Quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) van der Waals MX3 transition metal trichalcogenides (TMTCs), have emerged as a compelling material platform due to their unique quantum confinement effects and anisotropic properties. Nevertheless, the narrow growth window and extreme sensitivity to growth parameters make it challenging to synthesize TMTCs via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Herein, we demonstrate an ethanol-assisted CVD method for the scalable growth of TiS3 nanoribbons. This approach utilizes the combination of ethanol with TiCl4 and S powder to form a Ti source precursor, enabling the high yields of TiS3 nanoribbons with a thickness as low as 10 nm and lengths on the micrometer scale (140±30 µm, aspect ratio of approximately 260). Moreover, the nanoribbons exhibit epitaxial vertical alignment on substrates, facilitating the versatile transfer to arbitrary target substrates. The single TiS3 nanoribbon exhibits high conductivity (σ293 K = 3.1 × 104 S/m) from 80 to 593 K. Flexible strain sensors based on TiS3 nanoribbon networks demonstrate a high gauge factor of 135.3, a wide strain detection range (40-7400 με), and strong tolerance to temperatures up to 773 K. This strategy provides a unique pathway for synthesis of TMTCs, providing essential material support for the development of high-performance flexible electronic devices.

Natural biomaterials achieve exceptional mechanical performance through multi-level hierarchical architectures, yet replicating or surpassing such topological control and multiscale synergy in synthetic hydrogels remains challenging. A key obstacle is the often-overlooked macro-microscale competition mechanism, where macroscopic reinforcement can conflict with finer-scale energy-dissipation pathways. Here, we overcome this limitation by embedding a 3-dimensionally printed gradient-twisted plywood (GT) framework into a hierarchically anisotropic (HA) hydrogel matrix, creating a topologically controllable supra-biomimetic composite (GT-HA composite). A supra-biomimetic design strategy is employed to regulate the macro-microscale competition, wherein the GT framework is expressly designed to coordinate macroscale stress guidance and crack deflection with micrometer-, nanometer-, and molecular-scale dissipation pathways. This coordinated multiscale dissipation endows composites with superior impact resistance. The GT-HA composite attenuates up to 88% of impact force at a low velocity and achieves a compressive strength of 183.57 MPa at a large strain rate of around 4,000 s-1 while maintaining long-term stability (<5% decay over 35 d). Notably, the fabrication process is compatible with integrated circuit/microelectromechanical system technologies, allowing wafer-level integration that effectively protects high-value devices such as processor dies and flexible circuits under high-speed impact. This work establishes a scalable strategy for designing ultra-impact-resistant materials by actively harnessing macro-micro competition, with promising applications in embodied intelligence, aerospace, and advanced electronics protection.

The escalating global demand for renewable energy has intensified efforts to develop advanced materials that can significantly enhance the efficiency of energy storage systems. Among these, the FeS-MnO2 electrode demonstrated a remarkable specific capacitance of 530 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. Notably, the corresponding asymmetric supercapacitor (FeS-MnO2//AC) delivers an energy density of 29 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 4800 W kg−1. It retains 85% of its initial capacitance at 10000 cycles of charge discharge at 5 A g−1 with a high Coulombic efficiency of 96% after the post cycling of XRD and FESEM, which shows exceptional structural and chemical stability. Density functional theory calculations show that interfacial charge transfer in FeS-MnO2 generates an internal electric field, enhancing OH− adsorption and accelerating surface redox reactions, thereby boosting supercapacitor performance. These combined experimental and theoretical insights highlight the FeS-MnO2 composite as a cost-effective and mechanistically reasonable platform to be utilized in the future generation of energy storage systems.

The conventional vanadium extraction process generates Cr(VI)-containing byproducts, typically treated through chemical reduction and neutralisation, which results in the formation of hazardous solid wastes and secondary pollutants. To address this environmental concern, a closed-loop recovery strategy was developed involving selective precipitation of Cr(VI) with PbSO4, followed by leaching using NaHSO4. Under optimised conditions (pH 9.5, Pb/Cr = 1.4, 30 degrees C, 240 min), chromium was effectively precipitated as PbCrO4, reducing residual Cr concentration from 0.86 g/L to 0.002 g/L. Subsequent leaching of the Cr-rich precipitate at 80 degrees C for 100 min in 0.4 mol/L NaHSO4 achieved a high Cr recovery efficiency of 97.33%. The regenerated PbSO4 and leaching solution were reused over multiple cycles. A comparative evaluation demonstrated that this method outperforms conventional Cr(VI) removal technologies in terms of efficiency, waste minimisation, and reagent recyclability. Kinetic studies confirmed pseudo-first-order leaching behaviour (k= 0.0327 min-1) and precipitation governed by a shrinking-core model (kr= 0.00921 min-1), supporting industrial applicability and process robustness. The method eliminates the need for strong reducing agents, minimises waste generation, and enables reagent recycling. This approach outperforms traditional Cr(VI) removal techniques by offering superior selectivity, operational simplicity, and environmental sustainability, establishing a robust framework for green metallurgy and circular economy principles in vanadium slag processing. Le proc & eacute;d & eacute; conventionnel d'extraction du vanadium g & eacute;n & egrave;re des sous-produits contenant du Cr(VI), trait & eacute;s typiquement par r & eacute;duction chimique et neutralisation, produisant des d & eacute;chets dangereux. Cette & eacute;tude introduit une nouvelle strat & eacute;gie de r & eacute;cup & eacute;ration en boucle ferm & eacute;e impliquant une pr & eacute;cipitation s & eacute;lective du Cr(VI) par PbSO4 suivie d'une lixiviation par NaHSO4, permettant le recyclage des r & eacute;actifs et la minimisation des d & eacute;chets. Dans les conditions optimis & eacute;es (pH de 9.5, Pb/Cr = 1.4, 30 degrees C, 240 min), on a r & eacute;duit la concentration en Cr de 0.86 g/L & agrave; 0.002 g/L (& eacute;limination de 99.7%). Une lixiviation & agrave; 80 degrees C pendant 100 mi dans 0.4 mol/L de NaHSO4 a produit une r & eacute;cup & eacute;ration de 97.33% du Cr. Le proc & eacute;d & eacute; a support & eacute; plusieurs cycles avec des performances constantes. L'analyse cin & eacute;tique a r & eacute;v & eacute;l & eacute; une lixiviation de pseudo-premier ordre (k = 0.0327 min-1) et une pr & eacute;cipitation par r & eacute;tr & eacute;cissement du noyau (kr = 0.00921 min-1). Cette m & eacute;thode surpasse les techniques traditionnelles en termes d'efficacit & eacute;, de s & eacute;lectivit & eacute; et de durabilit & eacute; pour le traitement des scories de vanadium.

Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is widely recognized as one of the most promising strategies for efficient solar energy conversion. Currently, the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers in ZnS-ZnO heterojunctions poses a major challenge to their practical application in hydrogen production via photocatalytic water splitting. In this study, ZnS is synthesized for the first time via a Pt-induced microelectrochemical growth method. Leveraging an n-n type semiconductor interface and employing a double Z-scheme mechanism, we construct ZnS-ZnO-ZnS (P-SZS/G) alternating heterojunctions with hole-type quantum wells. The microelectrochemical strategy used to induce ZnS growth does not require an external electric field. The P-ZSZ/G heterojunctions not only facilitate the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, but also promote the efficient accumulation of photogenerated holes possessing strong oxidizing capability within the potential well layers. Simultaneously, photogenerated holes restricted in quantum wells on the conductive band of ZnO can effectively participate in photocatalytic reactions. Thus, we achieved the controllable migration and separation of photogenerated carriers within the alternating heterojunctions. This efficient separation and migration of photogenerated carriers prolongs carrier lifetimes, ultimately enhancing hydrogen evolution performance. Consequently, this study presents a novel approach for the in situ formation of alternating heterojunctions and the construction of quantum wells based on a dual Z-scheme mechanism at dual n-type interfaces, by leveraging the microelectrochemical.

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a global oral disease triggered by external stimuli transmitted through exposed dentinal tubules. In order to treat DH, various desensitizers that can induce biomineralization have been designed for occluding dentinal tubules. However, it is still a great challenge to realize rapid biomineralization for DH treatment. In this work, a biocompatible hybrid (MBG@ALG) was prepared by grafting alginate (ALG) on the surface of mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) to achieve rapid biomineralization and efficient sealing of dentinal tubules. The MBG@ALG showed excellent biocompatibility with MC3T3-E1 cells and L929 cells. Even at the highest concentration of 400 mu g/mL, the cell viability still exceeded 95 %. The treatment of demineralized dentin demonstrated that MBG@ALG could induce rapid formation of mineralized apatite layer to achieve compact occlusion of the dentinal tubules over 45 mu m with strong stability, which can be resistant to acid and abrasion and remain the occlusion rate over 95 %, showing much better effect than commercial Gluma and 45S5 bioactive glass. The results demonstrated that MBG@ALG may be a promising candidate for DH treatment, and have perspective potential in biomedical fields.

The co-emission of NOx and CO in industrial flue gas renders traditional single-pollutant control strategies insufficient to meet the practical operating requirements. The synergistic technology of NH3 selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) and CO oxidation has been recognized as an effective approach for addressing these two complex co-pollutant emissions. This study aims to systematically evaluate the performance differences and reaction mechanisms of copper-based zeolite catalysts with different topological structures as dual-function catalysts for NH3-SCR and CO oxidation. The results indicated that Cu-ZSM-5 achieved significantly higher NO and CO conversions over a broader temperature window than that of Cu-Beta and Cu-Y while maintained the highest N2 selectivity. XRD, BET, and XPS analyses further confirmed that the superior performance of Cu-ZSM-5 originated from its MFI framework, which enabled higher dispersion of Cu species, higher efficient Cu+/Cu2+ redox cycle, and greater abundance of lattice oxygen (O alpha). NH3-TPD and H2-TPR results indicated that Cu-ZSM-5 possessed higher acid-site density and stronger redox capability. In situ DRIFTS analysis revealed that the NH3SCR reactions over Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-Beta mainly followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism, while Cu-Y primarily proceeded via the Eley-Rideal (E-R) pathway. In the CO oxidation reaction, Cu-ZSM-5 primarily followed the Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism, while Cu-Beta primarily operated via the L-H mechanism and Cu-Y mainly conformed to the E-R pathway. More importantly, transient co-feeding in situ DRIFTS analysis elucidated the dynamic competitive adsorption and transformation pathways of CO and NOx species over Cu+ active sites on Cu-ZSM-5 during the reaction. This study provides an essential theoretical insight for the rational design of efficient catalysts for the synergistic removal of NO and CO.

The BiOBr–BiOI–BiOBr heterojunction with a sandwich architecture, featuring an electron-type quantum well, demonstrates enhanced photocatalytic performance for the degradation of antibiotics and other organic pollutants.

ABSTRACT Lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) is a critical cathode material for high‐energy‐density lithium sulfur batteries and an indispensable precursor for sulfide solid electrolytes. Traditional high‐temperature carbothermal reduction remains energy‐intensive and carbon‐heavy, creating a significant mismatch with industrial sustainability targets. This review focuses on engineering‐oriented green synthesis routes, systematically analyzing low‐temperature solid‐state reactions, magnesiothermal reduction, and solution‐based metathesis pathways. It highlights process intensification, scale‐up feasibility, techno‐economic analysis, and by‐product valorization. Current challenges in industrial amplification, including mass transfer limitations and cost competitiveness, are critically evaluated. Future directions emphasize continuous‐flow manufacturing, closed‐loop solvent recovery, and hybrid process integration, providing actionable technical pathways to enable cost‐effective, low‐carbon Li 2 S production for industrial applications.

Single-crystal 4H-SiC serves as a crucial wide-bandgap semiconductor material for high-temperature power electronic devices. Nevertheless, its high hardness, intrinsic brittleness, and superior chemical inertness greatly hinder the precision fabrication of microholes. Conventional repetitive single-pulse femtosecond laser drilling is plagued by severe thermal oxidation, extensive thermal damage, and large taper angles, which severely degrade the machining accuracy and surface quality of 4H-SiC microholes. To address these drawbacks, this study develops a burst mode femtosecond laser drilling technology. We systematically compare the effects of pulse-burst and repetitive single-pulse laser irradiation on the geometric morphology, oxidation levels, and lattice integrity of microholes. Combined with two-temperature molecular dynamics (TTM-MD) simulations, the underlying electron-lattice heat transfer and material ablation mechanisms are elucidated. The burst mode strategy facilitates sequential sub-pulse energy deposition, prolongs electron-phonon coupling duration and substantially improves material ablation efficiency. Experimental results indicate that this approach yields superior micro-hole quality, characterized by reduced tapering and inhibited thermal oxidation. The uniform chemical composition distribution along the hole depth further verifies the low-damage and high-precision characteristics of the machining method. With optimized processing parameters, high-quality straight through-holes with a taper angle below 1° are successfully fabricated, and thermal oxidation behavior is significantly inhibited. These findings provide theoretical insights and technical benchmarks for high-precision microhole manufacturing of wide-bandgap semiconductor materials.

Conventional rigid human‐machine interfaces (HMIs) face significant limitations, including mechanical mismatch with human skin and dependence on batteries requiring frequent replacement/recharging, hindering seamless and biocompatible interactions. Self‐powered hydrogel sensors, characterized by properties such as energy autonomy, tunable mechanics, tissue‐like softness, and biocompatibility, have emerged as promising candidates for advancing wearable healthcare, soft robotics, and next‐generation HMIs. However, challenges encompassing long‐term cycle stability, complete energy autonomy, and adaptive smartness need to be addressed for their further development. Therefore, a systematic understanding of the development and current challenges of self‐powered hydrogel sensors as HMIs is of great importance for realizing their full potential in flexible and intelligent interaction paradigms. This paper reviews the development of self‐powered hydrogel HMIs, focusing on performance‐optimizing strategies for diverse requirements, categorization by energy generation mechanisms, key applications with emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI)‐enabled smartness, and their limitations. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities associated with self‐powered hydrogel HMIs are discussed. This review is believed to provide guidelines for advancing next‐generation HMIs that bridge energy autonomy, multimodal sensing, and AI‐enhanced responsiveness, with hydrogel sensors serving as a cornerstone.

Through first-principles calculations, we systematically explored the evolution of the electronic structure of MoSi2N4/GeI2 van der Waals heterostructure (vdWH) under biaxial strain, interlayer separation, and externally applied perpendicular electric fields. The pristine vdWH emerges as a direct-gap semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.69 eV. A compressive strain of 4% increases the bandgap to a maximum of 2.23 eV, whereas a tensile strain induces a precipitous reduction to 0.63 eV at 8%. Variations in interlayer spacing exert an equally pronounced influence: the bandgap broadens to 1.83 eV at 3.06 & Aring;, but collapses abruptly to 0.16 eV upon further contraction to 1.56 & Aring;. Perpendicular E-fields provide an additional lever of control; a modest field of-0.1 V & Aring;- 1 elevates the bandgap to 1.85 eV, while stronger fields of-0.5 V & Aring;-1 quench the gap entirely, driving the system into a metallic state. The underlying mechanisms governing these bandgap modulations are elucidated in detail. Collectively, these results highlight the remarkable tunability of MoSi2N4/GeI2 vdWH, thereby providing a theoretical framework for the rational conception of next-generation devices in the optoelectronic and flexible electronic domains.

Twisted van der Waals (vdW) bilayers allow the moiré potential and interlayer coupling to be tuned through the relative rotation between layers, providing a platform to study moiré physics. At large twist angles, the lack of translational symmetry allows intralayer and interlayer valley momenta to be connected by Umklapp processes, in principle permitting unconventional intervalley coupling. However, direct experimental evidence of such couplings in twisted vdW bilayers with broken translational symmetry has been limited. Here, we observe interlayer coupling between the K and -K valleys in twisted MoS2 bilayers by detecting intense photoluminescence from high-energy interlayer hybridized excitons. These hybridized excitons are absent in commensurate twisted MoS2 homobilayers and display an almost vanishing valley Zeeman splitting, indicative of strong mixing between intralayer and interlayer excitonic states. This hybridization gives rise to an unusual magnetic-field-dependent valley polarization in excitons with distinct spin configurations. With increasing temperature, the hybridized excitons detune, and their energies approach those of intralayer excitons, revealing a sensitive interplay between moiré coupling and thermal effects. Our results uncover a key role of broken translational symmetry in excitons of twisted MoS2 bilayers and open a route to exploring quantum phenomena in aperiodic twisted MoS2 materials.

Emulating flexible sensing in integrated systems operating under high-temperature environments is challenging due to the degraded stability of flexible materials and interfaces at increased temperatures. Here, we propose a strategy to design and construct flexible stacking architectures by using an inkjet printing and thermal annealing approach. The in situ growth of highly conductive molybdenum patterns directly on flexible micas afforded strong bonding and adhesion between circuits and flexible substrates. Thermal stress mismatch was significantly suppressed, enhancing the stability and signal-to-noise ratios of flexible devices up to 400 °C. Flexible and thermally regulable electronic devices, including amplifiers, low-pass filters, and wave generators, were constructed for high-temperature applications. Additionally, the seamless integration of these devices with a machine learning algorithm enables the realization of flexible sensing systems for real-time engine state monitoring and high-temperature information filtering. The proof-of-concept strategy offers a unique route for designing flexible sensing electronic devices, integrated circuits, and systems resistant to extreme-temperature conditions.

The efficient degradation of antibiotics in wastewater is expected to address environmental pollution. The photocatalytic performance of ZnO-based material is affected by the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carrier and the limited response to visible light. In this study, PDINN with excellent hydrophilic properties is effectively immobilized onto ZnO nanosheets via in-situ growth strategies, resulting in the formation of ZnO-PDINN (ZnO-P) organic-inorganic heterojunction for enhancing photocatalytic performance. ZnO-P heterojunction is capable of absorbing visible light, facilitating the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, enhancing carrier migration efficiency, and minimizing environmental impact. Consequently, under ultra-violet-visible light irradiation, ZnO-P exhibits exceptional degradation efficiency toward ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin, phenol and Cr(VI). Moreover, under visible light, ZnO-P can also effectively photodegrade CIP and photo-reduce Cr(VI), which are challenging to achieve using pristine ZnO. This study not only offers novel insights into the design of advanced organic-inorganic heterojunction, but also presents a promising strategy for improving the visible-light catalytic performance of ZnO-based materials through PDI modification.

Transition metal carbides (TMCs) are promising candidates for applications in flexible sensing electronics due to their high intrinsic conductivity, excellent mechanical strength, and mechanical flexibility. However, it remains a critical challenge to synthesize patterned TMCs films on flexible substrates for direct fabricating flexible sensors with superior mechanical and thermal stability under high-temperature environments. Herein, we report an inkjet printing and hydrogen-assisted thermal reduction approach that enables in situ growth of Mo2C patterns on flexible mica at 750°C. Thickness of the Mo2C films can be modulated from 10 to 70 nm, while the electrical resistance ranges from 2 to 0.1 kΩ by tailoring inkjet printing cycles. Owing to the large cohesive energy and high bonding strength between the Mo2C layer and the substrate, the resultant flexible temperature sensors show remarkable sensing performance from 20 to 1273 K, a high temperature coefficient of resistance of 1.7%/K (in the temperature regime over 1200 K), a low response time of about 26 ms, and a thermal stability at 873 K for 4 h. The proposed approach endows a promising platform to design thermally robust flexible sensors for applications in high-temperature environments.

High mass transfer efficiency, abundant surface sites, and short carrier migration distance can effectively enhance the photocatalytic performance of the materials. This study innovatively constructs a multiscale periodic macroporous (MPM) structure in the ternary metal oxide NaTaO3. The MPM architecture overcomes the inherent limitations of single-pore-size materials: large macropores suffer from thick pore walls leading to prolonged charge migration pathways and enhanced recombination, and low specific surface area, while small macropores lack efficient mass transport despite abundant active sites, and exhibit low electron-hole recombination. By synergistically integrating the advantages of both pore sizes, the MPM structure optimizes mass transport kinetics and charge separation efficiency, rendering it well-suited for solid-liquid phase photocatalytic reactions. Consequently, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of MPM NaTaO3 is significantly enhanced, thereby establishing a novel strategy for the controlled synthesis of complex ternary metal oxides.

In oxide photocatalysts, structural accessibility and defect regulation are often optimized independently, making it difficult to simultaneously balance mass transport, charge separation, and interfacial reactions. Herein, periodic multi-scale macroporous La-doped SrTiO3 (PMM-LST) is engineered using SrTiO3 as a model photocatalyst. In this architecture, secondary ordered macropores are embedded within a primary inverse-opal framework. Meanwhile, low-level La substitution tunes the local defect environment and electronic structure. This multi-scale pore hierarchy shortens transport pathways and enhances surface accessibility. Concurrently, La incorporation induces oxygen-vacancy-related defects and modulates the local coordination environment of Ti atoms—effects that synergistically promote charge separation and facilitate interfacial electron transfer. The optimized PMM-LST-0.05 achieves a cumulative H2 yield of 37.7 mmol g−1 after 5 h, corresponding to an average H2 evolution rate of 7.6 mmol g−1 h−1, outperforming the bulk, single-scale porous, and over-doped counterparts. This work reveals that relieving the diffusion–reaction trade-off and establishing an optimal defect window are both essential for efficient photocatalysis, providing insight into combining structural design with defect modulation for perovskite-based hydrogen evolution systems.

To achieve efficient CO2 conversion and address global climate and energy challenges, this study proposes an integrated strategy combining density functional theory (DFT) with machine learning (ML) to design novel CO2 reduction catalysts. The investigation centres on transition-metal-doped monolayer MoSi2N4 (TM@MoSi2N4) materials. DFT calculations confirm the efficacy of transition-metal doping in enhancing structural stability, modulating electronic structure, and facilitating charge transfer. During this process, the study identified a novel descriptor, the d-band upper edge (epsilon(W)(d)), which outperforms classical d-band centre models in predicting CO2 adsorption energies. Based on this descriptor, Cr@MoSi2N4 was selected as the most promising catalyst, exhibiting a low *COOH reaction energy barrier, high CH4 selectivity, and a favourable thermodynamic reaction pathway. Furthermore, the ML model successfully identified core features governing adsorption properties (V-M: molar volume of transition metal, V-G: unit cell volume, R-a: atomic radius, etc.) and electronic structure (epsilon(W)(d), G(N): group number of transition metal, d(N): number of d electrons, etc.), achieving high-precision performance prediction (R-2 > 0.95). The DFT-ML framework established in this study pioneers a novel approach for the rapid screening and rational design of catalysts for efficient CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR).

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct of wet-process phosphoric acid production and contains soluble phosphorus (P), fluorine (F), and other harmful impurities in addition to calcium sulfate. Its acidic leachate enriched with P and F poses long-term risks to soil and surrounding water bodies. Owing to the incorporation of soluble P and F within calcium sulfate crystal interlayers, these contaminants are gradually released during storage, making it difficult to achieve an economically efficient and environmentally benign treatment of PG at an industrial scale. In this study, a low-cost and sustainable process for the effective and long-term immobilization of soluble P and F in PG was developed using sulfuric acid-activated red mud (RM), an industrial waste rich in Fe and Al. After pulping PG with water, activated RM was added, followed by pH adjustment with Ca(OH)2, leading to the in situ formation of amorphous calcium aluminate and calcium ferrite polymers with strong adsorption affinity toward soluble P and F. The immobilization mechanism and phase evolution were systematically investigated using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, PS-6PLASMA SPECTROVAC, BAIRD, USA), on a Rigaku Miniflex diffractometer (Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and zeta potential analysis. The leachate of PG treated with activated RM and Ca(OH)2 contained P < 0.5 mg/L and F < 10 mg/L at pH 8.5–9.0, meeting environmental requirements (pH = 6–9, P ≤ 0.5 mg/L, F ≤ 10 mg/L). Moreover, the immobilized P and F exhibited enhanced stability during long-term stacking, indicating the formation of durable immobilization products. This study demonstrates an effective “treating waste with waste” strategy for the large-scale, environmentally safe utilization of phosphogypsum.