Developing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes with high catalytic activity and chloride corrosion resistance is crucial for advancing industrial seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production, yet it remains a significant challenge. In this work, we report a phytic acid (PA)-modified Ni3Fe1N electrocatalyst for stable oxidation in both freshwater and seawater. The Ni3Fe1N-PA catalyst forms a unique multilayered structure, consisting of a conductive Ni3Fe1N core, an in situ Fe-NiOOH phase, and a phosphate-rich PA layer. The Ni3Fe1N-PA electrode exhibits excellent OER performance, high selectivity, and chloride corrosion resistance in chloride-containing electrolytes. In alkaline seawater, it achieves a current density of 500 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 320 mV with stability exceeding 2200 h. Integrated into the Ni3Fe1N-PA || NiMoN cell, it requires only 1.784 V and 1.983 V to output 500 and 1000 mA cm-2, respectively, maintaining stable operation for over 800 h. Moreover, it requires a cell voltage of only 1.997 V to achieve a current density of 1 A cm-2 in an alkaline anion exchange membrane electrolyzer and can operate stably for over 100 h. This work offers a promising approach for designing corrosion-resistant anode catalysts for industrial-scale seawater splitting.

Green hydrogen production driven by intermittent renewable energy poses significant challenges to alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in achieving high-efficiency and durability. An all-in-one nanostructured electrochemical reactor (NER) was newly designed and synthesized for the HER electrode to tackle the challenges by enabling continuous electron transport and intensified gas-liquid transport in NER, thereby maximizing the interfacial charge-transfer reaction capability of the catalyst electrode under large and varying currents. This was realized by designing an all-in-one catalyst P-CoPt3/P-CoMoO4, featuring a self-supported structure, a heterostructure, and a super-hydrophilic nanoarray. This all-in-one catalyst functions as a built-in NER with finely-tailored critical interfaces. Self-supported structure and heterostructure form strong couplings at electron-conducting heterointerfaces, enabling continuous electron transport across these interfaces and thus in the NER. Super-hydrophilic nanoarray allows continuous gas-liquid transport at electrode/electrolyte interfaces, intensifying the gas-liquid transport process in the NER. Consequently, P-CoPt3/P-CoMoO4 displayed a >30-fold increase in mass activity for alkaline HER compared to the P-CoPt3 catalyst electrode. It exhibited an impressively low overpotential of 132 mV at 1 A cm-2. Stable operation for over 750 h at 100 and 500 mA cm-2 and notable durability under varying currents were also obtained. Overall water-splitting of P-CoPt3/P-CoMoO4 || RuO2 outperformed the commercial Pt/C || RuO2, especially at higher currents.

Alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is limited by sluggish water dissociation kinetics. Herein, Ru nanoparticles supported on an oxygen-vacancy-rich amorphous/crystalline MoO2 heterostructure (Ru/ac-MoO2@NC) are developed to promote HER in alkaline media. The amorphous phase provides a distribution of active sites that facilitates water adsorption and dissociation, while the crystalline phase ensures efficient charge transport. Experimental results combined with theoretical calculations reveal that the interfacial interaction between Ru and MoO2 reduces the energy barrier for water dissociation and optimizes hydrogen adsorption/desorption. As a result, the catalyst achieves a low overpotential of 13 mV at 10 mA cm-2 with a Tafel slope of 12 mV dec-1, outperforming commercial Pt/C, along with good stability.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with adjustable transparency are promising for agrivoltaics application due to their ability to simultaneously transmit photosynthetically useful light and harvest photovoltaic energy. However, fabricating high-quality perovskite films under high-humidity conditions remains challenging, particularly for intrinsic semitransparent wide-bandgap PSCs. Here, we establish a blade-coating strategy for high-efficiency FAPbBr(3) semitransparent PSCs in air at a relative humidity up to 70%. The synergistic combination of strong precursor coordination and regulated solvent evaporation improves phase conversion, reduces residual secondary phases, and yields dense, uniform, pinhole-free perovskite films. Notably, the optimized pure-bromide semitransparent device employing an Ag nanowires top electrode achieves a power conversion efficiency of 9.90% with an average visible transmittance of 44.5% under humid-air blade-coating conditions and retains 97.39% of its initial efficiency after 2457 h of continuous operation. This strategy is further extended to bandgaptunable semitransparent perovskites (Eg approximate to 1.96-2.51 eV), enabling systematic regulation of the absorption edge across the 600-494 nm range. Coupled with red-blue LED supplementation powered by the devices, semitransparent FAPbBr(3) provides the best balance of light transmission, photovoltaic output (10.47 W m(-2)), and spectral compatibility for lettuce growth, enhancing plant height (21.5 cm) and an estimated 18% increase in total biomass accumulation.

Annealing, while indispensable for achieving high-quality perovskite crystals, introduces strain into the material, undermining the stability of perovskite solar cells. Here we incorporate 1,4-butanesultam as an additive into the perovskite precursor film to address this issue. During annealing, the additive liquifies and promotes grain boundary reconstruction and crystal reorganization, resulting in large, strain-free perovskite grains. The liquid state also facilitates the conformal deposition of the self-assembled molecules that serve as a hole transport layer at the bottom surface of the perovskite, further minimizing tensile strain. The resulting solar cell achieves a power conversion efficiency of 26.79% and retains 95% of its initial efficiency after 1,000 h of ISOS-V-2 testing, as well as 98% after 1,500 h of diurnal cycling between dark at 20 degrees C and light at 85 degrees C.

Atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) tin oxide (SnO2) electron-transport layers (ETLs) generally underperform in n-i-p structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs) compared to solution-processed counterparts. The inherent organic residues in ALD-SnO2 disrupt crystallinity and obstruct charge transfer, while they accelerate perovskite interfacial degradation. To address this, an invasive solution bath post-treatment is introduced by using sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate (DMPS) as the additive in the solution bath. DMPS, bearing thiol and sulfonate groups, simultaneously chelates the surface and the inner layer of the SnO2 layer, successfully removing organic residues from the bulk and surface while suppressing water-induced morphological damage. Consequently, this synergistic modification yields champion efficiencies of 25.26% for small-size cells and 22.42% for 12.5 cm2 mini-modules, alongside significantly enhanced operational stability. Our work offers a scalable route for integrating high-performance ALD-SnO2 in large-area n-i-p solar modules.

Semitransparent perovskite solar cells require top electrodes that are transparent, conductive, and stable, yet bare AgNW networks suffer from high junction resistance and oxidation in air. Here, we combine spray-coated AgNWs with a sputtered indium zinc oxide overlayer on an ALD-SnOx buffer layer to create an oxidation-retarded AgNWs/IZO composite electrode. By tuning AgNW coverage and IZO thickness, the electrode can be adjusted over a broad optoelectronic window, with an average near-infrared transmittance of 85.4-88.8%, a sheet resistance of 5-15 Ω/□, and a maximum figure of merit of 383.5. The IZO overlayer bridges nanowire junctions, smooths the surface, and retards air-induced degradation. As a result, haze is reduced to 1.53%, and resistance increases by less than 10% after 3 months in air. Using the optimized electrode, 1.68 eV semitransparent devices achieved a power conversion efficiency of 18.4%, while 2T perovskite/TOPCon tandems reach 28.3% with T90 ≥ 800 h.

Developing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes with high catalytic activity and chloride corrosion resistance is crucial for advancing industrial seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production, yet it remains a significant challenge. In this work, we report a phytic acid (PA)‐modified Ni 3 Fe 1 N electrocatalyst for stable oxidation in both freshwater and seawater. The Ni 3 Fe 1 N–PA catalyst forms a unique multilayered structure, consisting of a conductive Ni 3 Fe 1 N core, an in situ Fe–NiOOH phase, and a phosphate‐rich PA layer. The Ni 3 Fe 1 N–PA electrode exhibits excellent OER performance, high selectivity, and chloride corrosion resistance in chloride‐containing electrolytes. In alkaline seawater, it achieves a current density of 500 mA cm −2 at an overpotential of 320 mV with stability exceeding 2200 h. Integrated into the Ni 3 Fe 1 N–PA || NiMoN cell, it requires only 1.784 V and 1.983 V to output 500 and 1000 mA cm −2 , respectively, maintaining stable operation for over 800 h. Moreover, it requires a cell voltage of only 1.997 V to achieve a current density of 1 A cm −2 in an alkaline anion exchange membrane electrolyzer and can operate stably for over 100 h. This work offers a promising approach for designing corrosion‐resistant anode catalysts for industrial‐scale seawater splitting.

Developed an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for alkaline and seawater environments, crucial for sustainable hydrogen production. In this study, Ru/P dual‐doped self‐supported cobalt molybdate (Ru/P‐CoMoO 4 ) nanorod array catalysts with large surface areas and abundant catalytic sites are synthesized. Additionally, Ru/P co‐doping optimizes the electronic structure to facilitate electron transfer and enhance reaction kinetics. Density‐functional theory calculations reveal this modulation also optimizes H* adsorption and confers Cl − poisoning resistance, resulting in superior hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)/oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance in alkaline freshwater and seawater. Consequently, the self‐supported Ru/P‐CoMoO 4 electrode delivers exceptional HER performance ( η 10 = 29 mV, η 1000 = 231 mV), OER performance ( η 100 = 308 mV, η 500 = 399 mV). The catalyst also shows outstanding overall water splitting (OWS) performance, requiring only 1.535 V in alkaline media and 1.581 V in alkaline seawater to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm −2 , with excellent long‐term durability of 200 h at 100 mA cm −2 . This work effectively deploys sustainable green‐hydrogen systems powered by wind and solar energy, offering a viable strategy for future large‐scale sustainable hydrogen production.

This study demonstrates how an interaction between the additive BrFBN and a perovskite precursor results in a perovskite film with fewer defect states. This work provides insights on the feasibility of manufacturing stable, high-performance PSCs.

The commercial viability of perovskite photovoltaics hinges on developing efficient and stable solar modules, with high-quality, large-area perovskite films being crucial but hindered by uncontrolled crystallization of perovskite. This challenge can be effectively addressed through a perovskite-solvent complex intermediate phase strategy. To elucidate the molecular-level design principles of solvent additives, a systematic exploration of various solvent additives has been conducted. It reveals that complexation with nitrogen can boost the nucleation rate of the intermediate phase. On this basis, and guided by DFT calculations, two N-methyl groups are incorporated into the commonly used amide structure to elevate the electronegativity of nitrogen above that of oxygen. Consequently, N,N '-dimethyl-2-imidazolone is chosen as a solvent additive to enable the effective printing of high-quality perovskite films, thereby realizing efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. When scaled up to 30 x 30 cm2, the perovskite solar modules achieve a champion efficiency of 20.19 %.

Flexible perovskite solar cells have broader prospects for application over their rigid counterparts. However, they are normally prepared by the spin coating process, which is not conducive to scaling up. One of the considerable barriers to scaling up stems from the printing of electron transport layers (ETLs), with tin oxide (SnO 2 ) being a commonly used material. Here, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is introduced into the SnO 2 nanocrystals ink to engineer the ink to enhance the dispersion of nanocrystals and slow down solvent evaporation, ensuring the printed ETLs having optimized coverage and morphology. Concurrently, the buried interface is refined by PAA, which enhances charge transfer and suppresses nonradiative recombination. The flexible device modified by PAA achieves a high efficiency of 22.46% (certified at 21.56%) and retains 89.3% of its initial value after 3000 bending cycles and 92.4% after 2000 hours of storage. The printed 30 centimeter–by–30 centimeter flexible module attains an impressive efficiency of 16.40% (certified at 16.28%).

Flexible perovskite solar cells have broader prospects for application over their rigid counterparts. However, they are normally prepared by the spin coating process, which is not conducive to scaling up. One of the considerable barriers to scaling up stems from the printing of electron transport layers (ETLs), with tin oxide (SnO2) being a commonly used material. Here, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is introduced into the SnO2 nanocrystals ink to engineer the ink to enhance the dispersion of nanocrystals and slow down solvent evaporation, ensuring the printed ETLs having optimized coverage and morphology. Concurrently, the buried interface is refined by PAA, which enhances charge transfer and suppresses nonradiative recombination. The flexible device modified by PAA achieves a high efficiency of 22.46% (certified at 21.56%) and retains 89.3% of its initial value after 3000 bending cycles and 92.4% after 2000 hours of storage. The printed 30 centimeter-by-30 centimeter flexible module attains an impressive efficiency of 16.40% (certified at 16.28%).

Buried interface engineering is crucial to improve the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Although coordination materials have been widely used for buried interface modification, they are generally engineered on one surface of the interface through monodentate or bidentate molecules. Here, we propose that a multidentate polymer, sodium alginate (SA), acts with both surfaces via numerous C & boxH;O groups to reinforce buried interfaces. SA effectively reduces buried interface defects, adjusts the energy level alignment, and refines carrier dynamics. Notably, it also induces the growth of a perovskite film that is less tensile stressed and free of voids. Consequently, the champion device efficiency after SA treatment increased from 23.05% to 24.98%, along with significant improvements in both light and thermal stability. This work offers insights into efficiency and stability improvement from the perspective of multidentate polymer anchoring.

Green hydrogen production via water electrolysis is crucial to the strategic path toward carbon neutrality. Therefore, exploration of efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential due to the sluggish OER kinetics, where cobalt-iron-layered double hydroxides (CoFe-LDHs) represent a class of promising OER catalysts. Herein, a systematic study gives insights into the Co/Fe intrinsically assembled structures in CoFe-LDHs on their catalytic performances in OER, representing a new route for rational design of catalysts. Theoretical calculations suggest that the electron structure at exposed active sites can be modulated by varying the Co/Fe assembled structure and introducing oxygen vacancy. The structural characterizations of the as-synthesized CoFe-LDHs with varied Co/Fe assembled structures indicate that Co1Fe3-LDHs-Vo induces the suitable distortion in the octahedral unit structure of [CoO6] with a shorter cobalt-oxygen bonding distance and hence leads to the favorable Co active sites exposed for the formation of oxygenated intermediates. Consequently, the Co1Fe3-LDHs-Vo exhibits the unprecedented OER activity with an overpotential of 253 mV at 50 mA/cm2 and Tafel value of 26.8 mV/ dec. The overall water splitting is driven by a voltage of 1.47 V at 10 mA/cm2 in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte.(c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

As perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are sensitive to moisture, they cannot be prepared in the open air, which increases manufacturing costs. To address this issue, bifunctional dimethyldichlorosilane (DMDCS) is employed as both an additive and capping layer to passivate the grain boundaries and surfaces of MAPbI 3 perovskite films, thus inhibiting water erosion. Accordingly, the preparation of highly efficient PSCs in an air atmosphere is realized. Herein, the passivation mechanism of DMDCS on the perovskite film and the interface is analyzed by investigating photoexcited carrier mobility and ultrafast transient adsorption spectroscopy (TAS). An improvement of charge‐carrier diffusion, featuring an enhanced lifetime from 7.62 to 11.22 ps by the precursor doping, is exhibited in the results of TAS. The charge‐carrier extraction at the interface is also greatly promoted, with the decreased decay time from 0.29 to 0.16 ns by surface passivation, consistent with the carrier mobility via space charge‐limited current. Finally, the modified devices achieve an exceptional efficiency of 20.69%, and demonstrate long‐term environmental stability, maintaining more than 80% of the initial efficiency after 1000 h in ambient at a relative humidity of 40% without encapsulation.

Morphology and crystallization control are critical for metal halide perovskite films in enabling high-performance photovoltaic devices. However, they remain particularly challenging for sprayed devices due to the inherent flaw of the spraying technologydthe "coffee-ring" effect (CRE). Herein, we report a moisture-assisted strategy that effectively eliminates CRE and enhances film crystallization through the combined utilization of humidity control and water additives. This approach leads to the formation of Cs0.19FA0.81PbI2.5Br0.5 perovskite films with homogeneous morphology and excellent crystallization, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the champion perovskite solar cells increases from 18.25% to 19.74%. Moreover, unencapsulated devices exhibit excellent stability, with 80% of their initial efficiency retained after operating at 50 & DEG;C for over 800 h. Furthermore, the large-area perovskite film (10 x 10 cm2) exhibits significant uniformity throughout the entire film, and the corresponding devices exhibit high consistency and reproducibility. The small-area devices utilizing the same large-area perovskite film show an average PCE of 19.53 & PLUSMN; 0.25%, while mini-modules with an active area of 64.8 cm2 yield an optimal PCE of 16.75%, with an average PCE of 16.08 & PLUSMN; 0.32%.& COPY; 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Two-dimensional perovskites have widely been used toimprove theefficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells and are generallybelieved to passivate defects at the grain boundaries of three-dimensionalperovskites. Herein, we studied introducing various combinations oftwo-dimensional phenyl ethylammonium lead iodide (PEA(2)PbI(4)) and methylammonium chloride (MACl) to the formamidiniumlead iodide (FAPbI(3)) precursor solution. Ultralow doseselected area electron diffraction studies prove that the high densityof intragrain planar defects in FAPbI(3) can be stronglyreduced by adding PEA(2)PbI(4) and fully eliminatedby adding further MACl. Although PEA(+) is too large to incorporateinto FAPbI(3), PEA(2)PbI(4) not only improvescrystallization but also suppresses intragrain defect formation. Asa result, a longer charge carrier lifetime, higher photoluminescencequantum yield, lower Urbach energy, and current-voltage hysteresisare achieved, resulting in a champion PCE of 23.69%, with an improvementof humidity stability.

Poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), as an extensively used hole transport material in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), has given reason for concern due to its hydrophobicity for a long time. Herein, buried interface engineering is applied for the scalable deposition of perovskite films by introducing an amphiphilic molecule hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride on the PTAA surface, which improves the interfacial wettability of the perovskite precursor solution on the organic hole transport layer (HTL), facilitates the nucleation and growth of perovskites, and reduces the nonradiative recombination at the perovskite/HTL interface. As a result, all photovoltaic parameters of the inverted PSCs are improved significantly. The champion devices demonstrate power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 22.04% and 20.47% with aperture areas of 0.148 and 1.0 cm2, respectively. Moreover, the encapsulated 1.0 cm2 device exhibits excellent stability and maintains over 70% of its initial PCE after 1200 h under continuous 1 sun illumination at 65 °C in a nitrogen environment.