Implementing China's energy quota trading policy, as a typical market-based environmental regulation, thoroughly deepens the reform of energy market allocation. While the inhibitory effect of energy quota trading on carbon emissions is evident, its impact on carbon inequality remains largely unexplored. Thus, we investigate the nexus between energy quota trading and carbon inequality by employing double machine learning and causal forest approach, using panel data from 279 cities in China during 2011-2021. We find that carbon inequality in pilot cities decreased by 6.79 % compared to non-pilot cities. The main conclusions still hold after a various robustness checks. We also find that energy quota trading has a dual green effect in reducing carbon inequality within and between cities. Moreover, the mitigating effects are more pronounced in inland regions, urban clusters, and cities with energy affluence. Based on the Coase theorem, industrial structure, energy transition, and environmental awareness are three channels that link energy quota trading and carbon inequality. Furthermore, energy quota trading has generated additional environmental dividends without causing significant social welfare losses. These findings offer novel insights into the green effects of market-based environmental regulation.

Isosteviol is a tetracyclic diterpenoid obtained by hydrolysis of stevioside. Due to its unique molecular skeleton and extensive pharmacological activities, isosteviol has attracted more and more attention from researchers. This review summarized the structural modification, pharmacological activity and microbial transformation of isosteviol from 04/2008 to 10/2023. In addition, the research history, structural characterization, and pharmacokinetics of isosteviol were also briefly reviewed. This review aims to provide useful literature resources and inspirations for the exploration of diterpenoid drugs.

基于2013-2018年哈尔滨市气象数据、大气污染物数据和细颗粒物(PM2.5)中金属成分数据,采用机器学习方法探索大气PM2.5中金属浓度预测模型,并选择最优模型进行污染物浓度预测.结果表明,多元线性回归(MLR)、人工神经网络(BP-ANN)、支持向量机(SVM)和随机森林(RF)4种模型中,RF对大气PM2.5中5种金属[锑(Sb)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铊(T1)]的浓度预测效果最佳,在训练集和测试集中表现均较稳定,其中相关系数(r)均＞0.7,平均绝对误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)数值较小.RF在大气PM2.5中金属浓度预测上具有较好的表现,可在缺乏监测和实验数据的情况下,实现对大气颗粒物中金属浓度的快速预测,为全面了解颗粒物中金属污染特征提供数据基础.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought the global economy to a crisis: how to choose the optimal policy tools to cope with the external impacts has attracted worldwide attention. The research evaluates the effects of China's fiscal and monetary policies in promoting economic recovery by establishing a CGE model. Five representative countermeasures such as exempting value-added tax (VAT) and cutting loan rates are studied. The results indicate that: from the aspect of fiscal policies, increasing investment shows a better effect in boosting economy compared with exempting VAT and increasing medical care expenditures; however, the policy also causes price inflation (+0.45%) and crowding-out of enterprise investment (−0.03%). From the aspect of monetary policies, providing targeted loans to enterprises has a better boosting effect on economy compared with cutting loan rates. In the choice between fiscal or monetary policies, fiscal policies exert better effects (household income, +0.95%) when taking the improvement of residents' welfare as the objective. If taking promoting recovery of enterprises and boosting the economy as objectives, monetary policies are found to be better (GDP, +1.99%). Therefore, fiscal and monetary policies should be guided by different objectives and allowed to work in a synergistic manner.

目的 系统梳理2010-2020年国内外结核病负担的研究文献,并挖掘研究热点.方法 检索中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science(WOS)数据库2010-2020年国内外结核病负担的研究文献,利用CiteSpace5.7 R2软件进行可视化分析.结果 CNKI纳入45篇文献,频次最高的研究者是白丽琼和肖水源;热点关键词是患病代价、结核、疾病经济负担等.WOS纳入96篇文献,发文最多的国家是美国;频次最高的研究者是Garcia-Basteiro,.和Ogbo;热点关键词是impact、service、HIV等.结论 结核病负担的研究处于上升趋势,研究热点和前沿集中在经济负担.

Previous studies have attempted to clarify the relationship between the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and exposure to air pollutants. However, evidence from multicentres, particularly at the national level, is scarce, and no study has examined the modifying effect of greenness on air pollution-TB associations. In this study, we examined the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants (PM10 p.m.(2.5), and O-3) and monthly PTB or smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (SPPTB) incidence to further evaluate whether these associations were affected by greenness in mainland China using a two-stage analytic procedure. PM2.5 was positively associated with both PTB and SPPTB incidence, with relative risk (RR) of 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 1.22) and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.10) per 10 mu g/m(3) increase, respectively. Furthermore, PM10 was positively associated with PTB incidence, with RR of 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.13). However, O-3 was not associated with the monthly incidence of PTB or SPPTB. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) exhibited a modifying effect on the association between PM2.5 exposure and SPPTB incidence in northern areas, with RR of 1.16 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.31) in lower mean annual NDVI areas than in the higher areas (RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.09). This nationwide analysis indicated that NDVI could reduce the effect of air pollutants on TB incidence particularly in the northern areas. Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) may increase the occurrence of PTB or SPPTB in China, and further studies involving larger numbers of SPPTB cases are required to confirm the effects of PM exposure on SPPTB incidence in the future.

目的:研究广东省耐多药结核病(multidrug-resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB)患者灾难性支出发生率现状及其影响因素,为降低MDR-TB患者经济负担提供基础数据和参考依据.方法:以广东省2018-2019年9个地级市11家定点医疗机构和确诊的MDR-TB患者为研究对象,通过问卷收集医疗机构、MDR-TB患者和地市的基本情况,以及患病就诊情况、经济负担和医疗保障政策,分析影响广东省MDR-TB患者发生灾难性支出的因素.结果:研究共纳入广东省MDR-TB患者398例,直接医疗费用为5.11(2.26,9.82)万元,直接非医疗费用为1.46(0.71,3.33)万元,间接费用为0.51(0.31,0.73)万元,总费用为8.43(4.29,14.76)万元,人均经济负担为5.84(2.97,11.18)万元.259例患者发生了灾难性支出,发生率为65.08％.两水平logistic回归模型显示,有债务患者家庭发生灾难性支出的风险是无债务患者的2.57倍(95％CI:1.43～4.62);随着住院时间的增加,患者家庭灾难性支出发生风险逐渐上升,住院1个月的患者发生灾难性支出的风险是未住院患者的4.38倍(95％CI:2.38～8.06),住院≥2个月的患者发生灾难性支出的风险是未住院患者的31.37倍(95％CI:11.09～88.74).结论:广东省MDR-TB患者灾难性支出发生率较高,有债务、住院时间长是导致患者灾难性支出发生风险升高的因素,应多措并举降低MDR-TB患者灾难性支出的发生率.

A convenient and versatile cross-dehydrogenative esterification of carboxylic acids with DMSO for preparing (methylsulfinyl)methyl esters has been developed in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">研究目标:探究东、中、西部区域因终端能源消费产生的PM2.5排放区域差异、驱动因素。研究方法:运用能源消费统计因子表、Theil指数法、LMDI模型分解法。研究发现:经济增长是PM2.5排放的决定性因素,区域间PM2.5排放量差异与经济发展具有较高的单一趋势性;东、中、西部区域内差异是区域差异的主要来源;中西部区域有着更低的技术水平,有着更高的PM2.5边际减排潜力;区域间煤炭的消耗量差异直接决定了区域间PM2.5排放水平差异;中国目前排放强度效应、产业结构效应主要发生在工业部门,工业部门是PM2.5增排或减排的主要部门。研究创新:以终端能源消费产生的PM2.5排放量为研究对象,探究东、中、西部区域PM2.5排放差异及背后的驱动因素与经济学机理。研究价值:有助于制定政策以缩小区域PM2.5排放差距,并为中国各区域制定PM2.5减排任务和减排目标提供建议。</span>

By employing tert-butyl nitrite as both nitrogen source and oxidant, the trifluoromethyloximation of alkenes proceeds smoothly in a free-radical process. The developed difunctionalization reaction enables practical and efficient synthesis of a wide range of alpha-CF3 ketoximes in moderate yields with excellent regioselectivity. This method features the use of readily available and stable alkenes as substrates and inexpensive CF3SO2Na as a CF3 reagent, no involvement of transition metals or external oxidant, and room-temperature conditions. Moreover, a scale-up of the reaction, further transformation of the products into various valuable CF3-containing compounds, and removal of the trifluoromethyl group are readily achieved.

Using Tapio elastic analysis, the differences and similarities of the energy consumption in the transportation sectors in China and the United States were compared. The results showed that the energy consumption of the transportation sectors in the two countries in 2000-2015 had a weak decoupling overall from economic growth in the long term. The decoupling indicator (0.61) in China was about ten times that (0.069) of the United States. Namely, the dependence of China's transportation sector on energy consumption was far larger than that of the United States. Furthermore, using a logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) model, the factors influencing the energy consumption in transportation sectors in China and the United States were analyzed from five perspectives. Based on this model, the reason why the two countries show decoupling difference was explained. Relevant policies implications for energy conservation and emission reduction in the transportation sector were discussed. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In China, power consumption in the steel industry accounts for about 9% of the whole society's power consumption. There is a big gap between the power efficiency of China's steel industry and the world's advanced level, and the power efficiency varies greatly in all regions of China. By using the three-stage data envelope analysis model, this study analyzes the influence of external factors (including environmental regulation, industrial structure, and trade openness) on the power efficiency of the steel industry in 28 provinces of China. Overall, the power efficiency of the steel industry in the eastern, central, and western China present the high, middle, and low power efficiency, respectively. The results reveal that improving trade openness and optimizing industrial structure are conducive to improving the power efficiency, while improving the intensity of environmental regulation can cause the excessive substitution of power sources for other energy resources so as to decrease the power efficiency. Moreover, power efficiency in the eastern and western China are more affected by the external factors than it in the central China. The research conclusions are favorable to introduce different measures for various regions so as to reduce the gap in power efficiency of the steel industry.

Three new glycosides (1–3), together with six known ones (4–9), were isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of MS and NMR spectroscopic data. Five compounds (3, 5, 6, 8, and 9) exhibited potent antihyperlipidemic activities in HepG2 cells as assessed by Oil Red O staining and significant inhibition of intracellular triglyceride (TG) levels, whereas two compounds (5 and 9) significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) levels.

This study discusses decoupling trends in world economic growth and CO2 emissions based on decoupling theories. The decoupling trends of economic growth and CO2 emissions in typical developed and developing countries in 1965–2015 are compared by using an OECD decoupling factor model, and Tapio elastic analysis (TEA) method, and the IGTX decoupling model. On this basis, this study evaluates correlations of these three decoupling models by employing the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The research indicates that, owing to the IGTX decoupling model being easily affected by other non-environmental factors, the shorter the research period of interest, the more easily the decoupling indices distort, while the accuracy of the TEA method is not limited by the length of the research period of interest. With respect to the overall decoupling trend, the research shows that: (1) strong decoupling is found in developed countries and slightly increases in the stabilisation thereof. The decoupling state in the United Kingdom and Germany is more stable than that of the United States and France. (2) Developing countries demonstrate weak decoupling that fluctuates significantly and lacks regularity. The stabilisation and optimisation of China in decoupling process are better than those of Brazil and India. Finally, according to research conclusions, relevant policies and suggestions are proposed in view of energy savings and emissions reduction in developing countries.

从技术进步、结构调整、城镇化等角度出发,探讨我国石油需求的影响机制.研究表明,(1)技术进步对抑制石油增长的作用较小,其节油空间有待提升;(2)经济结构和城镇化是拉动石油需求的主因;(3) GDP、城镇化率与石油需求之间具有单向因果关系,以节油为目的的能源政策不会损害经济增长和城镇化推进.结合情景分析,评估2015-2025年节油减排潜力,提出未来节油减排的政策建议.

本文基于广东省4个区域、9个地市居民用电量与节能意识的调查数据,运用双因素方差分析法,考察阶梯电价政策实施的节能效果.研究表明,收入水平、节能意识及其两者的交互作用导致政策实施后不同收入阶层居民节能效果出现显著性差异;低收入家庭与中、高收入家庭的节能效果差异较为明显,而中、高收入阶层之间的节能效果差异性稍弱.基于研究结果,本文为完善阶梯电价政策提出相应的建议.

This paper statistically analyzed the residents energy-saving willingness and household electricity consumption of the step tariff policy, based on social surveys of eastern, western, northern Guangdong and the typically Pearl River delta cities in Guangdong.Further, by building the ARIMA model, actual monthly data of electricity consumption is used to study quantitatively the energy-saving effect of the policy implementation.Research shows that the implementation of the step tariff policy in Guangdong Province has a positive impact on improving the energy-saving willingness of residents, and has significant effect on energy conservation in the short term, but this effect would be weakened over time.Therefore, in order to design and improve relevant policies, should be from energy-saving willingness, economic incentives and other point of view to enhance the policy relevance and effectiveness.

为更加合理地评价省际工业电力能源效率,本文将非电力能源纳入研究范围,利用数据包络分析法(DEA)综合评价了2000-2010年全国30个省区的工业全要素电力能源效率.研究表明:(1)我国工业全要素电力能效整体呈现出东-中-西部地区梯度递减的趋势;(2)各省区工业全要素电力能效自2005年都在不同程度地下降;(3)忽视其他非电力能源的替代影响,将低估全要素电力能效.基于DEA的评价结果,本文进一步测算各地工业部门的节电潜力.研究发现,我国工业部门的节电潜力十分可观,且东中西部的节电潜力呈现出中-东-西部地区梯度递增的趋势.2010年,仅西部地区的节电量就可达5440亿千瓦时;进一步地,2000-2010年整个研究期间内全国的累计节电量更高达88103亿千瓦时.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the future electricity saving potential of China's chemical industry. Applying cointegration, we find that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between electricity intensity and technology, labor, electricity prices and industry structure. The result shows that more active electricity saving policies are objectively required to be implemented in order to reduce the electricity intensity in China's chemical industry as well as to shrink future electricity saving potential. For this purpose, we have adopted a scenario analysis method to predict the electricity intensity and the electricity saving amount under two different scenarios. It is found that energy conservation policy provides a continuous impetus for reducing the electricity saving potential. In terms of electricity intensity of the chemical industry, China's intensity is approaching the level in Japan, with the gap narrowing significantly by the year 2020. Finally, based on the elasticities obtained in the long-term equilibrium equation, the paper suggests a range of future policy priorities and directions.

This paper analyzes the electricity saving potential of China's power generation industry using the macroeconomic approach. In order to forecast future electricity saving potential, we apply cointegration techniques combined with risk analysis model to estimate future (APRauxiliary power ratio) of the national power plant. It is found that power structure, technology and AUH (annual utilization hours) of power equipment are all important macro-factors that affect APR. The high proportion of thermal power is the main reason for the high APR. However, the improvements in technology and AUH help to reduce the APR. Therefore, implementation of the "Replacing Small Units with Large ones" policy and promotion of large-capacity high-parameter units have contributed to electricity conservation in China's power generation industry. With constraints of relevant energy policies, the scenario analysis concludes that electricity saving potential at the power generation side appears more significant and could reach over 40 TWh (terawatt hour) in 2020. Finally, using the results of the scenario analysis, future policy priorities for energy conservation in China's power industry are assessed in this paper. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.