Organic fertilization and deep ploughing are expected to contribute to carbon (C) sequestration in arable soils. This hypothesis was evaluated over 11 years of chemical and organic fertilization under conventional tillage (20 cm) and deep ploughing (40 cm) in a rainfed sorghum-maize rotation system on the Loess Plateau. Soil was collected and analysed to determine the soil organic C (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the soil profiles (0–60 cm) or in the macroaggregates, microaggregates and silt and clay fractions (0–20 cm only). The SOC and TN stocks at the 0–60 cm depth displayed a net decrease in the unfertilized control, a marginal increase with chemical fertilizer, a significant increase of 23–45 % and 19–42 %, respectively, with organic amendments and a significant increase of 54 % and 48 %, respectively, when combined with deep ploughing. A critical input amount of 2064 kg C ha−1 yr−1 or 162 kg N ha−1 yr−1 was found to be required to maintain the initial SOC or TN stock. The annual N input was positively correlated with the C sequestration efficiency (P < 0.001). This supports the microbial N mining theory. Organic fertilization increased soil aggregation and the specific activity of N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, which was positively correlated with the specific respiration rate in the whole soil profile (P < 0.001) and aggregates (P < 0.001). This appears to support the stoichiometric decomposition theory. However, deep ploughing decreased the specific activity of N-acetyl-glucosaminidase at the 40–60 cm depth compared with conventional tillage. Collectively, long-term organic fertilization combined with deep ploughing enhances SOC sequestration in three ways: directly through the input of exogenous C, indirectly by alleviating microbial N limitations and increasing the amount and stability of subsoil-associated C, and to a lesser extent by improving soil aggregation.

In view of the growing market for new energy vehicles and flexible wearable electronic devices, the demand for high performance, low cost and high safety energy storage devices is increasing. Here, a zinc-ion supercapacitor (ZISC) with CZIF-67-CNTs cathode and zinc foil anode was constructed. This energy storage system provides superb electrochemical properties with specific capacitance of 103.3 F g-1(0.2 A g-1), energy density of 32.3 Wh kg-1 (150 W kg-1) and capacitance retention of 74 % (20,000 cycles). A facile sensor application is also provided for ZISC with hydrogel as the electrolyte, and the device exhibits a stress-sensitive current response. Then an elastic electrochemical operating mechanism is also proposed. This compressible quasi-solid-state ZISC shows enormous application value in wearable stress sensing and energy storage devices.

Quantum spin liquids (QSLs) represent an exotic quantum many-body state characterized by the suppression of long-range magnetic order due to strong quantum fluctuations. The kagome spin-1/2 antiferromagnet (AFM) is a prime candidate for realizing QSLs, but its ground state remains an unresolved conundrum. Here we investigate the recently discovered perfect kagome AFM YCu_3(OH)_6.5Br_2.5 to elucidate two central enigmas surrounding the kagome AFM. Ultra-sensitive torque magnetometry experiments reveal that the intrinsic magnetic susceptibility arising from the kagome layer remains nearly temperature-independent down to exceedingly low temperatures. This observation seemingly implies the emergence of gapless fermionic spin excitations akin to Pauli paramagnetism in metals. However, most strikingly, these results stand in stark contrast to the conspicuous absence of a temperature-linear contribution to the specific heat. These findings appear irreconcilable with the widely-discussed theoretical frameworks assuming fermionic quasiparticles (QPs), instead suggesting a transition of bosonic QPs into a superfluid state with a gapless Goldstone mode. Furthermore, magnetocaloric measurements evince an entropy anomaly, constituting thermodynamic evidence that magnetic fields instigate the opening of a spin gap, driving a quantum phase transition into a 1/9 magnetization plateau state. These results shed light on the nature of the low-energy excitations in zero and strong magnetic fields, providing crucial insights into the long-standing unresolved issues of the ground state of the kagome AFM.

The preparation of metallic phase molybdenum disulfide (1T-MoS 2 ) through an implementable method has become a top priority in research due to its excellent electrochemical performance. In this study, 1T-MoS 2 using a facile one -pot hydrothermal method is successfully synthesized by incorporating saccharides. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis mechanism is induced by various saccharides. Glucose, a monosaccharide, not only possesses reducibility but also plays a crucial role in preparation of sulfur vacancies. Maltose is a disaccharide that can hydrolyze into glucose and fructose, both of which exhibit reducibility. On the contrary, dextrin is difficult to break down into fructose or glucose, and faces certain challenges in promoting the formation of 1T-MoS 2 . Importantly, 1T-MoS 2 with 76 % purity obtained in our study exhibits exceptional electrochemical performance, demonstrating a high specific capacitance of 228.4 F g -1 at 2 A g -1 and maintaining a cycling stability of 97 % after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, an asymmetric flexible supercapacitor device is assembled by 1T-MoS 2 and active carbon on carbon cloths, which shows superior flexibility, high power density, and energy density. Notably, this work not only unveils the mechanism by which saccharides influence the synthesis of 1T-MoS 2 but also provides support for the preparation of other metallic members in the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) family.

In two-dimensional valleytronics, the controllability of anomalous valley Hall effect is the key to its practical application. However, most of the previously proposed control methods are volatile or irreversible. Here, using first principles calculations, we demonstrate that the GdF2/Sc2CO2 multiferroic heterojunction can exhibit nonvolatile switching of its electronic band structures. Interestingly, the polarization switching of the ferroelectric monolayer induces movement in the valley polarization band of GdF2, enabling manipulation of the valley Hall effect. This allows the memory state encoded in the ferroelectric monolayer to be read out via the anomalous valley Hall signal of the heterostructures. The switchable anomalous valley Hall effect can also be achieved by applying biaxial strain in the GdF2/Sc2CO2 multiferroic heterojunction. By harnessing this intriguing anomalous valley Hall effect switching characteristic, we develop a nonvolatile valleytronics memory device. This work provides a way to achieve nonvolatile control in valleytronics and promotes the design of memory devices.

Co2Cr(Ga,Si) shape memory alloys have a wide application temperature range due to the unique re-entrant martensite phase transformation (RMT) behavior. Nevertheless, the microscopic mechanism of RMT remains elusive and unsystematic. The heart of this investigation lies the comprehensive exploration of phase stability, phase transformation path, and martensite slip direction during RMT from martensite (D022 22-PM) to austenite (L21 1-FM). In this work, we systematically investigate the re-entrant martensitic transformation of Co2Cr(Ga,Si) 2 Cr(Ga,Si) SMAs using first-principles methods for the first time. Firstly, the density of states (DOS) calculation indicates that the stability of L21 1-FM is higher than D022 22-PM. The charge density calculation further indicates that the bonding strength between Co atoms and Cr (Si) atoms in the L21 1-FM phase is the highest. In addition, Fermi surface calculation further reveals that phase instability is due to the Fermi surface nesting caused by electron- phonon coupling. Moreover, the minimum energy path was calculated by the G-SSNEB method for the first time, which indicates the RMT can occur. Finally, the calculation of the elastic constants indicates that RMT is caused by the crystal plane slip of the D022 22-PM phase along the <110> direction. Our calculations provide the electronic-level and thermodynamic mechanism for RMT of Co2Cr(Ga,Si) 2 Cr(Ga,Si) alloy and shed some light on the revelation of the phase transformation mechanism.

In recent years,molybdenum disulfide(MoS2)has gained significant attention in the scientific community.Few-layered MoS2 demonstrates unique properties and potential applications.However,the synthesis of few-layered and high-purity 1T-MoS2 is still a challenge.In this study,we successfully employed a hydrothermal method to synthesize few-layered and high-purity 1T-MoS2.The purity of the material is controlled by a combination of sodium borohydride and ethanol.Notably,the few-layered 1T-MoS2 exhibits exceptional performance as a supercapacitor,including the high specific capacitance(250.3 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1)and excellent long-trem cycling stability(90.7%after 5000 cycles).Meanwhile,the asymmetric device assembled by 6-FL-1T-MoS2 and active carbon on carbon cloths exhibits excellent flexibility and high energy and power density(23.1 μWh cm-2 at 600 μW cm-2,55 μWh cm-2 at 12000 μW cm-2).This work provides valuable insights into the synthesis of few-layered and high-purity 1T-MoS2,opening up new avenues for further research and applications.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a typical layered material, has important applications in various fields, such as optoelectronics, catalysis, electronic devices, sensors, and supercapacitors. Extensive research has been carried out on few-layered MoS2 in the field of electrochemistry due to its large specific surface area, abundant active sites and short electron transport path. However, the preparation of few-layered MoS2 is a significant challenge. This work presents a simple one-pot hydrothermal method for synthesizing few-layered MoS2. Furthermore, it investigates the exfoliation effect of different amounts of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a stripping agent on the layer number of MoS2. Na+ ions, as alkali metal ions, can intercalate between layers to achieve the purpose of exfoliating MoS2. Additionally, NaBH4 exhibits reducibility, which can effectively promote the formation of the metallic phase of MoS2. Few-layered MoS2, as an electrode for supercapacitor, possesses a wide potential window of 0.9 V, and a high specific capacitance of 150 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. This work provides a facile method to prepare few-layered two-dimensional materials for high electrochemical performance.

Stock portfolio is a hard issue in the Fintech field due to the diversity of data characteristics and the dynamic complexity of the market. Despite advances in deep learning that have made great progress in the complex and highly stochastic portfolio problem, the existing research still faces significant limitations. They either consider only investment returns or simply use some macro-market data to guide their models against risk. The preferred direction of the market greatly affects the choice of stock. And in practice, investors are more inclined to portfolios with low correlation between assets because of the ripple relationships between related things. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, called Mercury, which views stock screening as a reinforcement learning process. In particular, to enhance the ability to perceive changes in the market and generate higher returns, our framework models the sensitivity of the market preferences and learns dynamic temporal and spatial dependency patterns between assets from historical trading data. Additionally, the framework employs reinforcement learning to screen the overall low-correlation portfolio, which can better improve the ability to withstand investment risks while guaranteeing returns. The daily dataset of China's A-share market is used as the research sample to verify the effectiveness and robustness of Mercury, and our framework has strong generalization ability, which can be easily generalized to other trading procedures.

脑卒中后骨质疏松发病率高,严重影响病人的康复,但临床未对其展开常规评估.脑卒中后骨质疏松的机制复杂,包括制动、体重减小、营养不良、药物因素、神经内分泌及年龄、性别等其他因素.目前对脑卒中后病人骨量及其变化的评估主要依靠实验室检查及影像学检查,前者主要检测骨重建及骨吸收生物标志物的含量,后者以双能X线骨吸收仪为主,近年来高分辨率外周定量CT的应用逐渐增多.目前对脑卒中后病病人骨量变化以横断面描述性研究为主,关于该并发症的临床表现、病程变化及其与肩手综合征的关系尚未明确,多数研究者认为脑卒中后病人恢复期骨量最低,上肢骨质疏松程度较下肢更严重.脑卒中后骨质疏松主要采用口服补充钙剂及增加偏瘫侧负重及活动量治疗,但不同物理疗法的疗效差异及合适剂量需更多的研究证实.综述脑卒中后骨质疏松的发病机制、症状表现及治疗手段.

An authentic face restoration system is becoming increasingly demanding in many computer vision applications, e.g., image enhancement, video communication, and taking portrait. Most of the advanced face restoration models can recover high-quality faces from low-quality ones but usually fail to faithfully generate realistic and high-frequency details that are favored by users. To achieve authentic restoration, we propose $\textbf{IDM}$, an $\textbf{I}$teratively learned face restoration system based on denoising $\textbf{D}$iffusion $\textbf{M}$odels (DDMs). We define the criterion of an authentic face restoration system, and argue that denoising diffusion models are naturally endowed with this property from two aspects: intrinsic iterative refinement and extrinsic iterative enhancement. Intrinsic learning can preserve the content well and gradually refine the high-quality details, while extrinsic enhancement helps clean the data and improve the restoration task one step further. We demonstrate superior performance on blind face restoration tasks. Beyond restoration, we find the authentically cleaned data by the proposed restoration system is also helpful to image generation tasks in terms of training stabilization and sample quality. Without modifying the models, we achieve better quality than state-of-the-art on FFHQ and ImageNet generation using either GANs or diffusion models.

The micro-structure parameters of Cs 2 CO 3 solution (salt/water molar ratios are 1 : 15, 1 : 35, 1 : 50) at 323, 298, 273, and 248 K were obtained by model calculation with X’ Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer. The obtained average Cs–O distance is 0.323 nm, and the corresponding coordination number is 5.17. Interaction distance of Cs–C( CO_3^2 - ) is 0.318 nm, coordination number varies with the concentration. Molar ratio of 1:15 solution is nearly saturated, and there is a bigger probability to form contact ion pairs (Cs– CO_3^2 - ) with the coordination number 0.89 in average; the number of 1 : 35 is 0.31, and the 1 : 50 samples are guaranteed to be fully hydrated with less contact ion pairs, resulting in an average coordination number of 0.03. Three different molar ratios represent three microstates of inside solutions, so there are differences in the microstructure parameters among samples. The coordination distance of O–O–(H-bonding) is 0.275 nm and the coordination number is 2.23. The interaction distance of C( CO_3^2 - )–OH 2 is 0.374 nm and the number of the interaction is 7.28. The carbonate ion as well as cesium ion exists in a hydrated cluster in the solution, and partly forming contact ions with each other. The interaction between oxygen atoms in CO_3^2 - and water molecules around CO_3^2 - is similar to the hydrogen bonds. In addition, it can be concluded that the parameters of intra-molecular interactions (O–H(H 2 O), C–O( CO_3^2 - ), O–O( CO_3^2 - )) change little with the changing temperature and concentration according to the model calculation results. For inter-molecular interactions (Cs–O(H 2 O), Cs–O(II), O–O(H-bonding)), the changing of coordination distances and numbers is obvious with temperature and concentration.

In order to cope with the current challenges brought by the volatility of renewable energy and the random entry of large-scale electric vehicles into the grid, how to realize the interaction between the supply and demand sides becomes an urgent problem to be solved at present. First, a price-based response strategy based on time-of-use tariffs and an incentive-based response strategy that takes into account response uncertainty are proposed, making full use of the identity of EV virtual energy storage, which together constitute an aggregated EV dispatch strategy that accounts for demand response. Secondly, to address the inherent prediction error problem, a regional integrated energy multi-timescale rolling optimised dispatch model considering supply and demand interactions is constructed to fully exploit the dispatch potential of energy storage on both the supply and demand sides to achieve economic optimisation. Finally, experimental verification is carried out, and the results show that the proposed model can better exploit the dispatching potential of electric vehicles as flexible loads and virtual energy storage, and improve the economy of system operation.

The UHF antenna is a key component for partial discharge detection of GIS equipment, whose performance directly determines the effectiveness of the detection. In this paper, a novel UHF antenna for partial discharge detection of GIS equipment is designed based on fractal theory, and the antenna is modeled and simulated in a three-dimensional electromagnetic software to explore the influence of different structural parameters on the performance of the antenna. The working frequency band of the optimized antenna is 500~1060 MHz with an average gain of 3.8 dB. To verify the detection performance of the antenna, partial discharge tests are designed and carried out based on the needle-plate discharge model and column-plate model. Experimental results show that the antenna can be used for partial discharge detection of GIS equipment.

Magnetism in layered two dimensional materials has attracted extensive interest. In this work, a variety of concentrations of Co dopants (1, 2 and 4 at.%) were doped into MoTe2 single crystal by ion implantation. Magnetic results indicate that pure MoTe2 displays a diamagnetic behavior. A small amount of Co doping induces a very high saturation magnetization. 4 % Co doping exhibits a saturation magnetization as high as 2231 emu/cm3, higher than pure metallic Fe (1958 emu/cm(3)). In addition, an outsized coercivity of 11 kOe was also detected in the 2 at.% Co doped MoTe2 sample, which may be a consequence of doping-induced defects in the lattice structure, stress, anisotropic geometry of Co-Te ions and pinning effects by the defects in-between the ions. First principles density functional theory calculations reveal that doping-induced structural defects, including substitutional and interstitial Co, nanoholes as well as interstitial Mo, are responsible for the high magnetization. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

By combining the large power density of supercapacitors with the high energy density of ion batteries, a novel zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZHSC) is proposed and considered a promising candidate. But there are still challenges in the selection and application of reliable cathode materials. Herein, we used a mature and safe one-step hydrothermal method to synthesize N/P co-doped graphene (NPG), which exhibited a unique three-dimensional structure and a large specific surface area, showing great advantages as cathode to assemble Zn//NPG ZHSC with zinc foil. In the 1 M ZnSO4 solution, the ZHSC shows superior electrochemical performance, which presents an excellent specific capacitance of 210.2 F g(-1) under a wide working voltage of 1.8 V, and it achieves both a maximum energy density of 94.6 Wh kg(-1) and a large power density of 4500 W kg(-1). More importantly, the capacitance retention rate remains 82% and a coulomb efficiency of -100% is achieved after 15,000 cycles. Overall, the results of this study highlight the efficient synthesis and excellent performance of NPG cathode materials, and also promote the rapid development and great application of high-performance Zn-ion hybrid capacitors.

Zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors (Zn-HSCs), combined with the superiorities of supercapacitors and batteries, are regarded to have evolutive potential in devices of energy storage. Herein, the nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene/polyaniline nanoarrays (NSG/PANI) have been successfully compounded by in-situ polymerization. The structural characterization shows that the NSG/PANI-50 nanocomposite possess more active sites and vertically arranged PANI nanoarrays on the surface of NSG. The Zn-HSCs devices assembled by the zinc foil as anode, NSG/PANI-x (x = 30, 50, 70) as cathode and ZnSO4 as electrolyte (NSG/PANI//ZnSO4 (aq.)//Zn) show extraordinary energy storage properties. The prepared NSG/PANI-50//Zn device exhibits exceptional specific capacitance of 268.4 F g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1)(the retention rate is 75.2% as the current density increased 20-times from 0.1 A g(-1) to 2 A g(-1)), high energy density (95.4 Wh kg(-1)) and excellent capacitance retention rate of similar to 93% at 5 A g(-1) after 10,000 cycles. The diffusion-controlled behavior (72% of the total storage charge at 5 mV s(-1)) suggests that the diffusion-controlled process acts a momentous role in the process of energy storage. The impressive results demonstrate that NSG/PANI nanocomposite could be a potential high-performance electrode material for Zn-ion hybrid energy systems. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Supercapacitors stand out among some traditional energy storage devices due to their advantages such as long cycle stability, fast charge-discharge performance and high-power density. Therefore, it is necessary to explore high-performance electrode materials for application in supercapacitors. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) has high theoretical capacitance and high energy density, however, the deterioration of volume expansion and low conductivity directly affect its wide application. Graphene has attracted great interest owing to its invention. The combination of graphene and MnO2 can not only highlight the low resistance, large specific surface area and thermal stability of graphene, but also solve the shortcomings of MnO2 alone as an electrode material. The proposal of composite materials has also promoted the development and application of electrode materials in supercapacitors. Hence, this review aims to summarize the synthetic strategies and research progress of MnO2-graphene based multi-element composites, including the combination of MnO2-graphene with various carbon materials, transition metal oxides and conducting polymers, respectively. Finally, the possible development directions of MnO2-graphene based composite electrode materials in the future are also prospected. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study discusses a multi-dimensional parameter design of functionally graded materials for spacers in high voltage direct current gas insulated transmission lines (HVDC GIL). Based on a basin-type spacer, effects of surface conductance graded materials ($\sigma$-SFGM) on the electric field distributions are investigated under stationary and transient conditions. Results show that the $\sigma$-SFGM spacer can effectively regulate the steady-state electric field, but the regulation effect on the transient electric field is limited when its time constant is longer than the transient time of the applied voltage. To coordinately regulate the electric field distribution under multiple operating conditions in HVDC GIL, a multi-dimensional functionally graded material (MFGM) with both bulk permittivity and surface conductance gradients is designed. The MFGM spacer has the same relaxation effect on the stationary field as the $\sigma$-SFGM spacer and on the transient field as the $\varepsilon$-FGM spacer. Compared to the uniform spacer, the MFGM spacer can reduce the maximum electric field strengths under steady-state and switching-on conditions by 38.9% and 28.2%, respectively.