In strongly correlated materials such as high-temperature superconductors, the relation between charge density wave (CDW) order and magnetism remains an important unresolved problem. FeGe is the first kagome metal known to exhibit CDW order deep within an antiferromagnetic state, accompanied by an unconventional evolution of lattice symmetry. To elucidate the general conditions governing such spin-correlated CDW order, we investigate ScFe_6Ge_6, which lacks CDW order and therefore exhibits reduced involvement of charge degrees of freedom while retaining other properties of FeGe. Instead of a CDW order, ScFe_6Ge_6 undergoes a magnetic transition at T^* = 195 K. Across this transition, angle-resolved photoemission and Raman spectroscopy reveal orbital-selective behavior confined to a single kagome Dirac band, together with electron-phonon and magnetoelastic coupling to an out-of-plane phonon mode. These results suggest that orbital-selective physics and out-of-plane correlations play enhanced roles in realizing spin-correlated CDW order in magnetic kagome metals.

A lead-vacancy (PbV) center in diamond exhibits coherent emission above the liquid helium temperature, making it highly attractive for quantum network applications. Here, we report the magneto-optical and spin properties of PbV centers in diamond. We record a spin lifetime of 12 ms at 7.5 K under large off-axis magnetic field. Furthermore, we observe formation of the coherent dark state by coherent population trapping and estimate a spin dephasing time of 354 ns at 6.5 K. This work demonstrates the outstanding thermal robustness of the PbV spin compared to other group-IV centers above 4 K.

Genome annotation currently requires performing dozens of molecular assays in hundreds of cell and tissue samples, an expensive endeavor which is impractical to replicate across all species and conditions of interest. Here, we introduce BioSeq2Seq, a deep learning framework that infers cell-line-specific molecular assays widely used for genome annotation by leveraging a tri-modal input: evolutionarily conserved DNA sequence features, together with cell-line-specific transcriptional activity and directionality captured by a single run-on sequencing assay. BioSeq2Seq enables flexible genome annotation tasks through parameterized configurations of input features and output targets, combined with gradient-guided architectural refinement for specific biological objectives. Our model demonstrates high accuracy across four downstream tasks, showing improvements of 14.27% in histone modification prediction, 2.50% in functional element identification, and 2.90% in gene expression prediction compared to state-of-the-art methods. In transcription factor binding site (TFBS) prediction, it maintains performance comparable to that of leading existing approaches. By achieving competitive performance across tasks with single-cell-line input data, BioSeq2Seq provides an efficient and low-cost alternative for genome annotation.

Kagome lattices, characterized by unique band structures such as flat bands and van Hove singularities, serve as a compelling platform for exploring the interplay between electronic states such as charge density waves, superconductivity, and topological quantum phenomena. In this study, we employed high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles calculations to systematically characterize the distinct surface terminations of cleaved single-crystal CsTi3Bi5 and elucidate their corresponding band structures, providing critical insights into their intrinsic electronic states. Our findings reveal a pronounced splitting of flat bands on Bi-terminated surfaces, which is absent on Cs-terminated surfaces, indicating distinct surface electronic environments. Notably, the coexistence of original and replicated flat bands points to intricate interfacial interactions, potentially involving phenomena such as charge order, localized orbital hybridization, or surface reconstruction, rather than a straightforward rigid band shift. We find this behavior is attributed to a localized charge-driven hole doping effect at the interface, as supported by theoretical simulations and the observed modulation in band dispersions. These insights deepen our understanding of electronic structure modulation in kagome materials, paving the way for targeted band engineering and the investigation of emergent quantum phenomena such as unconventional superconductivity and topological orders.

Waveform generation and digitization play essential roles in numerous physics experiments. In traditional distributed systems for large-scale experiments, each frontend node contains an FPGA for data preprocessing, which interfaces with various data converters and exchanges data with a backend central processor. However, the streaming readout architecture has become a new paradigm for several experiments benefiting from advancements in data transmission and computing technologies. This paper proposes a scalable distributed waveform generation and digitization system that utilizes fiber optical connections for data transmission between frontend nodes and a central processor. By utilizing transparent transmission on top of the data link layer, the clock and data ports of the converters in the frontend nodes are directly mapped to the FPGA firmware at the backend. This streaming readout architecture reduces the complexity of frontend development and maintains the data conversion in proximity to the detector. Each frontend node uses a local clock for waveform digitization. To translate the timing information of events in each channel into the system clock domain within the backend central processing FPGA, a novel method is proposed and evaluated using a demonstrator system.

Tumor-type classification is critical for effective cancer treatment, yet current methods based on genomic alterations lack flexibility and have limited performance. Here, we introduce OncoChat, an artificial intelligence (AI) model designed to classify 69 tumor types by integrating diverse genomic alterations. Developed on genomic data from 158,836 tumors sequenced with targeted cancer gene panels, OncoChat demonstrates superior performance, achieving a micro-averaged precision-recall area under the curve (PRAUC) of 0.810 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.803-0.816), accuracy of 0.774, and an F1 score of 0.756, outperforming baseline methods. In a cancer of unknown primary (CUP) dataset of 26 cases whose types were subsequently confirmed, OncoChat correctly identified 22 cases. In two larger CUP datasets (n = 719 and 158), tumor types predicted by OncoChat were associated with survival outcomes and mutation profiles consistent with those of known tumor types. OncoChat offers promising potential for clinical decision support, particularly in managing patients with CUP.

Protein-RNA interactions play pivotal roles in regulating transcription, translation, and RNA metabolism. Characterizing these interactions offers key insights into RNA dysregulation mechanisms. Here, we introduce Reformer, a deep learning model that predicts protein-RNA binding affinity from sequence data. Trained on 225 enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation sequencing (eCLIP-seq) datasets encompassing 155 RNA-binding proteins across three cell lines, Reformer achieves high accuracy in predicting binding affinity at single-base resolution. The model uncovers binding motifs that are often undetectable through traditional eCLIP-seq methods. Notably, the motifs learned by Reformer are shown to correlate with RNA processing functions. Validation via electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirms the model’s precision in quantifying the impact of mutations on RNA regulation. In summary, Reformer improves the resolution of RNA-protein interaction predictions and aids in prioritizing mutations that influence RNA regulation.

With the development of physics experiments, many detectors utilize a time-to-digital converter (TDC) to achieve a high-precision Time-of-Arrival (ToA) measurement. An analog-digital hybrid fine interpolation TDC is proposed to achieve high time precision in this paper. The TDC consists of an analog-digital hybrid fine interpolator and a digital module. The analog-digital hybrid fine interpolator is composed of an uncontrolled delay line, switches and source followers. This paper discusses the theory of operation of the proposed architecture and the calibration approaches. A prototype ASIC has been designed in a commercial 180 nm BCD process. Only post-layout simulation results are presented in this paper. The simulation results show that the precision of the TDC is about 5.76 ps, the maximum bin width is 15 ps and the dynamic range of 2.8 ns with an external ADC at the terminal of the analog.

A charge order has been discovered to emerge deep into the antiferromagnetic phase of the kagome metal FeGe. To study its origin, the evolution of the low-lying electronic structure across the charge order phase transition is investigated with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We do not find signatures of nesting between Fermi surface sections or van-Hove singularities in zero-frequency joint density of states, and there are no obvious energy gaps at the Fermi level, which exclude the nesting mechanism for the charge order formation in FeGe. However, two obvious changes in the band structure have been detected, i.e., one electron-like band around the K point and another one around the A point move upward in energy position when the charge order forms. These features can be well reproduced by our density-functional theory calculations, where the charge order is primarily driven by magnetic energy saving via large dimerizations of a quarter of Ge1-sites (in the kagome plane) along the c-axis. Our results provide strong support for this novel charge order formation mechanism in FeGe, in contrast to the conventional nesting mechanism.

Chiral multifold fermions in solids exhibit unique band structures and topological properties, making them ideal for exploring fundamental physical phenomena related to nontrivial topology, chirality, and symmetry breaking. However, the challenge of obtaining clean, flat surfaces through cleavage has hindered the investigation of their unique electronic states. In this study, we utilize high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to investigate the low-energy electronic structure of the cleavable single-crystal PdSbSe. Our combined experimental and theoretical analysis reveals the presence of multifold degenerate fermions within this chiral crystal. We also observe multiple chiral Fermi arc surface states and spin-splitting behavior in the associated bulk bands. These findings provide unique insights into chiral, multifold fermionic states in easily cleavable crystals and offer a robust platform for further research into their unique electronic properties and potential applications in novel electronic devices.

Modulating alkylthiophenyl side chains in polymer donors enhances photovoltaic performance. PB2T-S exhibits superior efficiency due to its lower HOMO, stronger pre-aggregation, and ordered packing, thereby expanding the design strategies for OSCs.

Even though lead halide perovskites have achieved impressive photovoltaic performance for their unique properties, inherent deep-level defects and crystal defects still show pivotal impact on efficiency and stability of solar devices. In this research, 1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane-1,3-disulfonimide caesium salt (CsHFDF) is incorporated into the perovskite precursor to synergistically passivate defects and enhance the quality of crystallization. It is found that CsHFDF inhibits the crystallization of lead iodide, which in turn modulates the crystal orientation and growth of the perovskite film. The HFDF & oline; anchored at grain boundaries exhibits bifunctional characteristics, effectively reducing undercoordinated FA+ and Pb2+ defects, meanwhile the incorporated Cs+ can enhance the crystal stability. The transient absorption (TA) and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy are utilized to systematically investigate the photophysical processes at the molecular level. The addition of CsHFDF enhanced both carrier bulk diffusion within the perovskite and interfacial transfer at the perovskite/SnO2 interface, while simultaneously reducing charge recombination from SnO2 to perovskite. These effects are closely related to the synergistic regulation of perovskite crystal quantity and deep-level defects after CsHFDF doping. Ultimately, perovskite solar cells based on this polar molecule doping achieved a power conversion efficiency of 24.52 % for small-area devices and 21.02 % for large-area (5 cm x 5 cm) perovskite solar modules.

Intrinsic ferromagnetic materials with nontrivial topological properties provide a fertile ground to explore exotic quantum properties, such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect, large tunneling magnetoresistance, etc., which would have potential applications in next-generation spintronic devices. In this work, combining experimental and theoretical studies, we find that in a newly synthesized natural bulk van der Waals MnSb2Te4/(Sb2Te3)2 superlattice, the competing magnetic interactions give rise to a fragile ferromagnetic ground state, which whereas very easily enters into the antiferromagnetic states at higher temperatures. Moreover, the system can be forced into a ferromagnetic state by a very small vertical magnetic field. Especially, our calculations reveal that MnSb2Te4/(Sb2Te3)2 system in different magnetic configurations always keeps staying in the axion-insulator state. The axion-insulator state can be converted into a Weyl semimetal with hole doping, manifested by the notable intrinsic anomalous Hall effect. Our work thus provides an intrinsic ferromagnetic topological material which can be tuned into versatile topological phases by temperature, magnetic field, as well as carrier doping.

Mitigating heat is a vital ecosystem service of trees, particularly with climate change. Land surface temperature measures captured at a single time of day (in the morning) dominate the urban heat island literature. Less is known about how local tree canopy and impervious surface regulate air temperature throughout the day, and/or across many days with varied weather conditions, including cloud cover. We use bike-mounted air temperature sensors throughout the day in New Haven, Connecticut, USA, from 2019 to 2021 and generalized additive mixed models across 156 rides to estimate the daily variation in cooling benefits associated with tree canopy cover, and warming from impervious surface cover in 90 m buffers surrounding bike observations. Cooling is inferred by subtracting the bicycle-observed temperature from a reference station. The cooling benefits from tree canopy cover were strongest in the midday (11:00–14:00, −1.62 °C), afternoon (14:00–17:00, −1.19 °C), and morning (8:00–11:00, −1.15 °C) on clear days. The cooling effect was comparatively smaller on cloudy mornings −0.92 °C and afternoons −0.51 °C. Warming from impervious surfaces was most pronounced in the evening (17:00–20:00, 1.11 °C) irrespective of clouds, and during cloudy nights (20:00–23:00) and cloudy mornings 1.03 °C 95 % CI [1.03, 1.04]. Among the hottest observed days (top 25th percentile of reference station daily maxima), tree canopy was associated with lower temperatures on clear afternoons −1.78 °C [-1.78, −1.78], cloudy midday −1.17 °C [-1.19, −1.15], clear midday −1.12 °C [-1.12, −1.11]. We add a broader spectrum of weather conditions by explicitly including clouds, and greater temporal resolution by measuring throughout the day to bike-based urban heat research. Future mobile sampling campaigns may broaden the spatial extent with more environmental variation, representing an opportunity for public science and engagement.

In this study, we investigated the intracity variation of humid heat in consideration of the contributions from temperature and humidity. Data were collected from mobile surveys in a mid-latitude industrial city. We found greater humid heat in built-up neighborhoods than in rural neighborhoods. Land surface temperature exaggerates the disparity in heat exposure as opposed to air temperature, although their spatial variations bear a strong resemblance. Humid heat is more variable across the city at night than during the day. Its nighttime variation is stronger in the cold season than in the warm season. Weather exerts a strong influence on the spatial variation in humid heat. The greatest variation was observed in the conditions of weak wind, low solar radiation, and high soil moisture in the day, and in the weak-wind and dry-soil conditions at night. The daytime humid heat increases in the built-up neighborhoods because these neighborhoods dissipate surface moist static energy less efficiently than the rural neighborhoods. The nighttime humid heat varies within the city mainly because the release of heat stored in the built-up neighborhoods is at a higher rate than the heat release from the rural soil.

Unconventional fermions in the immensely studied topological semimetals are the source for rich exotic topological properties. Here, using symmetry analysis and first-principles calculations, we propose the coexistence of multiple topological nodal structure in LaSb 2 , including topological nodal surfaces, nodal lines and in particular eightfold degenerate nodal points, which have been scarcely observed in a single material. Further, utilizing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we confirm the existence of nodal surfaces and eightfold degenerate nodal points in LaSb 2 . The intriguing multiple topological nodal structure might play a crucial role in giving rise to the large linear magnetoresistance. Our work renews the insights into the exotic topological phenomena in LaSb 2 .

Carboxylic ester groups can be rationally utilized to regulate the energy levels and crystallinity in molecular design of conjugated polymer donors for organic solar cells (OSCs). In this work, a new polymer named PB4T was designed and prepared by copolymerization of a carboxylate substituted tetra-thiophene unit with the commonly used BDT unit. Due to the strong electron-withdrawing capability and the symmetric conformation of carboxylic ester substitution, PB4T exhibits appropriate HOMO energy level and stable planar geometry. When matching PB4T with five different NFAs with varied energy levels and bandgaps, including eC9, eC9-2Cl, IT-4F, BTA3, and A4T-3, all the OSCs processed with the halogen-free solvent show good photovoltaic performance. The PB4T:eC9- and PB4T:eC9-2Cl-based OSCs can realize high PCEs of 15.50 % and 15.32 %, respectively. This work demonstrates that PB4T has good universality to work well with newly-emerging NFAs, and carboxylate substituted thiophene units show great potential in constructing high-efficiency polymer donors.

The charge density wave (CDW), as a hallmark of vanadium-based kagome superconductor AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, Cs), has attracted intensive attention. However, the fundamental controversy regarding the underlying mechanism of CDW therein persists. Recently, the vanadium-based bi-layered kagome metal ScV6Sn6, reported to exhibit a long-range charge order below 94 K, has emerged as a promising candidate to further clarify this core issue. Here, employing micro-focusing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy ({\mu}-ARPES) and first-principles calculations, we systematically studied the unique CDW order in vanadium-based bi-layered kagome metals by comparing ScV6Sn6 with its isostructural counterpart YV6Sn6, which lacks a CDW ground state. Combining ARPES data and the corresponding joint density of states (DOS), we suggest that the VHS nesting mechanism might be invalid in these materials. Besides, in ScV6Sn6, we identified multiple hybridization energy gaps resulting from CDW-induced band folding, along with an anomalous band dispersion, implying a potential electron-phonon coupling driven mechanism underlying the formation of the CDW order. Our finding not only comprehensively maps the electronic structure of V-based bi-layer kagome metals but also provide constructive experimental evidence for the unique origin of CDW in this system.