OBJECTIVE:To disclose the epidemiological status of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related risk factors in adults in Beijing.METHODS:Logistic model was applied to analyze the relationship between the risk factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus.RESULTS:A total of 22 301 people were studied, of whom 9836 were males, 12 465 females, and 2658 of them aged over 60 (accounting for 11.92%). The risk factors, which might cause diabetes, would include being male (OR = 1.453), with genetic history (OR = 2.751), people older than 40 (OR = 1.584), with hypertension (OR = 1.338), with larger waist circumference (OR = 1.741), overweight or obesity (OR = 1.098), low consumption of fruits (OR = 1.430), hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 1.767) and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.315).CONCLUSION:It is of great importance to carry out prevention and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus programs to eliminate the risk factors among adults in Beijing, with contents as: keeping the blood pressure and weight within the normal range, increasing fruit intake, decreasing the triglyceride and cholesterol levels.

目的 探讨一般管理人员职业紧张状况及紧张反应的影响因素.方法 采用职业紧张量表(OSI-R),对事业、企业单位/部门、科室的一般管理人员(研究组)569例,随机抽取工厂、机关、服务和商业等行业的职工(对照组)319例,共计888例进行研究.结果 ①一般管理人员的职业任务、紧张反应总均分及各子项(除工作环境子相外)得分均显著高于对照组[( 31.96±5.98)分,(26.18±5.44)分;(35.76±4.20)分,(24.23±5.70)分.(22.54±3.14)分,(17.25±5.15)分;(24.27±4.88)分,(22.45±6.39)分;(27.30±3.41)分,(22.37±4.42)分;(22.36±4.02)分,(20.18±5.96)分;P ＜0.01],仅自我保健子项得分显著高于对照组[(30.42±5.55)分,(28.39±6.74)分;P ＜0.01].②紧张反应与职业任务呈明显正相关(r =0.319 ,P ＜0.01).③个体紧张反应、业务紧张反应的主要影响因素(按从强到弱顺序排列):责任感、任务冲突、工作环境、任务模糊、工龄;心理紧张反应的主要影响因素:责任感、任务不适、工作环境、任务冲突、任务模糊;人际关系紧张反应的主要影响因素:任务冲突、年龄、娱乐休闲、工作环境.躯体紧张反应的主要影响因素:任务模糊、责任感、自我保健.结论 针对一般管理人员的主要紧张源,紧张反应及其影响因素,采取有针对性的干预措施,以降低一般管理人员的职业紧张程度,保护和促进工作能力是职业卫生领域面临的重要任务之一。

Objective: To establish the norm of occupational stress norm, as well as gender normative sample in southwest China. Methods: In this study, cross-sectional study method, and a synthetic way of sorting and randomized sampling were adopted to deal with research targets with revised occupational stress inventory (OSI-R) for 4278 participants.Results: The results of gender show that there were heavier occupational role , stronger interpersonal and physical strain in male than that in female(166.5±27.0/158.5±26.4,25.6±4.4/25.1±4.4,22.6±5.6/21.2±5.2,P<0.01).The score of recreation in the male is higher than that in female (27.6±5.5/27.1±5.4), but the score of self-care in the female is higher than that in male (30.2±5.6/29.0±5.8,P<0.01). Occupational stress norm, scale raw score to T-score conversion tables for the total, gender normative samples were modulated.classification criterion:For the ORQ and PSQ scales, scores at or above 70T indicated a strong levels of maladaptive stress and strain. Score in the range of 60T to 69T suggested middle levels of maladaptive stress and strain.Score in the range of 40T to 59T indicated normal levels of stress and strain.Score below 40T indicated a relative absence of occupational stress and strain.For the PRQ scales, score below 30 T indicate a significant lack of coping resources. Score in the range of 30 T to 39 T suggested middle deficits in coping resources.Score in the range of 40T to 59T indicated average coping resources.Scores at or above 60T indicate a strong levels of coping resources.Conclusions:Different population has different occupational stress.

Objective To assess occupational stress and its influential factors in technical staff.Methods A test of occupational stress and its influential factors was carried out with revised occupational stress inventory(OSI-R)for 857 technical staff and 319 controls.Results Among 6 scales of occupational role questionnaire,the scores of role overload,role insufficiency,role boundary,role ambiguity,and responsibility were obviously higher in technical staff(P<0.01).The scores of vocational strain,psychological strain,interpersonal strain and physical strain in staff were significantly higher(P<0.01).The results of personal resources indicated that self-care scores in technical staff were superior(P<0.01).Occupational orle and personal strain were positively correlated(r=0.518,P<0.01),both of which correlated negatively to the personal resources(r=-0.254,P<0.01).The major influential factors of personal strain,vocation strain,psychological strain,interpersonal strain,physical strain were different.Conclusions Different measure should be taken to reduce the occupational stress so as to improve the work ability of technical staff.

OBJECTIVE:A study of the occupational stress norm and it' s application for the technical group and scientific research group.METHODS:In this study, cross-sectional study method is used, and a synthetic way of sorting and randomized sampling is adopted to deal with research targets(235 scientific research group, 857 technical group).RESULTS:Descriptive statistics for OSI-R scale scores for the technical group and scientific research group were modulated. Scale raw score to T-score conversion tables derived from the OSI-R normative sample for technical group and scientific research group were established. OSI-R profile from for technical group and scientific research group were established. For the ORQ and PSQ scales, scores at or above 70T indicate a strong levels of maladaptive stress and strain. Score in the range of 60T to 69T suggest middle levels of maladaptive stress and strain. Score in the range of 40T to 59T indicate normal levels of stress and strain. Score below 40T indicate a relative absence of occupational stress and strain. For the PRQ scales, score below 30T indicate a significant lack of coping resources. Score in the range of 30T to 39T suggest middle deficits in coping resources. Score in the range of 40T to 59T indicate average coping resources. Scores at or above 60T indicate a strong levels of coping resources.CONCLUSION:Different intervention measure should be take to reduce the occupational stress so as to improve the work ability.

OBJECTIVE:A study of the occupational stress norm and it's application for the marketing group, public service/safety group and production laborer group.METHODS:In this study, cross-sectional study method is used, and a synthetic way of sorting and randomized sampling is adopted to deal with research targets (36 marketing group, 331 public service/safety group, 903 production laborer group).RESULTS:Descriptive statistics for OSI-R scale scores for the marketing group, public service/safety group and production laborer group were modulated. Scale raw score to T-score conversion tables derived from the OSI-R normative sample for marketing group public service/safety group and production laborer group were established. OSI-R profile from for marketing group, public service/safety group and production laborer group were established. For the ORQ and PSQ scales, scores at or above 70 indicate a strong levels of maladaptive stress and strain. Score in the range of 60 to 69 suggest middle levels of maladaptive stress and strain. Score in the range of 40 to 59 indicate normal levels of stress and strain. Score below 40 indicate a relative absence of occupational stress and strain. For the PRQ scales, score below 30 indicate a significant lack of coping resources. Score in the range of 30 to 39 suggest middle deficits in coping resources. Score in the range of 40 to 59 indicate average coping resources. Scores at or above 60 indicate a strong levels of coping resources.CONCLUSION:The authors combined subjective and objective environment match model of occupational stress. Different intervention measure should be take to reduce the occupational stress so as to improve the work ability.

ObjectiveTo intervene occupational stress in executive group, technical group, administrative support group and professional group.MethodsOSI-R scale scores, OSI-R profile form were used for executive group, technical group, administrative support group and professional group. At the same time, this model and OSI-R profile form can be used in real life to estimate the levels of occupation stress. Efficient intervention measure was taken to reduce the occupational stress and strain and strengthen their coping resources. Different treatmentshould be taken separately in accordance with special occupation as their stressors and strain characteristics are distinct. Results(1) For T scores at or above 60,distribution of role insufficiency, role ambiguity and vocational strain were higher(28.40%、26.85% and 43.31%). (2) In the executive group, the scores of role insufficiency, role ambiguity, physical environment, vocational strain, interpersonal strain were obviously reduced after intervention (P0.05). (3) In the technical group, the scores of role overload, role insufficiency, role ambiguity, vocational strain, psychological strain, inter-personal strain were significantly reduced after intervention (P0.01). (4) In the administrative support group, the scores of role overload, role insufficiency, responsibility, vocational strain, interpersonal strain were significantly reduced afterintervention (P 0.05 ). (5) In the professional group, the scores of role overload, role insufficiency, role ambiguity,vocational strain, psychological strain, interpersonal strain and physical strain were obviously reduced after intervention (P0.01). ConclusionsOccupational stress norm , scale raw score to T-score conversion table, OSI-R profile form were used for executive group, technical group, administrative support group and professional group to estimate the levels of occupation stress. At the same time, this model could be used. Efficient intervention measure was taken to reducethe occupational stress and strain and strengthen their coping resources. The result indicated intervention measures were efficient to reduce the occupational stress.

OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to assess occupational stress in different gender, age, work duration, educational level and marital status group. METHODS A test of occupational stress in different gender, age, work duration, educational level and marital status group, was carried out with revised occupational stress inventory (OSI-R) for 4278 participants. RESULTS The results of gender show that there are heavier occupational role, stronger interpersonal and physical strain in male than that in female, and the differences are statistically significant (P < 0.01). The score of recreation in the male is higher than that in female, but the score of self-care in the female is higher than that in male, and the differences are statistically significant (P < 0.01). Difference in the scores of occupational role, personal resource among various age groups is significant (P < 0.01). Vocational, interpersonal strain scores among various age groups is significant (P < 0.05). The results of educational level analyses suggest that the difference in the scores of occupational stress and strain among various educational levels show statistically significant (P < 0.05), whereas there are no statistic significance of coping resources among the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The occupational stress so as to improve the work ability of different groups. Different measure should be taken to reduce the occupational stress so as to improve the work ability of different groups.

Objective To assess occupational stress and its influential factors in technical workers. Methods A survey on occupational stress and its influential factors was carried out with revised occupational stress questionnaire (OSI-R) in 903 technical workers and 319 controls. Results Among 6 items of occupational role, the scores of overload, insufficiency, boundary, ambiguity, responsibility and physical environment are obviously higher in the technical workers group (P0.01). The scores of vocational strain, psychological strain,interpersonal strain and physical strain in the technical workers group are significantly higher(P0.01). The results of personal resources indicated that scores of self-care in technical workers group were superior( P0.05 ). Occupational burden and personal strain were positively correlated(r=0.358,P0.01). The major influential factors of personal strain were role boundary, physical environment, responsibility, role ambiguity, recreation, marriage status, rational and age. The major influential factors of vocation l strain were responsibility, role boundary, role ambiguity, physical environment, age, sex and social support. The major influential factors of psychological strain were role boundary, physical environment, responsibility, role ambiguity, sex and recreation. The major influential factors of interpersonal strain were role boundary, physical environment, recreation and age. The major influential factors of physical strain were role boundary, physical environment, self-care, role insufficiency, responsibility, role overload and sex. Conclusion Different measures should be take to reduce the occupational stress to improve working ability of the technical workers.

OBJECTIVE:A study of the occupational stress norm and it's application for the executive group and administrative support group.METHODS:In this study, cross-sectional study method is used, and a synthetic way of sorting and randomized sampling is adopted to deal with research targets (263 executive group, 569 administrative support group).RESULTS:Descriptive statistics for OSI-R scale scores for the executive group, administrative support group were modulated. Scale raw score to T-score conversion tables derived from the OSI-R normative sample for executive group, administrative support group were established. OSI-R profile from for executive group, administrative support group were established. For the ORQ and PSQ scales, scores at or above 70 indicate a strong levels of maladaptive stress and strain. Score inthe range of 60 to 69 suggest middle levels of maladaptive stress and strain. Score in the range of 40 to 59 indicate normal levels of stress and strain. Score below 40 indicate a relative absence of occupational stress and strain. For the PRQ scales, score below 30 indicate a significant lack of coping resources. Score in the range of 30 to 39 suggest middle deficits in coping resources. Score in the range of 40 to 59 indicate average coping resources. Scores at or above 60 indicate a strong levels of coping resources.CONCLUSION:Based on occupational Stress norm, raw score to T-score conversion tables, OSI-R profile form and classification criterion, we could estimate the level of occupation stress, stressor, strain and coping resources in different occupation. In addition, we combined subjective and objective environment match model of occupational stress. The various individual and organizational intervention measures should be taken to reduce the occupational stress and to increase coping so as to improve the work ability.

OBJECTIVE:To assess occupational stress and its influential factors in executive group.METHODS:A test of occupational stress, its influential factors, was carried out with revised occupational stress inventory (OSI-R) for 263 executive group and 319 controls.RESULTS:(1) Among the 6 items of occupational role questionnaire, the scores of role overload, role insufficiency, role boundary, role ambiguity, responsibility are obviously higher in the executive group (P < 0.01). The scores of vocational strain, psychological strain, interpersonal strain and physical strain in the executive group are significantly higher (P < 0.01). The results of personal resources indicate that social support scores in executive group are superior (P < 0.05). (2) Occupational role and personal strain were positively correlated (r = 0.337, P < 0.01), both of which correlated negatively to the personal resources (r = - 0.311, P < 0.01). (4) The major influential factors of personal strain and psychological strain were: responsibility, personal resources, role boundary and working environment. The major influential factors of interpersonal strain were role ambiguity, role boundary and personal resources. The major influential factors of physical strain were personal resources, responsibility, role boundary and education.CONCLUSION:Different measure should be taken to reduce the occupational stress so as to improve the work ability of executive group.

ObjectiveTo assess occupational Stress and itInfluential Factors in scientific research group.MethodsA test of occupational stress,its Influential Factors,was carry out with revised occupational stress inventory (OSI-R) for 235 scientific research group and 319 controlsResults(1) Among the 6 items of occupational role questionnaire, the scores of role overload, role insufficiency,role boundary, role ambiguity,responsibility are obviously higher in the scientific research group (P0.01). The scores of vocational strain, interpersonal strain in the scientific research group are significantly higher(P0.01). The results of personal resources indicate that self-care scores in scientific research group are superior(P0.01).(2)Occupational role and personal strain were positively correlated (r= 0.726,P0.01), both of which correlated negatively to the personal resources (r=-0.331,P0.01). (4) The major influential factors of personal strain, interpersonal strain, physical strain were occupational roles, role boundary, rational, self-care. The major influential factors of vocational strain were occupational roles, role overload, education category, rational, physical environment, responsibility. The major influential factors of psychological strain were occupational roles, role boundary, personal resources, role ambiguity. ConclusionsDifferent measure should be take to reduce the occupational stress so as to improve the work ability of scientific research group.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the occupational stress and work ability in doctors, police-officers and teachers.METHODS:Changes in occupational stress work ability were measured with revised occupational stress inventory (OSI-R) and work ability index (WAI) for 288 doctors, 191 police-officers and 343 teachers, and then comparative and correlation analyses were made.RESULTS:1. The difference in occupational stress and strain between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01), and the score of the police-officers was higher than that of the doctors and teachers (P < 0.05), but the personal resources of police-officers were lower than those of the doctors and teachers (P < 0.05). 2. Analysis of the 6 items of occupational role questionnaire revealed that the scores of role ambiguity, role boundary and responsibility were obviously higher in police-officers than in doctors and teachers, while the scores of role overload and physical environment were higher in teachers (P < 0.05). 3. Analysis of all items of personal strain revealed that the scores of vocational strain, psychological strain, physical strain, but not of interpersonal starin, were significantly higher in police-officers than in doctors and teachers (P < 0.05). 4. As to the personal resource, the results indicated that recreation and self-care of doctors and teachers were superior to those of police-officers. The score of social support was highest in doctors. The score of rational conduct was highest in teachers (P < 0.05). 5. Occupational role and personal strain were positively correlated, and both were correlated negatively to the personal resources (P < 0.01). The correlations of work ability, occupational stress and strain, and personal resources were significant in teachers (P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:For polices-officers, doctors and teachers, different yet relevant measures should be taken to reduce the occupational stress so as to improve their work ability.

OBJECTIVETo assess the occupational stress and its influential factors in nurses.METHODSA test of occupational stress, its influential factors, work ability were carried out for 248 nurses and 319 controls with revised occupational stress inventory (OSI-R) and work ability index (WAI).RESULTSThe scores of personal cope resource (131.266 +/- 17.176) and work ability index (32.581 +/- 3.158) in nurse group were significantly higher than those in control group (126.931 +/- 19.108, 31.840 +/- 4.069) (P < 0.05). The main occupational stressors scores (role insufficiency, role clash, and responsibility) in nurses were higher than those in controls (P < 0.05). The stress response of interpersonal relationship in nurses was also higher. The items of personal cope resource, such as recreation, self-care and social support of nurses were superior to those of controls (P < 0.05). Stress response was positively correlated with occupational role (r = 0.512, P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with the personal cope resource (r = -0.475, P < 0.01). The primary influential factors of personal stress were recreation, social support, rational conduct, role insufficiency, role clash, responsibility, and poor work environment.CONCLUSIONTo strengthen social support, to improve work condition for nurses, so as to reduce the occupational stress and to enhance the work ability of nurses are important task in occupational health field.

Objective] To compare the work ability among workers with different job category. [Methods] A test of work ability category was carried out with work ability index(WAI) for 5 563 workers. The work ability index includes seven items,each of them was evaluated using one or more questions.It was calculated by summing the scores for each item.The best possible rating on the index is 49 points and the worst is 7 points. [Results] (1)Distribution(%) of the different work ability category according to their gender:Distribution of “poor” work ability category was lowest(men:1.1%,women:0.1%); (2)Distribution of physical workers in the work ability category according to their age: The findings concerning the work ability of workers indicated that approximately 50% of personnel had “good” perceived working ability. Distribution of mental workers in the work ability category according to their age: The number of workers with “moderate” perceived work ability decreased by the same rate workers with “poor” and “good” work ability increased with age; (3)Current work ability compared with lifetime best (0～10) by gender and age(item No.1 of WAI):The emphasis of the estimate of both the men and the women was on classes 8,9 and 7; (4)Current work ability with respect to the physical demands of work by gender and age group(WAI 2):Present work ability from the point of view of the physical demands of the job is the best among young workers. Generally speaking,both men and women experience their work ability to decrease with age in relation to the work demands,but the decreased rate was greater in relation to physical demands than to mental demands. [Conclusion] Different measures should be taken to improve the work ability.

OBJECTIVE:This study was conducted to assess occupational stress and work ability. METHODS:A test of occupational stress and work ability was carry out with revised occupational stress inventory (OSI-R) and work ability index(WAI) for 2270 workers. RESULTS:(1) The occupational stress and strain in male was significantly higher than those in female, but self-care and social support in female werehigher than in male(P < 0.01). The level of occupational stress, strain except interpersonal strain increased with age, while work ability decreased(P < 0.05). (2) Among 6 items of occupational role questionnaire, the score of role boundary and responsibility were obviously higher in college education (P < 0.05). The score of occupational role, psychological strain, physical strain was higher in maried, divorce than unmarried(P < 0.05). (3) The score of occupational role, strain in good work ability category was significantly lower than others, but personal resources were higher(P < 0.05). (4) The correlation of work ability and occupational stress, strain, personal resources were significant(P < 0.01), occupational role and personal strain were positively correlated, both of which correlated negatively to the personal resources(P < 0.01). (5) The major influential factors of personal strain were age, recreation, self-care, social support, rational/cognitive, role insufficiency, role ambiguity and role boundary.

OBJECTIVE:To assess the relationship between the personal Factors and work ability of different work category workers.METHODS:A test of work ability in various work category and age group was carried out with work ability index (WAI) for 5648 workers.RESULTS:1. The score of WAI of physical work, mixed physical and mental work category for female was significantly higher than those for male (P < 0.01), but the score of WAI of mental work category in male was higher than that for female (P < 0.05). 2. Two-way ANOVA for the different sex revealed that the score of WAI of various work category and age group, education category group, work duration Group, marital Status Group was statistically significant difference (P < 0.01). The level of work ability, except that for the age group of 30 yr.- and 40 yr.-, decreased with age (P < 0.05). The score of WAI, except that for the workers of 10 yr.-, and 20 yr.- group, decreased with work duration (P < 0.05). The score of WAI was obviously higher in the secondary and college education category than elementary category (P < 0.05). The score of WAI for the married and divorced was lower than that for the unmarried (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Different measures relevant to the influencing factors should be taken to improve the work ability.