Current techniques for visualizing and quantifying cellular forces have limitations in live cell imaging, throughput, and multi-scale analysis, which impede progress in cell force research and its practical applications. We developed a photonic crystal cellular force microscopy (PCCFM) to image vertical cell forces over a wide field of view (1.3 mm ⨯ 1.0 mm, a 10 ⨯ objective image) at high speed (about 20 frames per second) without references. The photonic crystal hydrogel substrate (PCS) converts micro-nano deformations into perceivable color changes, enabling in situ visualization and quantification of tiny vertical cell forces with high throughput. It enabled long-term, cross-scale monitoring from subcellular focal adhesions to tissue-level cell sheets and aggregates.

Crystalline boron (C-boron) is regarded as electron donors due to internal electron-sharing B–B bonds. However, related research on boron chemistry is limited. In this study, we demonstrate that the addition of C-boron to the Fe(III)/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system can effectively improve the degradation of flunixin meglumine, aspirin, nitrobenzene, and benzoic acid at pH 4.0–10.0 (without buffer). Compared to the Fe(III)/PMS system, the kobs of the C-boron/Fe(III)/PMS system for these four contaminants degradation at pH 7.0 was approximately 8.7–65.1 times higher. C-boron enhanced the aqueous Fe(II) concentration in the Fe(III)/PMS system from 5.4 to 16.2 mg/L in 20 min reaction, while the Fe(IV) was originated by the produced Fe(II) in system. Electron paramagnetic resonance and quenching experiments revealed the presence of •OH, 1O2, and •O2−, in which the corresponding contributions of •OH to FMME and ASA were 16.7% and 28.1% at pH 7.0. The toxicity of the C-boron/Fe(III)/PMS solution on the growth inhibition rate of Microcystis aeruginosa showed an obviously increase at 24 h, and then a decrease during 48-96 h, which was resulted from the inhibited photosynthetic system of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Overall, this work provides new insights into radical and nonradical oxidation in the C-boron/Fe(III)/PMS system.

As a natural source of visible light and a type of renewable energy, solar energy is extensively used in the field of photochemistry. In this study, solar was employed to activate persulfate (PS) to degrade typical micropollutants. The removal kinetics of aspirin (ASA) and flunixin meglumine (FMME) in the solar/PS system were well fitted by pseudo-first-order models (R-2 > 0.99). In the system containing 1.0 mM PS activated by solar irradiation at a fluence of 1.14 x 10(-4) E.m(-2).s(-1), 72.6% and 97.5% of ASA and FMME were degraded, and the corresponding kinetic constants were 6.8-9.8 x 10(-2) and 1.6-9.8 x 10(-1) min(-1), respectively. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicated that sulfate radical (SO4.-) played a major role in degradation, with the maximum contributions of 77.7% and 88.8% for the degradation of ASA and FMME, whereas the maximum contributions of hydroxyl radical (.OH) were only 11.6% and 6.5%, respectively. The contributions of singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) were less than 15% at pH 5.5, but increased to 25.6% and 45.5% at pH 8.5, respectively. Solar/PS pre-oxidation increased disinfection byproducts (DBPs) (95.8% for trihalomethanes (THMs) and 47.9% for haloacetic acids (HAAs) at pH 7.0) after chlorination in deionized water, and an opposite trend was found in systems coexisting with natural organic matter (NOM). Residual PS after oxidation resulted in a high aquatic toxicity, with an inhibition rate of 18.70% to algae growth. Economic analysis showed that the electrical energy per order values of the system ranged from 23.5 to 86.5 kWh.m(-3).order(-1), indicating that the solar/PS system shows promise for practical applications.

Prenatal propofol exposure induced neurotoxicity in the developing brains and led to persistent learning deficits in the offspring. Our goal was to use zebrafish to explore whether the decline in learning and memory was correlated with inhibition of neuronal growth after propofol exposure. Zebrafish embryos at 6 hours postfertilization (hpf) were exposed to control or 1, 2 or 4 μg/mL propofol until 48 hpf. Spontaneous locomotor activity and swimming behavior in response to dark‐to‐light photoperiod stimulation were studied in zebrafish larvae at 6 days postfertilization (dpf). The adaptability to repeated stimulation was used to indicate learning and memory function of larvae. Transgenic NBT line zebrafish was used to quantitate the effect of propofol on motor neuronal growth of embryos in vivo. Six dpf transgenic zebrafish larvae went through photoperiod stimulation after their neuronal length had been analyzed during the embryonic period. Our data indicate that embryonic exposure to 1, 2 and 4 μg/mL propofol had no adverse effect on spontaneous movement in zebrafish larvae, but 2 and 4 μg/mL propofol significantly impaired the learning and memory function of larvae. Moreover, propofol significantly inhibited axonal growth of motor neurons during the embryonic stage, which was correlated with learning and memory deficiency in larvae. Our findings demonstrate that the neuronal growth was correlated with learning and memory function, indicating the relevance of zebrafish as a new model to explore the mechanisms through which propofol induces long‐term learning and memory impairment.

e13108 Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes about 5% of all cancer cases worldwide. Global male-specific incidence of HPV-related cancers, including anal (AC), penile (PC) and head and neck (HNC) cancer, is largely unknown. This study aims to summarize global incidence and HPV prevalence of these cancers in men. Methods: The systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for studies published in English between Jan 2008-Mar 2018 containing male-specific AC/PC/HNC incidence data, or HPV prevalence in AC/PC/HNC adult patients. Results: Fifty-six studies reported AC incidence in men between 1962-2014. The rate ranged between 0-1.5/100,000 persons in the general population. Globally, AC incidence increased over time. In the US, AC incidence in HIV-positive men increased from 10.5 to 20.7/100,000 person-years (PYs) from 1980-1989 to 1990-1995, and from 47 to 270/100,000 PYs between 1984 and 2013 in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). Prevalence of any HPV among men with AC ranged between 20-96%, HPV-16 and -18 being the most prevalent (14-100% vs 8-24%). PC incidence among men was reported in 14 studies between 1962-2015. The rate ranged between 0-10.2/100,000 persons (0-12.8/100,000 PY), with higher incidence rates in older men. Prevalence of any HPV among men with PC ranged between 6.3-100%, HPV-11 and -16 being the most prevalent (0.7-80% vs 18.1-79.2%). HNC incidence among men was reported in 66 studies between 1973-2014. Global cancer registry data reported a range of HNC incidence from 1.4-42.2/100,000, declining over time depending on the geographical location. The corresponding incidence range for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) was 0.4-17.8/100,000, with higher incidence rates for men aged 55 and above and a rapid increase during the past decade in well-developed regions. Prevalence of any HPV ranged between 0-93.8%, HPV-16 and -18 being the most prevalent (1.2-86% vs 2.5-46.9%). Conclusions: This review demonstrates the existing burden of HPV-related cancers globally. Overall, the incidence of HPV-related AC and OPC appears to have increased among men between 1962 and 2015, highlighting a growing unmet medical need and the importance of preventing HPV infection.

492 Background: Anal cancer is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, which can be prevented by the HPV vaccination. Few countries do recommend vaccination for the male population, but all males are at risk of contracting HPV. This study aimed to identify the latest evidence on the incidence of anal cancer and pre-cancer related to HPV in males globally and to analyze the epidemiological trends. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using Medline and EMBASE. Studies containing original anal cancer incidence data in males published between January 1, 2008 and March 23, 2018 in English were included. Results: The global incidence of anal cancers and pre-cancers among the general male population was identified in 25 studies with observations ranging between 1968 and 2014. Incidence over time was reported in Australia and Europe. In an Australian national study, anal cancer incidence increased from 0.77 to 1.3 per 100,000 persons from 1982-2005, and in the UK from 0.79 to 1.06 per 100,000 persons from 1962-2002. In Denmark, the anal cancer range increased from 0.20-0.41 to 0.69-1.3 per 100,000 person-years (PYs) from pre-2000 to post-2000, and in France from 0.2 to 0.5 per 100,000 PYs from 1982-2012. In two national US studies, the mean incidence of pre-cancers was 1.5 in the period 1997-2009, and 0.41 from 1978-2007 per 100,000 PYs. The burden of anal cancers and pre-cancers increased the most among high-risk males reported in US studies. For HIV-positive males, mean incidence of cancer increased from 10.5 during 1980-1989 to 42.3 in 1996-2004 per 100,000 PYs, and for HIV-positive MSM, incidence increased from 47 to 270 per 100,000 PYs between 1984 and 2013. The mean pre-cancer incidence among HIV-positive males increased from 1.7 during 1980-1989 to 29.5 in 1996-2004 per 100,000 PYs. Conclusions: This systematic literature review demonstrates the increase in anal cancer and pre-cancer incidences over time in men, especially in high-risk male populations. The burden of anal cancers and pre-cancers increase over time in all male populations highlights the unmet medical need and the importance of preventative interventions such as HPV gender-neutral vaccinations.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of high-dose caspofungin (70 mg/d)as initial or salvage treatment for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.Methods Twenty-one patients with proven or probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis from June 2014 to October 2017 in Huashan Hospital,Fudan University were retrospectively reviewed.According to the anti-fungal treatment before high-dose caspofungin application,patients were divided into initial treatment group and salvage treatment group.Patients' clinical data and laboratory data were collected.The characteristics,clinical efficacy,adverse reactions,one-year survival rate and the overall effective rate were evaluated.The prognosis of the two groups was compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis.Results Twenty of the 21 patients opportunistic acquired invasive pulmonary aspergillosis during the treatment of underlying diseases.Five patients were initially treated with high-dose caspofungin for 68 (62) days.At week 12,one patient achieved complete response,3 patients achieved partial response,and the overall effective rate was 80％ (4/5).Sixteen patients received caspofungin as salvage therapy for 66.50 (58) days,of which one patient got complete response at week 12,10 had partial response,and the overall effective rate was 68.75％ (11/16).One-year follow-up showed that no patient died in the initial treatment group,and the one-year survival rate was 100％ (5/5).In salvage treatment group,3 patients died of pulmonary bacterial infections and the one-year survival rate was 81.25％ (13/16).During treatment,one patient had elevated total bilirubin,which was possibly associated with high-dose caspofungin.Conclusions High-dose caspofungin regimen has good efficacy and safety,both for initial treatment and salvage therapy in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Objective We investigated the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane associated with the occurrence of isoelectric electroencephalogram in 50% of children under steady-state conditions (MAC IE). The MAC IE was determined in 100% oxygen and with the addition of 50% nitrous oxide or after the injection of fentanyl. Methods Results Seventy-two children (ASA I or II, age 3-8 years) undergoing elective surgery were allocated to one of three groups: in 100% oxygen (group O-2), in 50% oxygen and 50% nitrous oxide (group N2O), or in 100% oxygen with a bolus of 3 mu g/kg fentanyl (group FENTANYL). The state of isoelectric EEG was considered as significant when a burst suppression ratio of 100% lasted for >1 minute. The MAC IE was determined by the Dixon's up-and-down method after a 15-minute period with a stable endtidal concentration of sevoflurane. The concentration of sevoflurane was determined by the electroencephalogram of the previous patient: increase of 0.2% if isoelectric EEG were absent or decrease of 0.2% if isoelectric EEG were present. The MAC IE in group O-2 (MAC IEO2) was 5.30 (5.12-5.48)% (median [95% CI]). The MAC IE in group N2O (MAC IEN2O) was 5.83 (5.67-5.99)%. The MAC IE in group FENTANYL (MAC IEFENTANYL) was 5.37 (5.21-5.53)%, which was close to MAC IEO2. Conclusion The MAC IE of sevoflurane calculated in 100% O-2 was 5.30% in children. Addition of 50% N2O modestly increased MAC IE of sevoflurane, while 3 mu g/kg fentanyl had no effect on MAC IE of sevoflurane.

Background: Hydatid disease is a worldwide zoonosis produced by the larval stage of cestodes of the Echinococcus genus. Hydatid disease primarily involves the liver and lungs. The brain is involved in less than 2% of cases. Surgery has long been the only choice for the treatment, but chemotherapy has been successfully replaced surgery in some special cases. Case presentation: We report a rare hydatid disease case which presented with multiple lesions in right frontal lobe, an uncommon site, and in the liver and lungs. A 28-year-old woman presented with 6 months history of recurrent convulsion. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging found multiple lesions in right frontal lobe, so she was hospitalized for surgical treatment and received sodium valproate by oral for controlling epilepsy. Before the operation, other lesions were found in the liver and lungs by computerized tomography scan. There were multiple pulmonary nodules near the pleura and large cyst in the liver. The pathology of liver showed that it may be a hydatid disease. Then, positive serum antibodies for echinococcus antigen further confirmed our diagnosis. Since her central nerve system was involved, she received four pills (800 mg, about 17 mg/kg/day) albendazole treatment for 18 months without operation. Her symptoms abated and a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging showed that the lesion had obviously diminished after treatment. She was recurrence free 2 years after we stopped albendazole treatment. Conclusions: This case reveals an uncommon pattern of intracranial hydatid disease. Albendazole can be beneficial for some inoperable cerebral hydatid disease patients.

Nondestructive determination of Au in gold ornaments mainly takes density method and X ray fluorescence spectrometer with energy dispersion (EDXRF), which exist disadvantages. This paper based on the principle of crystallography, deduced the mathematical relationship between the crystallographic parameters, the density and the impurities content in gold jewelry alloys, then introduced the results by density testing and determination of Ag and Cu by EDXRF into the mathematical relationship, and obtained the gold weight percent in gold jewelry alloys. The results show that obtained the gold weight percent and determination of Au by fire assay are almost consistent, which the error is less than 0.12 %, so establishes a synthesis method of determination of Au by EDXRF and density testing, solves the disadvantages which EDXRF only detects on gold jewelry surface and small area, and density testing cannot detect gold jewelry alloy and demands that jewelry shape is simple, and provides an effective synthesis way for determination of Au in gold jewelry alloys.

Diffusion bonding is an effective way to join beryllium with other materials. To study the elements diffusion near the bonding interface so that improve the joints performance, the microstructure, and distribution of composition and phase on the interface of Be/00Cr17Ni14Mo2 stainless steel diffusion bonding were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning auger microscopy (SAM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and the elements diffusion on the interface and the relationship between phases distribution and microstructure were also discussed. The results show that the elements diffuse mainly through the surface and the grain boundary, and the grain boundary is the main gateway of the elements diffusion. Dissimilar metal atoms gather first in the grain boundary and form intermetallic compounds, then the metal atoms diffuse through the grain boundaries or intermetallic compounds and the intermetallic compounds grow up on the crystal boundary, so the Be/00Cr17Ni14Mo2 stainless steel diffusion bonding joint is brittle fracture on the grain boundary.

Diffusion bonding is an effective way to join beryllium with other materials. To study the elements diffusion on the bonding interface to improve the joints performance, the microstructure, and the distribution of composition and phase on the interface of Be/Cu/00Cr17Ni14Mo2 stainless steel diffusion bonding were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), scanning auger microscopy (SAM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and the elements diffusion on the interface and the relationship between phases distribution and microstructure were also discussed. The result show that the original interface of Be/Cu diffusion bonding is the most weak site of the whole diffusion bonding zone and the fracture site of specimen. Dissimilar metal atoms gather first in the grain boundary and form intermetallic compounds, and the grain boundary or intermetallic compounds are the main gateway of the elements diffusion. The copper interlayer has greatly hindered the interdiffusion between stainless steel elements and beryllium, so the formation of intermetallic compounds between beryllium and stainless steel elements are avoided effectively to improve the diffusion bonding joints strength.

Beryllium is a specific metal, its atomic configuration is 1s(1)2s(2) and affects the shape of s valence band and p valence band because there is no electron in the p sublayer, which dimers bond length is 11% more than inside and (0001) atomic spacing shows 6% abnormal expansion. Compared with other elements, beryllium shows abnormal surface properties which the surface adsorption energy is up to 3.32 eV/atom due to electron exciting from s layer to p layer in the solid. In this paper, the adsorption and oxidation properties for Be and Be/00Crl7Ni14Mo2 stainless steel bonding joint were investigated by auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and two secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The results show that Beryllium, welding seam and 00Crl7Nil4Mo2 stainless steel matrix with beryllium adsorbed strongly in C and 0 then seriously oxidized even in super high -vacuum atmosphere, whose compounds remained in the welding joint and formed inclusion and segregation, and resulted in reducing bonding strength. Thus, pretreatment of beryllium surface and control of bonding atmosphere are significantly important, which can determine directly the success or failure of diffusion bonding for Be/00Crl7Ni14Mo2 stainless steel, and provides a guide for beryllium welding with other material.

The identification of CVD synthetic diamonds has become a challenge for the gem industry. Recently, a faceted 0.61 ct CVD synthetic diamond (VVS2 clarity and L colour) was submitted to NGTC's Shenzhen Laboratory without disclosure. A bluish green fluorescence pattern similar to the 'tree ring' growth features seen in natural diamonds was observed in the table of the sample with the DiamondView. X-ray topography and Laue diffraction revealed that the crystallographic orientation of the table facet was inclined approximately 20 degrees to the {111} octahedral plane, rather than being oriented in the typical {100} cubic direction. The appearance of this growth pattern could cause confusion, and vigilance is needed to assess the observed pattern in combination with the luminescence colour in differentiating between CVD synthetic and natural diamond. The X-ray topograph and Si-related photoluminescence (PL) doublet at 737.6/737.9 nm clearly indicate a CVD synthetic origin for this sample. The presence of PL peaks at 415 nm (N3) and 503.2 nm (H3), as well as mid-IR absorption at 3107 cm(-1), indicate that the sample underwent post-growth high-temperature, high-pressure (HPHT) treatment. (C) 2015 The Gemmological Association of Great Britain

The nondestructive determination of Au in gold jewelry mainly takes density testing and X ray fluorescence spectrometer with energy dispersion (EDXRF). Density testing cannot detect gold jewelry alloy and demands that the jewelry shape is simple, while EDXRF is poor in penetration depth, which only can test on the sample surface and small area. This paper using the system programming controlled the vacuum system, the electronic balance, and EDXRF, and compared determination of Au by EDXRF(wXAu) with the one by fire assay(wAu) and the actual density (ρ) by density testing with the theoretical density(ρx) calculated by the mathematical relationship between the crystallographic parameters and the content of gold and impurities for the samples. The results show while ρx-ρ/ρx (X) is less than 0.4%, the equation of y (wXAu-wAu) =-0.4421x 2 +1.2534-0.0835 may correct for determination of Au by EDXREF, so create a set of testing device and provide an effective method for rapid determination of Au in gold jewelry, which can test simultaneously a mass of samples, and solve the disadvantages of density testing and EDXRF.

Nondestructive determination of Au in gold ornaments mainly takes density method and X ray fluorescence spectrometer with energy dispersion (EDXRF), which exists disadvantages. This paper based on the principle of crystallography, deduced the mathematical relationship between the crystallographic parameters, the density and the impurities content in gold jewelry alloys, then introduced the results by density testing and determination of Ag and Cu by EDXRF into the mathematical relationship, and obtained the gold weight percent in gold jewelry alloys. The results show that obtained the gold weight percent and determination of Au by fire assay are almost consistent, which the error is less than 0.12 %, so establishes a synthesis method of determination of Au by EDXRF and density testing, solves the disadvantages which EDXRF only detects on gold jewelry surface and small area, and density testing cannot detect gold jewelry alloy and demands that jewelry shape is simple, and provides an effective synthesis way for determination of Au in gold jewelry alloys.

SummaryBackgroundPostoperative hypothermia in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) in neonates and infants is a well‐known serious complication as it can increase the risk of blood loss, wound infections, and cardiac arrhythmias.AimTo identify an effective rewarming method for neonates and infants in China with postoperative hypothermia, an open‐label, randomized, and controlled study was performed to compare the effects of three different rewarming methods.MethodsNeonates and infants (<1 year) admitted to the PACU after surgery between June 2011 and November 2012 in a local hospital were investigated. Patients diagnosed with hypothermia were randomly divided into three groups and rewarmed with only blanket (blanket group), blanket plus electric blanket (heating blanket group), and blanket plus prewarmed intravenous (i.v.) infusion (warmed infusion group). From the beginning of rewarming, the rectal temperature was recorded every 10 min up to 180 min.ResultsThe incidence of postoperative hypothermia in neonates and infants was 5.9%. Patients rewarmed with warming blanket plus prewarmed i.v. infusions showed the shortest rewarming time (67.0 ± 2.6 min, P = 0.02) and highest rewarming efficiency (0.027 ± 0.0008°C·min−1, P = 0.039).ConclusionsThe combination of conventional blanket rewarming and prewarmed i.v. infusion was shown to be an effective rewarming method for hypothermic infants in China.

Inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain are major health issues that represent considerable social and economic burden worldwide. In this study we investigated the potential of obtusifolin and gluco-obtusifolin, two anthraquinones found in the seeds of the widely used traditional Chinese medical botanical Cassia obtusifolia, to reduce neuropathic and inflammatory pain. The potential analgesic effects of obtusifolin and gluco-obtusifolin were evaluated by mice formalin test and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced nociceptive behaviors in rats. Chronic constriction injury (CCI), L5 spinal nerve ligation (L5 SNL), diabetes, and chemotherapeutics inducing allodynia were used to test whether repeated treatment with obtusifolin and gluco-obtusifolin ameliorated neuropathic pain. Finally, we explored whether obtusifolin and gluco-obtusifolin altered the degree of neuroinflammation in rat spinal cord after CFA administration and CCI induction. Obtusifolin and gluco-obtusifolin (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) reduced licking/biting time in dose-dependent manner in phase 2 of formalin-induced behavior in mice. Furthermore, repeated administration of obtusifolin and gluco-obtusifolin (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) reversed mechanical allodynia induced by CFA, CCI, L5 SNL, diabetes, and oxaliplatin in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Levels of activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)) in lumbar spinal cord were elevated in rats following CFA treatment and CCI induction, and obtusifolin and gluco-obtusifolin significantly inhibited these effects. Our results demonstrate that obtusifolin and gluco-obtusifolin produce significant antinociceptive action in rodent behavioral models of inflammatory/neuropathic pain, and that this activity is associated with modulation of neuroinflammation in spinal cord.

SummaryObjective We investigated the effects of two dexmedetomidine bolus and infusion combinations on the amount of sevoflurane required to produce 50% excellent tracheal intubation conditions (ED50TI).MethodsIn a prospective, double‐blinded parallel, randomized manner, 60 children (ASA I or II, age 3–8 years) undergoing elective surgery were allocated to one of three groups: saline only (group D0), a bolus dose of 1.0 μg·kg−1 dexmedetomidine followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5 μg·kg−1·h−1 (group D1), or a bolus dose of 2.0 μg·kg−1 dexmedetomidine followed by a continuous infusion of 1.0 μg·kg−1·h−1 (group D2). Each bolus dose of dexmedetomidine was infused over 10 min, after which a dexmedetomidine infusion and 5% sevoflurane were immediately begun, with sevoflurane subsequently adjusted to target specific values determined according to Dixon's up‐and‐down method. After the target concentration of sevoflurane was maintained stable for 15 min, laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were performed. Intubation was considered excellent only if all subcomponents of the intubation score were rated excellent. Patient enrollment continued until there were six pairs of consecutive patients in which not excellent tracheal intubation conditions were followed by excellent conditions.ResultsThe ED50TI of sevoflurane in group D2 (1.41 ± 0.07%) was significantly lower than in group D1 (2.36 ± 0.16%; P < 0.001), the latter being significantly lower than in group D0 (3.52 ± 0.21%; P < 0.001).ConclusionDexmedetomidine infusion produced a dose‐dependent decrease in the ED50TI of sevoflurane in children.