Stabilizing the air-water interface (AWI) on underwater material surfaces is essential for enabling long-term interfacial functionality. However, conventional superhydrophobic surfaces fail to preserve this composite interface under pressure fluctuations or extended immersion, underscoring the need for alternative stabilization strategies. Here, inspired by the hierarchical architecture of Salvinia, we developed a deterministic fabrication strategy that couples femtosecond-laser-induced self-growth of micropillars on thermally shrinkable polystyrene (PS) with an asymmetric scanning method. This method produces eggbeater-like structures with precisely controlled geometry and spatial arrangement. Localized hydrophilic tips were further introduced with micrometer-scale precision, yielding biomimetic Salvinia surfaces (BSSs) that integrate air-retaining superhydrophobic regions with hydrophilic domains capable of pinning the AWI. The BSSs exhibited enhanced contact-line pinning, improved resistance to liquid penetration, and reversible recovery of the AWI under pressure perturbations. They sustained repeatable interfacial recovery over 60 negative-pressure cycles and preserved AWI stability under complex hydrodynamic disturbances. These results demonstrate that combining controlled microgeometry with localized wettability heterogeneity provides a robust and effective strategy for regulating AWI evolution on submerged surfaces.

Conventional small-molecule hole-transporting materials (SM-HTMs), although morphologically robust, typically suffer from limited hole mobility, interfacial energy misalignment, and inefficient charge extraction, which collectively hinder power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 25% in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, breaking from conventional design paradigm, novel spatial molecular engineering was targeted proposed for SM-HTMs to overcome inherent limitations while reinforcing advantages. By spatially exposing the functional heterocyclic core to release its full potential, the tailored WH13 dramatically enhances the perovskite/HTM interfacial interactions, promotes crystallization, and facilitates hole extraction. More importantly, the resultant planar-steric architecture enables long-range π-stacking order while supporting nanocrystal-level film-formation, thereby achieving an optimal balance between charge transport dynamics and morphological features. Consequently, WH13-based inverted PSCs achieve a champion PCE of 26.6% (certified 26.24%) with exceptional operational stability (>99%, ISOS-L-1 500 h), representing the highest efficiency reported to date for SM-HTM-based PSCs. This spatial molecular engineering strategy establishes a generalizable design paradigm for next-generation HTMs, opening a promising pathway toward high-performance, operationally stable, and commercially viable PSCs.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been undergoing rapid development with the vast combinatorial exploration of recipes; however, the related research suffers from time-consuming trial-and-error synthesis and labor-intensive fabrication. As a promising alternative, interconnected robotic boxes that integrate fabrication and characterization enable high-throughput experimentation and data collection; however, the resulting numerical datasets are often insufficiently analyzed and fail to provide effective feedback for semantic recipe optimization. Here, we conceived and realized an emerging scientific tool of robotic boxes enabled by a domain-specific recipe language model (RLM) and a coordinating language agent for PSCs research. The developed agent features two loops of seven artificial intelligence (AI) layers, in which both numerical and semantic recipes were continuously learned and optimized from the literature and robotic corpora for iterative fine-tuning of the RLM. Guided by the agent, 11 robotic boxes executed the controllable synthesis, fabrication, and characterization of 50 764 PSCs, increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 27.0% (26.5% certified). Simultaneously, more than 578 million tokens were generated and augmented to improve the ability to recommend a recipe and mechanistic reasoning, achieving an overall score of about 80% based on the dedicated evaluation criteria. Thus, such agentic robotic boxes provide an advanced tool for the next-generation synthesis, fabrication, characterization, and even mechanistic reasoning of PSCs and beyond.

The performance of three-dimensional (3D) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is predominantly limited by interfacial non-radiative recombination and instability. Although low-dimensional (LD) interlayers, particularly two-dimensional (2D) perovskites, are widely adopted for surface passivation, their heterogeneous n-values and quantum-well confinement often impede charge transport. One-dimensional (1D) perovskites offer a promising alternative due to their structural flexibility and superior passivation capabilities, yet their potential has been underexploited by challenges in controlled crystallization and ordered orientation. Here, we constructed a 3D/PDAI2/1D heterojunction through sequential deposition of propane-1,3-diammonium iodide (PDAI2) and 4-amidinopyridinium chloride (4APyCl). The pre-anchored PDAI2 not only provides field-effect passivation but also templates the subsequent vertical alignment of 1D Pb-I chains assembled with 4APyCl. This configuration establishes continuous out-of-plane charge transport channels, enabling effective surface defect passivation, favorable energy-level alignment, and enhanced interfacial carrier extraction. The resulting inverted PSCs achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.8% and retained 85% of the initial performance after 1000 h of maximum power point tracking under 1-sun illumination. By demonstrating the critical role of molecular orchestration in LD interlayers, this work provides a blueprint for establishing structure-property relationships and guides the rational design of stable and efficient 3D/1D perovskite photovoltaics.

With the blessing of self-assembled molecules (SAMs), the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (TSC) (~1 cm 2 ) has exceeded the Shockley-Queisser limit. However, achieving uniform SAM deposition on industrial-scale textured silicon remains challenging. At present, mono-phosphonic SAMs fail to fully cover the silicon pyramid, whereas polymeric SAMs are prone to aggregation, resulting in inhomogeneous film formation. To overcome this, we designed a long-span bisphosphonic SAM ( S2 ) featuring an extended π-conjugated framework and flexible C-C bonds that enable conformal coverage over industrial-size-pyramid-textured silicon surfaces. Furthermore, its bisphosphonic anchors provide stronger interfacial bonding to across the pyramid-tips and ridges, while a higher dipole moment further enhances charge transport and energy-level alignment. S2-based lab-scale TSCs deliver 34.3% efficiency (0.98 cm 2 , certified 33.8%) and a certified 32.6% for 210 mm-half wafer TSC (196.97 cm 2 ). Encapsulated large-size TSCs retain 91% and 93% of initial efficiency after 1000 h damp heat and 200 thermal cycles, respectively. A four-subcell integrated module maintains ~95% of its initial power after one month of outdoor operation.

ImportancePattern recognition of pediatric retinal diseases can streamline the workup and guide the prognosis.ObjectiveTo characterize the clinical features, retinal imaging findings, and 1-year prognosis of pediatric patients who experienced sudden, severe bilateral vision loss with diffuse ellipsoid zone (EZ) and external limiting membrane (ELM) disruptions after fever.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter case series included 8 pediatric patients (16 eyes) who presented with an unusual set of clinical symptoms, including sudden, severe bilateral vision loss; nyctalopia; and diffuse EZ and ELM disruptions, subsequent to a febrile illness. The patients visited or were referred to a pediatric retina service between November 2022 and May 2023.Main Outcome MeasuresChanges in visual acuity, visual field, electroretinography (ERG) results, and presence of characteristic retinal imaging signs during follow-up.ResultsA total of 16 eyes from 8 children (6 boys and 2 girls) were included in this study; the patients’ mean (SD) age was 5.1 (1.2) years (range, 3-7 years; median, 5.0 years). Their sudden bilateral vision loss occurred a mean of 16.1 days after fever onset. Initial symptoms included sudden vision loss, visual field constriction, nyctalopia, and dyschromatopsia. Baseline visual acuity was predominantly below counting fingers. A sudden, diffuse loss of the EZ and ELM was observed in all eyes with gradual recovery beginning around the fourth week. After 1 year, visual acuity showed substantial improvement in most cases, with 7 of 8 patients (88%) achieving 20/40 or better, including 4 patients (50%) achieving 20/25 or better. The macular EZ and ELM appeared intact in 12 eyes (75%) and 14 eyes (88%), respectively, while the extrafoveal regions remained absent of EZ and ELM. ERG revealed extinguished cone and rod responses in 8 patients (100%), and multifocal ERG remained extinguished despite the recovery of visual acuity in all 8 patients (100%).Conclusions and RelevanceThis case series identifies a potentially underrecognized disease in pediatric patients after fever characterized by sudden vision loss, diffuse EZ and ELM disruption, and distinct retinal imaging features. The term hyperacute outer retinal dysfunction is recommended as descriptive while further investigations are recommended to better understand its pathophysiology and optimal management strategies.

Perovskite materials have revolutionized optoelectronics by virtue of their tunable bandgaps, exceptional optoelectronic properties, and structural flexibility. Notably, the state-of-the-art performance of perovskite solar cells has reached 27%, making perovskite materials a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaic technology. Although numerous reviews regarding perovskite materials have been published, the existing reviews generally focus on individual material systems (e.g., organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites) and specific optimizations in one particular optoelectronic application (e.g., stability engineering for solar cells), lacking a systematic overview of the progress and challenges across diverse perovskite types. This review breaks this limitation by providing a systematic overview of all perovskite categories used in solar cells classified by different criteria, including composition (organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, all-inorganic perovskites, lead-free perovskites, and metal-free perovskites), dimensionality (3D and low-dimensional perovskitoids), and crystallinity (poly-crystal thin film and single-crystal perovskites). The recent progress and future perspectives for each category of perovskite solar cells are focused on, aiming to establish a holistic roadmap for perovskite solar cells toward technological innovations and industrial viability.

Interfacial engineering is a key strategy for suppressing non‐radiative recombination and optimizing energy‐level alignment in perovskite solar cells, which must be implemented at multiple sites for the state‐of‐the‐art devices to further approach their theoretical efficiency limit. However, conventional modification methods typically rely on depositing additional ultrathin layers at specific interfaces, complicating the manufacturing procedure and requiring precise control to achieve multi‐site modification. Here, a weak‐interaction‐driven self‐positioning strategy is proposed to realize multi‐site modification without any additional deposition step. Metal phthalocyanine‐based modifiers with tunable coordination affinities are investigated, and spatially selective self‐positioning of ligands and alkali metal ions is revealed for Na 2 Pc and Li 2 Pc‐modified films. During film formation, these weakly coordinated complexes dissociate, leading to spontaneous migration of alkali metal ions toward the SnO 2 /perovskite interface, accompanied by preferential enrichment of ligands at the upper surface. The resulting synergistic multi‐site modification significantly enhances the built‐in electric field and suppresses non‐radiative recombination. Consequently, the Li 2 Pc‐modified device (0.1 cm 2 ) reaches an open‐circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 1.204 V and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.60%, corresponding to over 95% of the theoretical V OC limit. A high V OC of 1.177 V is reached for 1.0 cm 2 devices, offering a clear competitive advantage and strong potential for scalable applications.

Outstanding optoelectronic performances, including high carrier mobility and long carrier diffusion length, have only been observed in single-crystalline Cs3Bi2X9, which requires a lengthy fabrication process but not in the easily formed polycrystalline solids. This discrepancy arises from the disordered crystallization and the resultant unsatisfactory film quality. Herein, we propose an isogenous-lattice homoepitaxy strategy to induce the crystallization of highly oriented, large-grain two-dimensional (2D) Cs3Bi2X9 films via the in situ precrystallized, lattice-matched isogenous three-dimensional (3D) Cs2AgBiBr6 intermediate. The introduced 3D Cs2AgBiBr6 intermediate serves as a primer to initiate and direct the oriented epitaxy of 2D Cs3Bi2X9 while significantly retarding the crystallization process through an additional halogen exchange process, leading to films with grains over 1 μm in size and a highly consistent crystallization orientation. Consequently, the target films exhibit photophysical properties comparable to those of single crystals and superior photodetection performance.

In organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), the confinement of triplet excitons is essential for achieving efficient and stable devices. Recently, an electron‐transporting material (ETM) with sub‐second triplet lifetime is reported that can effectively achieve triplet exciton confinement, even with a lower triplet energy (E T ) of 0.32 eV than that of the phosphorescent emitter, which is named the long lifetime triplet exciton reservoir (LTER) effect. Due to the challenge that confining triplet excitons in the emitting layer (EML) typically requires host materials with higher energy level, which leads to accelerated degradation, the possibility of LTER effect in the EML is further explored. The results show that directly using LTER molecule as the host only leads to severe quenching. However, when doped at low‐concentration (e.g., 1 wt.%) as assistant host in the carrier recombination zone (RZ), device performance is improved unexpectedly by the LTER effect. Besides, the RZ of carriers is shifted and expanded within the EML, contributing to improved carrier balance due to its intrinsic electron transport properties. As a result, an increase in device external quantum efficiency (EQE) to 24.5% is achieved, along with a 1.5‐fold increase in device lifetime.

To assess the efficacy and safety of vitrectomy combined with central retinal artery Cannulation in the treatment of retinal artery occlusion. Retrospective case analysis was conducted from April 2020 to March 2022 at the Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, for patients diagnosed with central retinal artery occlusion or branch retinal artery obstruction, who underwent retinal artery Cannulation within 72 h of onset. All patients underwent pre- and postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, wide-angle fluorescein angiography, and visual field examination. Nine patients (6 males and 3 females) with an average age of 46 ± 28.6 years (range: 16-77 years) were included. Seven eyes were diagnosed with central retinal artery occlusion, and two eyes with branch retinal artery occlusion. The average time from onset to surgery was 40.1 h. One month after treatment, logMAR visual acuity improved in all 9 eyes of 9 patients, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.012). Fluorescein angiography showed that postoperative arm-retinal circulation time was shortened in 5 cases (5/9, 55%) and unchanged in 4 cases (4/9, 45%). After surgery, patients generally report an improvement in vision, as well as an enhancement in their field of vision. Retinal artery Cannulation can effectively improve visual acuity and visual field, shorten the arm-retinal circulation time, and promote the recovery of retinal circulation.

Antimony-based halide perovskites have attracted significant attention owing to their unique optoelectronic properties and low toxicity. However, the distinct defect physics and high exciton binding energy of antimony-based perovskites compared with their lead-based analogues significantly hinder the photovoltaic performance of antimony-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, a feasible strategy by regulating the precursor composition is introduced to mitigate the defects and impurity phases of Cs3Sb2ClxI9-x films. An optimized content of excess SbI3 in the precursor composition was found to effectively suppress the CsI impurity phases in the obtained Cs3Sb2ClxI9-x films, leading to enhanced crystallinity and reduced defects. Furthermore, the obtained Cs3Sb2ClxI9-x films exhibited an increased dielectric response and reduced exciton binding energy, which are conducive to exciton dissociation and carrier transport. A champion efficiency of 3.42% was achieved with the optimized solar cell devices, which is one of the highest efficiencies reported for all-inorganic antimony-based PSCs. These findings provide new perspectives for exploring high-efficiency antimony-based PSCs.

Halide perovskites have emerged as a class of highly promising photovoltaic materials with exceptional optoelectronic properties. The bandgaps of halide perovskites, along with the energy levels of the conduction band minimum (CBM) and valence band maximum (VBM), play a critical role in determining light absorption, interfacial energy alignment, charge carrier dynamics and photovoltaic performance of the corresponding solar cells. Herein, we developed high-accuracy machine learning (ML) models based on state-of-the-art algorithms to predict the CBM, VBM and bandgaps of halide perovskites. We primarily focus on properties calculated using the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE) functional. Among the tested ML models, the extreme gradient boosting regression (XGB), which outperformed five other shallow ML models as well as Transformer and multilayer perceptrons models, achieved a coefficient of determination (R-2) of 0.8298 for CBM prediction (R-2 of 0.8481 for VBM) and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.1510 eV (MAE of 0.1490 eV for VBM) on the test set. For HSE-derived bandgaps, the XGB model demonstrated an R-2 score of 0.8008 and an MAE of 0.2848 eV on the test set. In addition to HSE-derived bandgaps, we also incorporated predictions for bandgaps calculated using the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional. For PBE-calculated bandgaps, the XGB model maintained best predictive performance, achieving an R-2 score of 0.9316 and an MAE of 0.1018 eV on the test set. Finally, we conducted shapley additive explanations analysis based on the optimal models to identify the key features influencing energy band properties of halide perovskites. Our findings statistically revealed the dominant factors affecting bandgaps, CBM and VBM energy levels in halide materials, which aligned with previous non-ML studies. This work provides meaningful insights for the rational design of halide perovskites with tailored energy band properties.

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer superior operational stability in comparison to their normal‐structure counterparts. However, the efficiency and stability of p‐i‐n perovskite solar cells prepared in air are still less than those prepared in an inert atmosphere. In this work, it is found that introducing a precise amount of RbCl into the perovskite precursor solution results in the in situ formation of (PbI 2 ) 2 RbCl at the grain boundaries of the buried interface of the perovskite film, which can passivate the defects at the buried interface, suppresses ion migration, and enhance the stability of perovskite films. Moreover, the introduction of RbCl can also eliminate cracks and pinholes at the buried interface, improving the contact between the perovskite film and the hole transport layer. Consequently, inverted solar cells utilizing an FAPbI 3 perovskite layer, prepared under ambient conditions (T≈25 °C, RH≈50%), achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.14%, comparable to the state‐of‐the‐art PSCs fabricated in an inert atmosphere. Moreover, the unencapsulated devices retain 90% of their initial PCE after 950 h of maximum power point tracking at 65 °C under 1‐sun illumination. This work presents a novel approach for fabricating efficient and stable inverted devices under ambient conditions.

Interface passivators play a critical role in improving the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the conventional passivators often require processing in high-polarity solvents that can cause additional surface defects on the perovskite film, thereby reducing the efficiency and stability of n-i-p PSCs. Herein, a bisphosphate molecule (named DCTP) is designed and synthesized to simultaneously address solvent compatibility, defect passivation, and hole extraction. DCTP has good solubility in low-polarity solvents such as toluene, chlorobenzene, and chloroform without damaging the perovskite surface. The chlorobenzene-processed DCTP interlayer can sufficiently passivate the defects on the perovskite surface and improve the energy level arrangement at the perovskite/hole transporting layer interface. Meanwhile, the DCTP layer effectively inhibits interlayer diffusion of formamidine (FA+), iodide (I-), and lithium (Li+) and ions under thermal stress. As a result, the DCTP-controlled device produces a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.07% with excellent reproducibility, compared to 24.28% for the reference device. More importantly, the operational stability of the device is significantly improved. The DCTP-treated device retains 90.1% of its initial PCE after 900 h of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) at 65 °C under the ISOS-L-2I protocol.

Lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 is a promising candidate for environmentally friendly perovskite solar cells (PSCs), providing an alternative to their toxic lead-based counterparts. However, rapid crystallization and facile Br/Ag vacancy formation lead to inhomogeneous films with high trap density and disordered heterojunctions, severely limiting device performance. Herein, we develop a synergistic modification strategy using bidentate ligand RbSCN. The incorporation of RbSCN into the SnO2 precursor mitigates buried interface defects, which improves interfacial contact. Simultaneously, bidentate ligand RbSCN added to the Cs2AgBiBr6 precursor leverages its bidentate coordination capability, targeted anchoring Ag+/Bi3+ cations separately at the stoichiometric ratio, inducing ordered assembly. This facilitates homogeneous crystallization and the efficient passivation of Br vacancies. Consequently, this synergistic modification strategy yields homogeneous films with superior charge transport properties, enabling PSCs to achieve an enhanced champion power conversion efficiency of 2.16% along with exceptional stability. This work underscores homogeneous film formation as being crucial for double perovskites and provides a clear pathway for optimizing lead-free PSCs.

As environmentally friendly compounds, lead-free perovskites have gained widespread application in the fabrication of solar cells in recent years. Among these, rudorffites such as AgBiI _4 are considered as promising candidates owing to their favorable band structure and exceptional stability. However, the formation of Ag vacancies during the synthetic process poses a significant challenge, severely hindering carrier transport properties. To address this issue, we propose an Ag management strategy utilizing aliphatic ammonium, which serves multiple purposes: it enhances the solubility of AgI in the precursor solution, mitigates phase separation caused by stoichiometric mismatches during AgBiI _4 film formation, and effectively passivates Ag defects. The butylamine hydroiodide modified AgBiI _4 solar cells achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 1.97%, representing a 26% enhancement over the control device.

Fabricating high-performance perovskite solar cells under ambient conditions — without strict humidity or atmospheric controls — paves the way for scalable, low-cost photovoltaics. However, achieving such fabrication requires deeper materials insights into how moisture and oxygen influence precursor solution chemistry and guide perovskite film crystallization.

We fabricate HTL-free carbon electrode perovskite solar cells with polypyrrole in carbon paste, achieving a PCE of 18.48% under AM 1.5G and 26.74% at 2000 lux, along with a peak detectivity of 1.96 × 10 13 Jones in photodetector mode.