Infrastructure service inequality remains a critical challenge for disaster resilience, where vulnerable communities face disproportionate impacts from disasters. Preexisting infrastructure service disparities and socioeconomic inequalities perpetuate a growing resilience gap among communities, manifesting in prolonged service disruptions and diverging recovery trajectories. This research aims to understand the spatial-temporal dynamics of public infrastructure inequality in communities that have experienced recurrent major disasters. It focuses on analyzing 311 solid waste service requests in Lee County, Florida, at the census tract level during Hurricanes Irma and Ian. Using descriptive statistics and event studies with long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, we analyzed the temporal patterns of service demands. We then employed descriptive statistics and spatial autocorrelation to examine spatial variations in service demands and resolution times. Finally, we leveraged emerging hotspot analysis to uncover spatiotemporal trends in service demand patterns. The results show that: (1) temporally, Hurricanes Irma and Ian significantly influenced service request patterns over time, with Irma showing increased demands during recovery and Ian resulting in persistent lower-than-expected requests; (2) spatially, some inland, socially vulnerable, and high-risk areas, such as Lehigh Acres, experienced disproportionately higher service demands and longer resolution times, revealing the impact of geographic and community characteristics on service disparities; and (3) spatiotemporally, eastern regions of Lee County consistently showed higher or growing service demands compared with western areas, with these disparities intensifying during the hurricanes. Overall, these findings highlight how disasters impact the spatial and temporal patterns of infrastructure service disparities. Tailored resilience strategies that address both preexisting infrastructure inequalities and community-specific service demands are imperative for reducing these disparities and improving postdisaster recovery.

It is critical for phosphoric acid (PA)-doped high-temperature proton exchange membranes (HT-PEMs) to retain functional durability in gas separation and proton conduction due to the plasticization effect of doped PA and its leaching. To solve the problem, we propose a novel type of HT-PEMs by incorporating PA-modified covalent organic frameworks (COFs) in poly[2,2'-(p-oxidiphenylene)-5,5'-benzimidazole] (OPBI). Two COFs with comparable pore sizes (1.2 and 1.3 nm) and the same number of total nitrogen atoms, but with or without ketone (C═O) groups, are designed to investigate the effect of the potential number of hydrogen bonds on the performance. The 12%Tp/PA@OPBI membrane (molar percent of ketone-rich Tp to OPBI is 12) possesses a highly cross-linked hydrogen-bond network, which endows the membrane with PA retention rates of 87.2% and 88.6% after exposing over 250 h under 40% RH at 50 °C and 0% RH at 160 °C. This membrane doped with 290 wt % PA delivers an anhydrous proton conductivity of 155 mS cm-1 at 180 °C and enables a peak power density of 707 mW cm-2 for a single H2/O2 fuel cell without backpressure. Moreover, a fuel cell assembled with 12%Tp/PA@OPBI retains an initial performance of 88% after 30 start-up and shut-down cycles from room temperature to 160 °C.

The COVID‑19 pandemic abruptly disrupted economic activity and daily life, reshaping global fossil‑fuel CO2 emissions. We use CO2 emission stability to characterize how national energy systems absorbed and recovered from this common shock, providing an empirical view of energy system resilience. We compile annual fossil‑fuel CO2 emissions and energy‑system indicators for 64 economies over 2015–2019 and 2019–2023. Emission stability is defined as the absolute difference between pre‑ and post‑COVID compound annual growth factors. Spatial clustering is assessed with Getis–Ord Gi* statistics. An entropy‑based resilience index is built from indicators of fuel mix, low‑carbon electricity, energy diversity, import dependence, and per‑capita energy use and income. From 2015–2019 to 2019–2023, Europe consolidates its role as a CO2 emission cold‑spot region, while parts of Latin America and the Caribbean emerge as new hot spots. High‑income economies generally maintain declining or stable emissions and higher resilience scores, with limited rebound. Upper‑middle‑income countries, especially in East Asia and the Pacific, remain the main contributors to emission growth, driven mainly by coal. In most countries, emission stability and resilience fall into the same or adjacent classes. Using CO2 emission stability as a proxy offers a tractable way to compare energy system resilience under a shared global shock. Yet stability can also reflect non‑resilience factors such as lockdowns, macroeconomic contractions, fuel price shocks, or hydrological variability. Our results therefore characterize structural, annual‑scale resilience and highlight differentiated policy needs across income groups.

High-temperature proton exchange membranes (HT-PEMs) with excellent swelling resistance are highly desirable to promote the safety, reliability and durability of fuel cells. Herein, we propose poly (p-terphenyl co 1,3,5-tri (9H-carbazol-9-yl) benzene pyridine) polymers (PTP/x%TCB, x refers to the crosslinking degree) featuring locally high-density crosslinking network structure. These crosslinked membranes exhibit the same solubility as that corresponded pristine membranes in commonly used organic solvents. This is different from the prepared membranes with the conventional crosslinking networks. Moreover, the prepared PTP/x%TCB membranes preserve sufficient free volume for phosphoric acid (PA) doping and ion conduction as proved by free volume fraction of the membrane. The volume swelling ratio of PTP/2%TCB membrane decreases by 50 % compared to that of the PTP membrane having the same PA uptake of 206 wt%. This indicates that the locally high-density crosslinking structure can effectively inhibit the plasticizing effect of the doped PA. The acid-doped PTP/2% TCB membrane delivers a proton conductivity of 123 mS cm-1 at 160 degrees C. This membrane-based H2/O2 fuel cell exhibits a peak power density of 972 mW cm-2 and a specific power of 1620 mW mg-1 (Pt loading: 0.6 mg cm-2) without backpressure. Additionally, more fuel cell demonstrations with backpressure of 2.5 bar for both anode and cathode, as well as durability test at different current densities with start-stop cycling operation are made.

Study region: Beijing Metropolitan Area Study focus: Rapid urbanization has altered land-surface characteristics, exacerbating extreme rainfall events and increasing the risk of urban flooding. However, the mechanisms by which impervious surface density (ISD)-an indicator of urban spatial structure-affects precipitation remain poorly understood, particularly across cities of different sizes. In this study, we employed XGBoost and SHAP methods to investigate the response mechanism of urban precipitation's spatiotemporal distribution to the ISD. New hydrological insights for the region: The study reveals a significant positive correlation between impervious surface density (ISD) and annual precipitation enhancement. The effect of ISD on the increase of annual precipitation is more pronounced during the early stage of urbanization. Mechanistic analysis indicates that ISD primarily enhances precipitation through heat island effects in the initial urbanization stage, shifting to moisture transport regulation in later stage. To mitigate urban-flooding risks driven by rapid local increases in precipitation, we recommend maintaining ISD below 47 %. These findings provide important theoretical and practical guidance for precipitation regulation and risk management in rapidly urbanizing regions worldwide.

The polymer-based ionic conducting membranes have been widely used as the electrolyte in electrochemical devices such as fuel cells and water electrolysis cells. The plasticizing effect from acids will cause the deteriorated stability and inferior performance of the acid doped membranes. To solve the problem, flexible 1,18-dibromo6,12-(N, N-dimethylammonium) octadecane bromide (BQB), prepared from 1,6-dibromohexane and N, N, N ', N ' tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, is used to crosslink naph-thalene containing polybenzimidazole (NPBI). The crosslinking structure brings on the membrane with a big free volume for acid/base doping without deteriorating its mechanical strength. The pristine dry NPBI/BQB-15 % membrane with a crosslinking degree of 15 % shows a tensile stress at break of 196 MPa at room temperature. After doping with phosphoric acid (doping level of 266 wt%), a proton conductivity of 152 mS cm- 1 is reached by the membrane at 160 degrees C under anhydrous conditions. Moreover, the dual quaternary ammonium cations in the crosslinker along with the crosslinking network endow the acid doped membrane to possess high acid anchoring ability and exhibit reasonable mechanical strength. This membrane-based single H2-O2 fuel cell achieves a peak power density of 770 mW cm- 2 at 180 degrees C. In addition, the acid-alkaline water electrolytic cell equipped with the NPBI/BQB-15 % membrane reaches a current density of 865 mA cm- 2 at 80 degrees C under a cell voltage of 2.0 V. The durability of the fuel cell using acid-doped NPBI/BQB-15 % membrane as the electrolyte by repeatedly cyclic start/stop operation from room temperature to 160 degrees C, as well as that of the amphoteric water electrolytic cell using this membrane as a diaphragm at room temperature are evaluated.

Nanomaterials are one of the most popular and cutting-edge research topics in clinical biomedical fields as drug delivery carriers. Understanding and researching the nanomaterials used for drug delivery carriers are very significant for the undergraduates. Here, we introduce biological carbon quantum dots (Bio-CQDs) as drug delivery carriers into chemistry experiment curricula. Bio-CQDs have very high water solubility and high stability of their aqueous solution to electrolytes and heating, which is different from that of traditional nanomaterials. Students synthesize Bio-CQDs via a simple and rapid heating reaction at atmospheric pressure and purify them through solvent washing and filtration under reduced pressure. Then, they characterize and analyze the structural characteristics, optical properties, and water solubility of Bio-CQDs and compare the differences between the aqueous solution of Bio-CQDs and traditional nanomaterials to heating and electrolytes. Finally, after understanding the conjugated planar properties of Bio-CQDs, the students load the typical chemotherapy drug topotecan onto Bio-CQDs to demonstrate their potential for drug delivery carriers. In the entire process of the experiment, we emphasize the particularity of Bio-CQDs as drug delivery carriers in clinical applications and further demonstrate the advantages of Bio-CQDs as drug delivery platform. This comprehensive experimental course integrates physical chemistry knowledge into nanomaterials to demonstrate their important principles and biomedical applications.

Achieving precise intratumoral accumulation and coordinated activation remains a major challenge in nanomedicine. Photothermal therapy (PTT) provides spatiotemporal control, yet its efficacy is hindered by heterogeneous distribution of PTT agents and limited synergy with other modalities. Here, we develop a dual-activation nanoplatform (IrOx-P) that integrates exogenous photothermal stimulation with endogenous tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive catalysis for synergistic chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and ferroptosis induction. The IrOx core exhibits robust peroxidase- and catalase-like activities, enabling Ir3+/Ir4+ redox cycling for glutathione depletion, hydroxyl radical generation and O2 production. Surface conjugation of P-selectin targeting peptides directs selective binding to activated platelets. Upon mild PTT, vascular injury induces platelet activation, triggering secondary self-enrichment of IrOx-P at tumor sites and amplifying catalytic activity. This cascade enhances CDT/ferroptosis efficacy while enabling O2-augmented photoacoustic imaging for real-time monitoring. The strategy establishes a self-recruitment nanotheranostic paradigm that couples PTT-induced biological effects with catalytic nanomedicine, offering a versatile approach for precision cancer therapy.

The unequal distribution of infrastructure services poses critical challenges to disaster resilience, as natural hazards amplify disparities and disproportionately impact vulnerable populations. This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of solid waste service disparities by analyzing 311 service requests from communities in Lee County, Florida, affected by Hurricane Irma. Analytical methods, including event study and bivariate autocorrelation, were employed to examine service inequalities across communities with varying geographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The results reveal distinct temporal patterns in service demandwith lower-than-predicted volumes during the response phase and higher-than-expected volumes during the recovery phase. Spatially, inland areas experienced significantly longer time to resolve requests compared to coastal regions. Moreover, Hurricane Irma exacerbated preexisting disparities, as many communities with higher social vulnerabilities tended to report fewer service requests and experienced prolonged resolution time. These findings underscore the importance of addressing infrastructure inequalities and tailoring strategies to the unique characteristics of communities.

The development of a fast and eco-friendly one-step synthesis method for constructing multifunctional hydrogels to eliminate postoperative residual tumor cells is highly required. In this work, Fe3+ ions were selected as inorganic cross-linkers to link gelatin (Gel) and protocatechuic acid (PA) for driving assembly process, and then to form gelatin-metal-polyphenol (GMP) hydrogel, Gel-Fe-PA. The in situ-formed metal-phenolic network nanoparticle (MPN NP) Fe-PA can effectively respond to NIR stimulation and then transform light energy into heat energy for inducing tumor cells apoptosis. Furthermore, damage-associated molecular patterns, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), calreticulin (CRT) and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), will be released and captured by dendritic cells (DCs) to subsequently induce an immune response. In vivo local antitumor therapy results showed that the GMP hydrogel-mediated photothermal effect could effectively inhibit tumor tissue growth in the residual tumor bed. The distant tumor tissue growth could also be inhibited in a bilateral 4T1 tumor model. Considering there are so many types of reactions between polyphenols and metal ions, we believe this study provides a universal strategy for the in situ fabrication of an MPN NP-loaded hydrogel with advanced tumor photothermal-immunotherapy ability via a fast and eco-friendly one-step synthesis method.

Studies have shown that thermal runoff will form on the impervious surface after rainfall occurs in summer, which will cause thermal pollution to urban water bodies. However, the existing thermal runoff calculation models lack a simplified hydrothermal model suitable for typical impervious surfaces and do not continuously express the process of runoff formation by rainfall. In this study, a simplified urban rainwater runoff heat transfer model was established, and a temperature heat transfer model of urban impervious surface runoff based on numerical simulation was proposed in a continuous state. By comparing with the field-measured data, the model has a higher calculation accuracy (R2 = 0.98, MAE = 0.16 degrees C, RMSE = 0.17 degrees C). The combination of the random forest model and Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was used to evaluate and explain the main factors affecting surface runoff temperature, and it was found that the initial surface temperature was positively correlated with runoff temperature, which was the most critical factor affecting surface runoff temperature. All other things being equal, we find that for every 5 degrees C increase in initial surface temperature, the event mean temperature (EMT) will increase by 0.2 degrees C, no matter what kind of climatic conditions and underlying surface conditions in summer, the runoff EMT will gradually increase within 2 minutes of the rainfall and reach the maximum value, after which the runoff EMT will show a downward trend, but it will still be higher than the initial rainwater temperature.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the predominant subtype of pancreatic cancer, ranks among the deadliest malignancies worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate remaining below 13 %. Its poor prognosis stems from complex anatomical barriers, a dense and heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME), and intricate molecular regulatory networks that collectively hinder early detection and limit therapeutic efficacy. Nanomedicine offers promising solutions by enhancing drug loading, improving delivery, counteracting drug resistance, and enabling stimuli-responsive control. Notably, stimuli-responsive nanotherapeutics have emerged as a transformative strategy, achieving precise drug release through activation by endogenous TME cues (e.g., acidic pH, redox gradients, hypoxia, enzyme overexpression) or exogenous triggers (e.g., ultrasound, light, magnetic fields). Endogenous-responsive systems autonomously activate at tumor sites, enhancing intratumoral drug accumulation and reducing off-target effects, while exogenous-responsive platforms enable spatiotemporal control through external modulation. Multi-responsive systems integrate both mechanisms to achieve dynamic and synergistic therapeutic effects, holding significant promise for PDAC theranostics. This review summarizes recent advances in stimuli-responsive nanotherapeutics for PDAC, detailing their activation mechanisms, biomedical applications, and theranostic potential across endogenous, exogenous, and multi-responsive modalities. It further discusses current challenges and future directions for translating these technologies into clinical practice.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype lacking specific molecular targets, rendering conventional therapies ineffective. Key obstacles in treatment include elevated intracellular glutathione (GSH), poor drug penetration, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Herein, a four-in-one Janus-type near-infrared (NIR)-driven nanomotor is employed, composed of copper selenide (Cu2-xSe) asymmetrically coated with disulfide-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) and loaded with doxorubicin (DOX), termed C&P-DOX. Upon NIR irradiation, Cu2-xSe generates localized hyperthermia, propelling the nanomotor into deep tumor regions due to their asymmetrical structure. After internalization, high GSH triggers disulfide cleavage, promoting GSH depletion, disrupting redox homeostasis, and achieving controlled DOX release. The uniform distribution and effective release of DOX throughout the tumor enhance cytotoxic effects, inducing significant tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, the synergistic mild photothermal therapy and chemotherapy induce immunogenic cell death, releasing damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-associated antigens that promote dendritic cell maturation and T-cell activation. This process transforms the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment into an immunogenic environment, enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration and synergizing with PD-L1 antibody therapy to amplify immune responses. The four-pronged C&P-DOX nanomotor effectively penetrates deep tumors, depletes GSH, combines tumor treatment, and enhances immunotherapy outcomes, integrating active synergistic chemo-photothermal-immune therapy for improved TNBC treatment.

The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is experiencing significant changes in forest area, prompting an urgent investigation into whether the alterations in carbon stock from forest loss and restoration can meet the region's need for increased carbon sequestration. Therefore, utilizing remote sensing data such as Landsat and machine learning methods, we established distribution maps of primary and secondary forests and forest carbon density maps for the GMS from 2000 to 2020. By analyzing the gradient effect of forest carbon density across four altitude zones, we investigated the altitude asymmetry of the compensatory effect of secondary forests in the GMS, and predicted the carbon potential of the regional forests. The results indicate that, influenced by human activities, forests in the GMS have transitioned from the loss of primary forests in the 2000s to the recovery of secondary forests in the 2010s. While the rates of area change for loss (-2.22 x 105 ha yr- 1) and recovery (1.97 x 105 ha yr- 1) were similar, an altitude asymmetry caused a regional forest carbon imbalance. The low and mid- altitude regions, with higher carbon density and significant forest loss, can only compensate for 31.50 % of the carbon loss in low-altitude (122.28 TgC) and 47.57 % in mid-altitude (76.25 TgC) through secondary forest recovery. In contrast, the high-altitude region, with lower carbon loss (12.93 TgC) and larger recovery area, results in a forest net carbon sink of 10.66 TgC. Over the next decade, if primary forest loss continues at the current pace, existing secondary forest growth will absorb only 50.41 % of carbon emissions. Therefore, collaboration among GMS countries is essential to protect primary forests and promote secondary forest planting in low to mid-altitude areas for sustainable regional forest carbon development.

This study examines floodplain ordinances in floodprone municipalities through qualitative content analysis to address three questions: How do communities designate their floodplain districts? What are the current floodplain zoning measures? What are the standards of these measures? Most municipalities adopt 1% floodplains, with a few also including 0.02% and community-defined floodplains. Floodplain zoning focuses primarily on reducing development vulnerability and reducing flood hazards, with limited emphasis on preventive land use measures that limit future flood exposure. The frequently used higher standard measure is the elevation requirements. Development restrictions for limiting hazard exposure are only adopted in a few municipalities.

Gynecological cancers, including ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers, remain major global health challenges. Conventional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy exhibit substantial limitations, including severe systemic toxicity and the emergence of therapeutic resistance, leading to poor patient outcomes. DNA nanotherapeutics present a transformative approach by integrating the programmability and versatility of DNA with the advantages of nanotechnology, enabling precise and effective interventions. These systems function as both therapeutics and carriers, facilitating targeted treatment through diverse approaches such as DNA vaccines, gene editing, protein restoration, and DNA nanoplatforms. DNA vaccines have shown promise in generating robust immune responses against HPV-related cervical cancer and tumor-associated antigens in ovarian and endometrial cancers. Gene-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, offer a precise means to correct oncogenic mutations and restore tumor suppressor functions. Furthermore, DNA nanotherapeutics enable protein restoration by delivering therapeutic DNA encoding tumor suppressors, such as p53 and PTEN, to reestablish their critical roles in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. DNA origami and platforms enhance therapeutic precision by enabling controlled, site-specific delivery of therapeutic payloads, improving treatment efficacy and minimizing off-target effects. Despite these advances, challenges remain in achieving efficient in vivo delivery, overcoming tumor heterogeneity, and manufacturing scalability. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of DNA nanotherapeutics for gynecological cancer treatment, highlighting their potential to revolutionize cancer therapy through precise, personalized, and multimodal interventions.

Uneven diffusion and gradual accumulation of lithium under electric fields lead to the formation of lithium dendrite, which impedes the practical applications of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. To achieve even deposition of Li+, a free radical polymer (PTMA), poly (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy meth-acrylate), serving as Li+ transport and deposition mediator layer in Polyethylene oxide-Li7La3Zr2O12 (PEO-LLZO) composite solid polymer electrolytes is employed. During the transporting process, Li+ is anchored by the O· site of PTMA, hopping along PTMA chains until deposited onto the Li metal anode. This Li+ transport route is confirmed by the displacement of PTMA-6Li with PTMA-7Li and 6Li-tracing NMR. The DFT calculation confirms Li+ is more energetically preferred to coordinate with PTMA than directly deposited onto the lithium electrode, the atomic Li deposition furtherly occurs since the lower adsorption energy of Li on the Li (001) slab than Li+. Therefore, the deposition of Li+ avoids the influence of the electric field with the assistance of the PTMA mediator layer, and a molecular scale Li+ deposition is achieved since each unit of PTMA acts as an active site of lithium transition and deposition. Consequently, lithium symmetrical battery shows stable cycles 4000 h at 0.1 mA cm-2 and 60 °C. The LiFePO4/Li batteries show excellent cyclic and rate performance.

pollution, particularly the issue of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which has emerged as a significant environmental and public health concern globally. It is particularly important to develop efficient, economical and sustainable air filtration materials to reduce the concentration of PM2.5. In this study, we investigated the potential application of some polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyaniline (PANI) composites with graphene oxide (GO) for efficient PM2.5 filtration. These composites were found to have excellent filtration performance, thermal stability. PVDF/ GO/PI nanofiber membranes maintained stable performance under repetitive filtration cycles and high temperature conditions. PAN/GO/PI nanofiber membranes exhibited good mechanical properties and stable cycling performance.PANI/GO composites took advantage of the unique properties of the conductive polymers, and in TGA experiments, they showed minimal mass loss. Their durability and efficiency remain high even after multiple wash cycles, highlighting their potential for practical applications.

Transition metal-based nanozymes, which exhibit intrinsic enzyme-like capacities, have several advantages over natural enzymes, including excellent stability, abundant metal sources, controllable activity, and inexpensive preparation processes. Nanozymes are characterized by interesting physicochemical properties, including photoluminescence, superparamagnetism, and special optical properties. Recently, various transition metal-based nanozyme platforms have been developed to target single or multiple substrates. The catalytic properties of nanozymes can be regulated by microenvironmental factors such as pH, oxygenation level, and concentration of H2O2, and also by a magnetic field, light, ultrasound, and heat. Thus, nanozyme signals can be maximized and tailored for disease diagnosis and treatment. Prompted by these inherent advantages, new approaches for diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics are emerging and gaining momentum. In this review, we summarize the preparation, catalytic mechanisms, and properties of transition metal-based nanozymes and highlight their emerging biomedical applications, including disease diagnosis, cancer therapy, imaging, and antibacterial infections. We anticipate that this review will be significant for improving our understanding of the capacities of metal-based nanozymes and motivating broader applications in several biomedical fields.

The competitive affinity of different components for lithium-ion (Li+) profoundly affects the ionic diffusion direction (namely Li+ migration route) in conductive filler-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). In this work, a three-layer composite electrolyte is proposed in which a layer of PEO (polyvinyl epoxy)-LLZO (Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12) is sandwiched between two layers of polydopamine (PDA)-modified PEO interface (PMPI). We control the Li+ migration route in the organic matrix or inorganic filler by adjusting the Li+ affinity toward the polymer vs LLZO filler. Our DFT calculations uncover that the Li+ affinity is in the order of PDA (polydopamine)> LLZO > PEO. In this system, Li+ ions mainly travel through LLZO in PEO-LLZO electrolyte and are uniformly dispersed in the PMPI layer due to the high Li+ affinity of PDA and the homogeneous distribution of PDA in PEO matrix. Therefore, our design enables even distribution of current and eliminates growth of dendrite lithium while still providing fast ionic conduction. PDA was also found to broaden the electrochemical stability window, thus improving the compatibility of SPEs with high-voltage cathodes due to the intermolecular interaction between PDA and PEO.