Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit promising power conversion efficiencies and strong feasibility for large-scale manufacturing. However, the energy-level mismatch between the perovskite layer and charge transport layers impedes charge carrier collection at their interfaces and compromises device performance, an issue that is further exacerbated by the high density of defects on the perovskite surface. Herein, we report a facile molecular diffusion strategy that achieves the synergistic effects of gradient energy-level alignment and defect passivation at the upper interface of the perovskite layer. The functional molecule (2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz) reduces the surface roughness of the perovskite layer, fosters improved contact with the hole transport layer, and thereby facilitates hole injection and collection under gradient energy-level configuration. Additionally, the incorporation of the 2PACz molecule passivates surface defects on the perovskite layer, prolonging charge carrier lifetime and mitigating nonradiative recombination. Consequently, the PSCs modified with 2PACz exhibit a notable efficiency enhancement, rising from 19.17% to 22.45%. More importantly, the unencapsulated 2PACz-modified devices retain 82% of their initial efficiency following 2064 h of aging under inert conditions. This work thus presents a novel strategy for further boosting the performance and stability of PSCs.

In recent years, carbon-based all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells have attracted considerable attention within the metal halide perovskite family due to their excellent environmental stability and the advantages of low-cost, fully air-processable fabrication, making them one of the research hotspots in the field of perovskite photovoltaics.However, their efficiency is primarily limited by the high density of bulk defects and severe charge recombination. In this study, 4-sulfobenzoic acid (4-SBZ) was introduced as a Lewis-base additive into the PbBr2 precursor to simultaneously regulate growth of PbBr2 and passivate defects, and thereby promote a complete reaction with the CsBr solution for fabricating high-quality perovskite films, which effectively suppresses non-radiative recombination. The modified CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells achieved an efficiency improvement of 11.30 %, while the unencapsulated devices maintained excellent storage stability for over 1200 h under harsh conditions of high humidity (30 %-50 % RH, 25 °C) and high temperature (0 % RH, 85 °C).

A polymer-modulated crystallization strategy is developed to control perovskite crystallization and directly fabricate defect-suppressed perovskite films in high-humidity air (relative humidity, RH ≥ 70%).

Precious metals, as widely used yet finite industrial resources, and sustained mining and consumption have led to the increasing accumulation of precious-metal-bearing secondary resources. Sulfur-containing COFs have been widely applied in the adsorption of precious-metal ions. Herein, using benzothiadiazole-2,5,8-trione (BTT) as the core building unit, we in situ synthesized three high-performance covalent organic framework (COF) adsorbents via a substituent-regulation strategy for efficient extraction and recovery of precious metals (Au, Ag, and Pd) from aqueous solutions. Among them, the hydroxyl-functionalized DMBD-COF derived from 3, 3-dihydroxybenzidine (DMBD) delivered the best performance, benefitting from its high-density S, N, and O coordination sites, excellent porosity, fast uptake kinetics, and stable reusability. Even at a solid-liquid ratio of 1/10 mg center dot mL(-1), DMBD-COF could efficiently capture Au(III) (55 degrees C: 3037.91 mg/g; 25 degrees C: 2073.50 mg/g). Furthermore, under optimal conditions at 25 degrees C, its adsorption capacities for Ag(I) and Pd(II) reached 303.87 mg/g and 325.29 mg/g, respectively, overcoming the limitation of most adsorbents being effective only for a single precious metal. This COF also integrates dual functionality for both adsorption and reduction, achieving over 99% extraction efficiency for precious metals from real electronic waste leachates, demonstrating outstanding overall performance. Thermodynamic analysis and DFT calculations further indicate that precious metal uptake by these COFs is spontaneous, offering a promising approach to mitigate the accumulation of secondary precious metal resources.

With excellent conductivity, large specific surface area, and tunable surface properties, MXene is regarded as a promising material for research in humidity sensing technologies. Nevertheless, achieving the high response intensity, excellent response sensitivity, structural stability, and oxidation resistance in the MXene-based humidity sensors remains a formidable challenge. Herein, this work presents a NiFe layered double hydroxide modified MXene composite material as the humidity sensing material with superior sensing performance. By adding the composite material to the carboxymethyl cellulose solution, a humidity-sensitive functional ink was prepared with favorable printability. Besides, the screen-printing process was successfully adapted to prepare the mass-producible humidity sensor. Experimental results indicate that the humidity sensor in this research possesses exceptional sensitivity (1.10 s/7.89 s for response/recovery time) and satisfactory response intensity (90,843% at 97% RH), along with favorable physicochemical stability and functional durability. Eventually, the function of the humidity sensor for skin humidity sensing, real-time respiration monitoring, soil moisture, and temperature visualization has been evaluated, revealing significant potential in meteorological monitoring, industrial production, intelligent home, and personalized healthcare management.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show high potential for next-generation photovoltaics, owing to solution processability and outstanding photovoltaic performance. However, the instability of the perovskite precursor caused by iodide oxidation largely compromises the reproducibility and reliability of PSCs. Herein, we propose a sequential oxidation inhibition strategy of the perovskite precursor for high-performance solar cells. Comprehensive theoretical calculations and experimental studies demonstrate that introducing 3‑borono-4-fluorobenzohydrazide (3B4FBH) into the perovskite precursor restrains the oxidation of I− anions. The Lewis acid-base coordination between the boron of the 3B4FBH and I− anions in the perovskite precursor suppresses the deprotonation of formamidinium and methylammonium cations and subsequently retards the conversion of I− anions to I2. After the coordination protection is compromised, the -NHNH2 group of the 3B4FBH can reduce the generated I2 back to I− anions, ensuring the sequential protection of perovskite precursors. Furthermore, the 3B4FBH also exhibits strong synergistic interactions, which can stabilize the [PbI6]4− octahedral frameworks of the perovskite with optimized energy levels. Consequently, 3B4FBH-based devices yield a power conversion efficiency of 26.04% with remarkable stability. When applied to 1 cm2 devices, the efficiency reaches 24.15%, demonstrating the scalability of the proposed strategy.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with adjustable transparency are promising for agrivoltaics application due to their ability to simultaneously transmit photosynthetically useful light and harvest photovoltaic energy. However, fabricating high-quality perovskite films under high-humidity conditions remains challenging, particularly for intrinsic semitransparent wide-bandgap PSCs. Here, we establish a blade-coating strategy for high-efficiency FAPbBr(3) semitransparent PSCs in air at a relative humidity up to 70%. The synergistic combination of strong precursor coordination and regulated solvent evaporation improves phase conversion, reduces residual secondary phases, and yields dense, uniform, pinhole-free perovskite films. Notably, the optimized pure-bromide semitransparent device employing an Ag nanowires top electrode achieves a power conversion efficiency of 9.90% with an average visible transmittance of 44.5% under humid-air blade-coating conditions and retains 97.39% of its initial efficiency after 2457 h of continuous operation. This strategy is further extended to bandgaptunable semitransparent perovskites (Eg approximate to 1.96-2.51 eV), enabling systematic regulation of the absorption edge across the 600-494 nm range. Coupled with red-blue LED supplementation powered by the devices, semitransparent FAPbBr(3) provides the best balance of light transmission, photovoltaic output (10.47 W m(-2)), and spectral compatibility for lettuce growth, enhancing plant height (21.5 cm) and an estimated 18% increase in total biomass accumulation.

To address inconsistencies among individual cells in series-connected lithium-ion battery packs, this paper proposes a high-efficiency active equalization system based on the state-of-charge (SOC) estimation, and an improved inductive-capacitive balancing topology. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm is employed to estimate the battery SOC using a second-order RC equivalent circuit model with identified parameters. Simulation results under New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) conditions demonstrate that the proposed EKF method significantly improves SOC estimation accuracy, with an estimation error maintained within 0.5%, providing a reliable basis for balancing control. To improve equalization efficiency and reduce switching losses, the conventional hierarchical single-inductor layered topology is enhanced by introducing switching devices and reducing the number of diodes. Furthermore, a multi-mode equalization control strategy with three operating modes is developed to enable flexible balancing under different operating conditions. Simulation models of both the conventional hierarchical topology and the proposed improved topology were implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment for comparative analysis. The results indicate that the proposed topology significantly improves equalization performance, achieving reductions in balancing time of 16.7%, 3.9%, and 14.1% under static, discharging, and charging conditions, respectively. These results demonstrate that the proposed equalization system provides improved balancing efficiency and reduced energy loss, offering a promising solution for lithium-ion battery management systems.

Conductive metal-organic frameworks (c-MOFs) are promising functional materials, yet their atomic-level clarity remains obscured by the limited size of available single crystals (typically <10 μm). We demonstrate that the kinetic mismatch between redox-coordination processes and crystal growth is the underlying obstacle, and propose a general strategy to reduce this mismatch by balancing the ligand acid-base equilibrium to control the redox-coordination kinetics. This kinetic aligning strategy enables the growth of single crystals up to over 1 mm in seven c-MOFs, and reveals three new crystal structures with distinct electronic properties. Single-crystal devices demonstrate record-high intrinsic electron-proton dual conductivity among porous MOFs. This work establishes both a fundamental framework and a practical strategy for growing c-MOF single crystals and designing materials that integrate electronic and protonic transport.

Pyrene-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have received considerable attention for gold recovery, yet challenges remain in terms of adsorption capacity and economic cost. Herein, we initially employed an amide linkage strategy to construct a pyrene-based imine COF for gold recovery. The introduction of amide groups enhanced the polarity and coordination ability of the pore walls, enabling amide-linked COF to exhibit an Au uptake of 2040 mg g(-1), which is approximately twice that of its non-amide counterpart, and superior to most previously reported pyrene-based COFs. Moreover amide-linked COF also demonstrates excellent selectivity (distribution coefficient for Au exceeding 2.74 & times; 10(5); maximum separation factor > 6000) and outstanding performance in practical applications. Notably, the ligands used to synthesize both pyrene-based COFs are low-cost, and the captured Au particles can reach micrometer-scale sizes, which facilitates their separation and recovery. Further performance tests, combined with characterization and DFT calculations, reveal that the coordination of Au ions by the carbonyl groups in the amide linkages plays a dominant role during adsorption, and the reduction effect of the protonated imine bonds also contributes to improving the adsorption performance. Overall, this work provides a new approach for using COF materials to selectively capture and recover gold, offering potential for practical applications.

Halide scintillators, featured for their low self-absorption and cost-effectiveness, are essential components in radiation detection for high-energy physics and medical imaging. However, halides demonstrating self-trapped exciton (STE) emission, while exhibiting superiority in minimizing self-absorption, typically exhibit scintillation decay times on the order of tens of nanoseconds. This inherent limitation impedes their advancement for fast radiation detection applications. Here, one-dimensional (1D) organic lead halide perovskite ETPPbBr3 single crystals are synthesized via a universal solvent evaporation method and manifest nanosecond-scale decay dynamics. The large ETP+ cations drive the formation of a 1D face-sharing arrangement of [PbBr6]4- octahedra, enabling temperature-activated triple STE emissions. The emission at 628 nm shows a large Stokes shift of up to 258 nm and a decay of 50.3 ns at room temperature. Notably, a new STE emission centered at 495 nm emerges below 185 K and exhibits an ultrafast decay of 3.32 ns at 50 K. Furthermore, the crystals achieve a low detection limit of 95.6 nGy s-1, and a scintillation film fabricated by incorporating ETPPbBr3 powders into poly(dimethylsiloxane) enables high-definition X-ray imaging with a spatial resolution of 11.5 lp mm- 1, demonstrating that ETPPbBr3 is promising for next-generation X-ray detection and imaging applications.

Semitransparent perovskite solar cells require top electrodes that are transparent, conductive, and stable, yet bare AgNW networks suffer from high junction resistance and oxidation in air. Here, we combine spray-coated AgNWs with a sputtered indium zinc oxide overlayer on an ALD-SnOx buffer layer to create an oxidation-retarded AgNWs/IZO composite electrode. By tuning AgNW coverage and IZO thickness, the electrode can be adjusted over a broad optoelectronic window, with an average near-infrared transmittance of 85.4-88.8%, a sheet resistance of 5-15 Ω/□, and a maximum figure of merit of 383.5. The IZO overlayer bridges nanowire junctions, smooths the surface, and retards air-induced degradation. As a result, haze is reduced to 1.53%, and resistance increases by less than 10% after 3 months in air. Using the optimized electrode, 1.68 eV semitransparent devices achieved a power conversion efficiency of 18.4%, while 2T perovskite/TOPCon tandems reach 28.3% with T90 ≥ 800 h.

Artificial intelligence is rapidly pushing imaging and sensing toward automated, quantitative decision-making, heightening the demand for reliable low-photon-flux detection and imaging across infrared through X-ray regimes, yet developing detectors that truly operate effectively at ultralow photon fluxes has been a challenge. As a canonical instance, low-dose X-ray imaging operates under intrinsically sparse photon statistics, where Poisson fluctuations along the absorption depth couple to vertical transport non-uniformity and are statistically amplified at ultralow dose. Here we elucidate this materials-to-electronics bottleneck and develop a new liquid-phase growth and annealing strategy that eliminates thermal and mass-transport instabilities in conventional methods during crystallization, yielding perovskite films with exceptional vertical uniformity. This enables depth-independent charge collection, significantly reducing stochastic fluctuations in the readout and achieving a 10-fold reduction in image noise. In imaging applications, our detectors deliver high-quality X-ray imaging at an ultralow effective per-pixel integration dose of 40.6 nGyair, setting a new benchmark for safe, high-quality clinical imaging.

Multi-source precipitation products exhibit strong regional differences across China’s complex monsoon climates and pronounced topographic gradients, making single-metric evaluations insufficient for product selection. This study evaluates 28 widely used precipitation products over China from four categories: gauge-based, satellite-derived, reanalysis, and multi-source merged products. Product performance is assessed at both grid and seven major climate-zone scales using conventional error statistics, consistency metrics, ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) extreme precipitation indices, precipitation detection skill, and SAL (Structure–Amplitude–Location) diagnostics for the intensity, structure, and location of heavy-rainfall events. These indicators are further synthesized within an ensemble multi-criteria decision-making framework to derive national and regional rankings. The results show that most products capture daily precipitation variability reasonably well, but intense rainfall events remain associated with widespread amplitude underestimation and enlarged errors, while extremes also exhibit notable structural distortion and location bias. At the national scale, multi-source merged generally show greater overall robustness. Regional rankings further reveal strong spatial heterogeneity: arid zones and some humid regions tend to favor reanalysis-type products, whereas plateau regions show higher sensitivity to satellite products and greater ranking uncertainty. Overall, this study provides a transparent and application-oriented framework for integrated precipitation product evaluation and ranking over China. The resulting national and climate-zone-specific rankings offer practical guidance for precipitation product selection, candidate-pool construction for multi-source merging, and hydrometeorological risk analyses.

Nickel oxide (NiOx) is among the most widely used hole-transport materials (HTMs) for inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), yet its substantial surface defects compromise the device's performance and long-term stability. Despite the development of various surface engineering strategies, the underlying mechanism governing interfacial dynamics is incompletely understood. Herein, we systematically investigate the structural roles of molecular passivators in tailoring NiOx properties, with a focus on elucidating the distinct mechanisms of two structurally analogous modifiers: the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and the small-molecule N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). The results demonstrate that the pronounced steric hindrance arising from the long polymer chains of PVP constructs a physical barrier, which detrimentally impacts charge transport and perovskite crystallization. Conversely, NMP capitalizes on its small molecular size and chemical reactivity to achieve directional selective passivation. This chemical modification not only effectively optimizes interfacial properties but also facilitates the crystallization of perovskite films. As a result, the NMP-modified PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.89%, in contrast to 18.52% for their PVP-modified counterparts. Notably, the unencapsulated NMP-modified device retains 93% of its initial efficiency following 1800 h of storage at 25 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. This work sheds light on the intrinsic correlation between molecular structure and device performance, thereby offering valuable guidance for further optimization of both the efficiency and long-term stability of PSCs.

The advancement of flexible sensing technology is pivotal for driving next-generation innovations in human-machine interactions, biomimetic skins, and intelligent physiological supervision. Whereas, realizing multi-modal monitoring systems capable of simultaneous sensing to pressure stimuli and thermal stimuli remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a flexible dual-mode chemical sensing system is developed based on the thermobaric-field-modulated dynamic heterojunction network, which is functionalized through molecular-scale chemical engineering of Ag nanocrystalline decorated activated hollow MXene (22, 26, and 32 ms for the response of pressure and high/low-temperature stimuli). The self-decoupling mechanism of the system is established by methodically analyzing pressure-induced quantum tunneling with interface chemistry evolution and temperature-driven modulation of electronic structure/potential barrier at heterojunction interfaces, arising from the competitive separation of charge carrier scattering and transporting. Meanwhile, the unique interfacial molecular engineering of the covalently crosslinked PEI/GA activation layer endows the sensing system with exceptional structural stability (below 4% attenuation of the response value after 500 bending cycles) and operational durability (over 5000 cycles of periodic testing). In combination with the machine learning algorithm, the monitoring accuracy and self-decoupling capability of the integrated dual-mode sensing device are substantially enhanced, transcending the development boundaries in the progression of intelligent robotics, flexible sensing, and physiological monitoring.

Wide-bandgap antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) has an absorption spectrum that matches well with the spectrum of indoor light sources, and has excellent indoor photovoltaics (IPVs) performance. However, the defect properties of Sb2S3 are very complex due to the low symmetry of the one-dimensional crystal structure, which leads to severe non-radiative recombination of carrier. Herein, we developed an anion-cation co-doping strategy by introducing the manganese chloride (MnCl2) into the precursor to prepare the high-quality Sb2S3 films with improved grain size and preferred (hk1) oriented growth. It is found that Mn cations fill the antimony vacancies (VSb) and Cl anions occupy the sulfur vacancies (VS), thus passivating the corresponding point defects of Sb2S3. Besides, chloride is an n-type dopant that upshifts the Fermi level of Sb2S3 and optimizes the energy level arrangement with adjacent functional layers. As a result, the MnCl2 incorporated Sb2S3 solar cells achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.58% under AM 1.5 G illumination. Furthermore, an indoor PCE of 19.47% is reported under 1000 lx white light emitting diode illumination, which is one of the highest IPVs efficiency reported for Sb-based solar cells. This work provides multi-ion doping strategies to address current challenges for the high-performance inorganic IPVs.

Climate extremes are intensifying under global warming, posing unprecedented challenges to ecosystems, water resources, and human societies. However, high-resolution, basin-specific extreme climate datasets remain scarce, particularly in climatically diverse regions like China. Here, we present ECHIDNA (Extreme Climate Historical and Future Indices Data under Numerous Approaches), a comprehensive database of 33 ETCCDI indices derived from an ensemble of eight CMIP6 Global Climate Models (GCMs), statistically downscaled using seven methods including CDFt, ECDFM, ISIMIP, LS, QDM, QM, and SDM. Covering 1979-2100 under three SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5), the dataset focuses on four major river basin regions: the Yangtze River Basin, Yellow River Basin, Hai River Basin, and Southwest River Basins. Evaluation using PCC, NSE, KGE, and RMSE demonstrates significant improvements in capturing temporal variability and extreme event intensity compared to raw model outputs. By incorporating multi-model projections, ECHIDNA enables robust assessments of uncertainty in future climate risks and supports hydrological, agricultural, and infrastructure resilience planning. It is openly available to facilitate climate impact studies, adaptation strategies, and international research collaboration.

The inherently low thermal conductivity of conventional hole-transport layers (HTLs) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) introduces a substantial discrepancy in interlayer heat-transfer dynamics, leading to detrimental heat accumulation and nonradiative recombination. Herein, we develop a spinel-type semiconductor of CuBi2O4, and integrate it into a composite HTL architecture to regulate heat conduction for the first time. Leveraging enhanced phonon group velocities, the CuBi2O4-based composite HTL achieves exceptional thermal compatibility with the perovskite absorber, demonstrating enhanced heat conduction and optimal thermal-expansion coefficient alignment. These synergistic effects significantly delay hot-carrier relaxation and reduce excess energy dissipation by approximately 10-fold. Consequently, we obtain high-quality perovskite films with ordered orientation and released residual strain, yielding an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.18% (certified 26.83%). Remarkably, these phonon-engineered devices maintain 90.1%, 82.3%, 85.6% and 93.7% of their initial PCEs under ISOS-D-2Ⅰ, ISOS-D-3, ISOS-T-1 and ISOS-L-1 conditions for 2000 h, respectively.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have notably advanced in efficiency and scalability. However, the fragile passivation layer easily detaches via photothermal volatilization and diffusion, severely hindering their commercialization and further development. Inspired by the mortise-and-tenon joint in classic architecture, we propose a molecular mortise-and-tenon strategy to in situ anchor the passivator firmly onto the perovskite surface. Crown ethers, as ring-shaped “mortises,” can simultaneously couple to phenethylammonium (PEA+) via hydrogen bonding and to the perovskite via electrostatic interactions, constituting a customized molecular joint. As the critical determinant, the well-tailored ring size of dibenzo-21-crown-7 ether significantly reinforced mortise-and-tenon fixation, yielding photothermally durable passivators with superior optoelectrical performances. The resultant devices achieved a champion efficiency of 26.82% with a certified quasi-steady-state efficiency of 26.35% and an impressive operational stability with 91.8% retained after 1,000 h under the ISOS-L-3 protocol. Moreover, this strategy demonstrated endurable tolerance against harsher (100°C) operation with T88 > 200 h, providing a feasible surface passivation for photothermal durable PSCs.