaptive homeostasis that sustains cellular survival under drug pressure, albeit at the expense of high metabolic burden and acquired vulnerability. Exploiting this intrinsic weakness, we designed a DDP-doped black phosphorus (BP) nanomedicine protected by polydopamine coating (DDP-BP@PDA) that synergistically delivered DDP and piezoelectric BP to precisely disrupt resistance homeostasis and thereby reverse DDP resistance. DDP-BP@PDA altered the intracellular uptake pathway of DDP and disrupted the redox balance of resistant cells via piezocatalysis. Concurrently, piezoelectric polarization enhanced the peroxidase-like activity via electron injection, leading to the generation of substantial reactive oxygen species (ROS). This ROS burst compromised the integrity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and exacerbated the protein-folding burden, thereby amplifying ER stress. Mechanism study reveals that excessive ER stress downregulated the expression of DNA repair proteins, making resistant cells highly sensitive to DDP-induced DNA damage. Through these synergistic effects, DDP-BP@PDA disrupted the adaptive homeostasis of DDP-resistant cells, thereby significantly inhibiting the progression of DDP-resistant tumors. This study establishes a promising therapeutic strategy to combat DDP-resistance via piezoelectric-driven disruption of adaptive homeostasis.

Clinical evidence has suggested that persistent STAT3 activation and alteration in lipid metabolism correlate with pathological progression in patients with breast cancer, driving resistance to chemotherapy. Herein, we show that H2S, an endogenous gas signaling molecule, sensitizes breast cancer to chemotherapy by suppressing STAT3 signaling-mediated lipid metabolism and improves tumor immunogenicity. Moreover, we further identify Ni2+ as immune agonist for potent metalloimmunotherapy. The construction of an activable nanoplatform enables the controllable delivery of metal ions and H2S gas, which triggers pyroptosis and mobilizes multiple immune cells to elicit systemic anti-tumor immunity in combination with chemotherapy. Moreover, the synergy with αPD-1 inhibits the progression of both primary and metastatic tumors. Our work highlights the potential of bioactive gas transmitters and nutrient metal ions for reversing the dual dilemmas of chemoresistance and low immunogenicity in breast cancer and thus provides a nanosensitization strategy to synergize with multiple clinical treatment modalities.

A profound understanding of the reversible regulation mechanisms among multiple redox states of organic molecules is essential for further development of molecular switching devices. In this study, an oligo-aniline derived quinoidal molecular wire was designed and synthesized. The reversible inter-conversion processes between its initial (quinoid) and protonated (diradical) states were comprehensively investigated with optical measurements, and the EPR experiments confirmed the formation of radical species upon protonation. The single-molecule charge transport properties were then investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STM-BJ) technique. It was found that the molecular wire O-ANI can serve as a reversible molecular switching process with ≈ 6.5-fold conductance variation through acid/base adjustments. Additionally, theoretical analyses elucidated the mechanism of the quinoid-diradical inter-conversion. The enhanced comprehension of the reversible quinoid-diradical inter-conversion at the single-molecule level provides new strategies for advancing the molecular switching materials and devices.

Profiling of plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) has long been hampered by their insufficient capture and assay sensitivity due to the high background of complex matrices. To address this challenge, we develop a high-curvature antifouling nanoarray electrochemical assay (eCAN) to enable ultrasensitive and specific profiling of plasma EVs for the accurate subtyping of breast cancer. This assay leverages a three-in-one multifunctional hierarchical antifouling nanofilm to improve EV capture, minimize nonspecific adsorption, and facilitate three-dimensional deposition of tyramine for signal amplification. These advantages allow the eCAN to achieve a sensitivity of up to 56 particles/mL (near a single-EV level), showing high specificity and anti-interference. The eCAN can differentiate EV subpopulations across different breast cancer cells and monitor their phenotypic changes. This assay allows accurate diagnosis and subtyping of breast cancer (AUC = 1.000) through direct profiling of EVs in undiluted plasma from a pilot cohort and provides a promising tool for precise diagnosis of cancers in clinical settings.

Rationale: Immune homeostasis microenvironment of bone regeneration is especially important for inflammatory-derived bone defect repair. The two key influencing factors for achieving ideal bone regeneration are the balance between inflammatory cells represented by T cells and anti-inflammatory cells represented by MDSCs, and the dynamic balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Methods: Herein, an injectable thermosensitive bone meal was designed with Pluronic F127 hydrogel loading myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) membrane vesicles coated nano-hydroxyapatite (F127/nHA/MDSCs-MV, abbreviated as F127/nHAM) for periodontitis-derived bone defect repair. Results: The proteomics revealed F127/nHAM were able to catalyze the production of adenosine from ATP depend on CD73 and CD39. In vitro and in vivo assays further showed that F127/nHAM inhibited the proliferation and function of T cells by component MDSCs-MV, exerting an anti-inflammatory role. Subsequently, the RNA-sequencing and confirmation experiments revealed that F127/nHAM inhibiting the differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts through down-regulating the secretion of CCL2 and CCL5. In the periodontal bone defect rat model, the results of micro-CT and histological staining demonstrated that F127/nHAM had an outstanding anti-inflammatory and bone regeneration promoting properties, restoring immune homeostasis. Conclusion: This biomimetic and multifunctional bone meal opens new avenues for inflammatory-derived bone defect repair and future clinical application.