This study evaluated the antihyperglycemic effects and mechanisms of Lachnum singerianum polyphenols (LPs) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. LP was obtained via ethanol extraction, purified using XAD-4 resin, and characterized by LC-MS/MS. Diabetic mice were administered low- or high-dose LP (50 or 100 mg/kg), metformin, or their combination for 6 weeks. Metabolic parameters, organ indices, serum and liver biomarkers, histopathology, and signaling pathways were assessed. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified LP as flavonoid-, tannin-, and phenolic acid-enriched fractions. LP treatment significantly ameliorated hyperglycemia, as evidenced by reduced fasting blood glucose, improved glucose and insulin tolerance, and restored homeostasis model assessment indices. Furthermore, LP alleviated hepatic injury, attenuated oxidative stress, and ameliorated dyslipidemia, with histopathological analysis confirming protective effects on pancreatic islets and liver tissues. Mechanistically, LP activated the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β pathway by enhancing IRS-2/Akt phosphorylation and suppressing GSK-3β expression. This is the first study to characterize the bioactive polyphenols from L. singerianum and demonstrate their multitarget efficacy against diabetic hyperglycemia through coordinated modulation of insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism.

Torreya grandis nuts exhibited rapid growth during May, July, and September, with significant increases in both size, weight, and nutrition. Lipids are the predominant component of T. grandis, and dynamic changes and accumulation mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. Comprehensive lipidomic, gene expression and phytohormone levels analyses were conducted to characterize temporal lipid remodeling across these three critical developmental phases. A total of 453 lipid molecules were identified, spanning 14 major classes and 29 subclasses. Distinct stage-specific lipid accumulation patters indicative of shifting metabolic priorities during nut maturation was seen. K-means clustering segregated lipid expression profiles into 12 clusters dominated by glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and saccharolipids. Transcriptome and metabolomics analyses revealed that 11,885 differentially expressed genes (TgACC, TgFAS, TgGPAT, TgLPAT, TgDGAT, TgFAD, and TgACBP et al.) and eight classes of phytohormones (cytokinin, jasmonic acid, gibberellin, salicylic acid, and ethylene et al.) collectively regulate lipid accumulation through either individual or synergistic mechanisms.

Research background. Global food security faces increasing threats from chemical contaminants, with N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) emerging as a potent hepatotoxicant of significant concern. NDEA-induced hepatic injury causes a pathological triad: (i) reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative cascades, (ii) nuclear factor κB-driven inflammatory amplification, and (iii) gut microbiota-derived endotoxin translocation. Although natural polyphenols have established protective efficacy, fungus-derived variants remain pharmacologically enigmatic, particularly regarding their pathway-specific regulation and microbiota modulation. We comprehensively investigated the therapeutic capacity of Lachnum polyphenols for hepatoprotection. Experimental approach. The hepatoprotective and microbiota-modulating efficacy of extracellular polyphenols from Lachnum YM156 (LSP156) was evaluated in an NDEA-induced mouse model. Sixty male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomised into six experimental groups receiving 28-day oral LSP156 treatment. Body mass measurements, hepatosomatic indices, systemic oxidative stress biomarkers (superoxide dismutase [SOD] and malondialdehyde) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6 and tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α) were assessed. Hepatic histopathology was analysed by haemotoxylin and eosin staining, whereas immunoblotting with chemiluminescence detection assessed the STAT3/COX-2 pathway activation. Gut microbiota composition was profiled through 16S rRNA sequencing. Results and conclusions. After 28-day oral administration (50-100 (mg/kg)/day), LSP156 significantly improved somatic growth parameters (body mass gain) and organ indices in NDEA-induced mice. LSP156 increased the activities of SOD and catalase, as well as glutathione levels, and greatly reduced the liver function markers alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. It also improved liver cell damage in tissue samples compared to model controls. LSP156 halted the activation of STAT3 and reduced TLR4 levels, which lowered cyclooxygenase protein levels and protected the liver from damage. LSP156 enhanced the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and proteins, as well as the biosynthesis of terpenoids such as ubiquinone in mice, by rectifying intestinal flora imbalances, modifying the flora structure and demonstrating a strong correlation between Bacteroidales and Lactobacillales with the reduction of TNF-α and IL-6. The LSP156 demonstrated dose-dependent therapeutic efficacy in attenuating oxidative stress, hepatocyte impairment and systemic inflammation. Novelty and scientific contribution. Fungal polyphenol LSP156 maintains balanced gut bacteria by simultaneously managing inflammation and oxidation. These findings suggest a new approach to designing drugs that target multiple factors in complex metabolic disorders.

LEP-1a, a new polysaccharide fraction isolated and purified from Lachnum YM40, has a molecular weight of 24.29 kDa. LEP-1a's chemical composition investigation showed that mannose, galactose, and glucose made up the majority of its cosmetics. The methylation, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared investigations demonstrated that the (1 → 2)-β-D-Galp, (1 → 2,6)-α-D-Manp, glycosidic connections of LEP-1a were comprised of 1→)-α-D-Manp, (1 → 4)-α-D-Galp, (1 → 6)-α-D-Manp, (1 → 2)-β-D-Glcp, (1 → 4)-β-D-Glcp, (1 → 2)-α-D-Manp, and (1 → 3, 6)-β-D-Manp. LEP-1a has a linear microscopic morphology, as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and rheological property investigation. Moreover, the polysaccharide LEP-1a displayed bile acid- and cholesterol-binding capacities and inhibitory activity on lipase.

Yogurts containing nuts were prepared by adding 2% or 5% Carya cathayensis Sarg. and Torreya grandis nuts and inoculating with 20 kinds of probiotics. Both nuts blend well with the yogurts, and they enrich the sensory quality of the yogurt, giving it the unique flavor of C. cathayensis Sarg. and T. grandis nuts, which significantly increase the nutritional value of yogurt and improve the viscosity and water-holding capacity of yogurt. Both nuts are beneficial to the growth and reproduction of Streptococcus thermophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus.

Ulcerative colitis is a common inflammatory bowel disease. This study evaluated the protective effect and potential mechanism of Stropharia rugosoannulata polysaccharide (SP-1a) and its carboxymethylated and phosphorylated derivatives (CSP-1a and PSP-1a) against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis. The results showed that treatment with SP-1a and its derivatives alleviated the symptoms of weight loss, colon shortening, and blood in the stool induced by . SP-1a and its derivatives restore the integrity of the intestinal barrier by controlling the expression of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, they play an anti-inflammatory role by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, pro-inflammatory proteins, and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. The anti-inflammatory effects of CSP-1a and PSP-1a were greater than those of SP-1a. These results indicate that SP-1a could be a potential natural medicine to protect against DSS-induced colitis.

To investigate the renal protective effects of the polysaccharide LEP-1a and derivatives of selenium (SeLEP-1a) from Lachnum YM38, cisplatin (CP) was used to establish an acute kidney model. LEP-1a and SeLEP-1a could effectively reverse the decrease in renal index and improved renal oxidative stress. LEP-1a and SeLEP-1a significantly reduced the contents of the inflammatory cytokines. They could inhibit the release of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increase the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1). At the same time, the PCR results indicated that SeLEP-1a could significantly inhibit the mRNA expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB) p65 and inhibitor of kappa B-alpha (IκBα). Western blot analysis showed that LEP-1a and SeLEP-1a significantly downregulated the expression levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3 and upregulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K), protein kinase B (p-Akt) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein expression levels in the kidney. LEP-1a and SeLEP-1a could improve CP-induced acute kidney injury by regulating the oxidative stress response, NF-κB-mediated inflammation and the PI3K/Akt-mediated apoptosis signalling pathway.

以感官得分为指标对澳洲坚果仁、山核桃、香榧、腰果和杏仁5种混合坚果配比进行优化,并评价混合坚果的主要营养成分.单因素和Box-Behnken试验结果表明澳洲坚果仁、山核桃、香榧、腰果和杏仁5种坚果配比分别为15％、43％、15％、21％和6％.混合坚果符合国标GB 19300-2014坚果与籽类食品的相关技术要求,且富含人体所需9种不饱和脂肪酸和8种必须氨基酸,因此将由上述5种坚果组成的混合坚果命名为'985'型混合坚果.

Polysaccharides from Lachnum have many important biological activities. The LEP2a-dipeptide derivative (LAG) was obtained by carboxymethyl modification and alanyl-glutamine modification of LEP2a, an extracellular polysaccharide component of Lachnum. Mice with acute gastric ulcers were treated with 50 (low doses) and 150 (high doses) mg/kg, and their therapeutic effects were evaluated from the aspects of pathological damage to gastric tissue, oxidative stress response and inflammatory signal cascade reaction. High doses of LAG and LEP2a significantly inhibited pathological damage to the gastric mucosa, increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, and decreased the levels of MDA, and MPO. LEP-2A and LAG could also inhibit the production of proinflammatory factors and reduce the inflammatory response. They significantly decreased the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, while upregulated the level of PGE2 at high doses. LAG and LEP2a inhibited the protein expression of p-JNK, p-ERK, p-P38, p-IKK, p-IKB α and p-NF-KBP65. LAG and LEP2a protect the gastric mucosa in mice with ulcers by improving oxidative stress, blocking the MAPK/NF-κB pathway and inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors, and the anti-ulcer activity of LAG is superior to that of LEP2a.

文章从大球盖菇子实体中提取分离得到均一组分多糖(SP-1a),采用体外模拟唾液、胃液和肠液模型,并结合理化性质与体外抗氧化活性,研究SP-1a在体外模拟消化体系中的变化.结果表明:唾液对SP-1a无显著影响;而在模拟胃液和肠液中,随着还原糖质量浓度的不断增加,SP-1a的分子量逐渐减小,其表面形态由大块片状变为网状聚集体,并且在高温下显现出不同的热解反应.此外体外抗氧化实验结果表明,SP-1a胃消化产物对·OH具有较强的清除能力,肠消化产物对DDPH自由基具有较强的清除能力及还原力.因此,SP-1a可在模拟胃肠体系中被消化降解,且其胃肠消化产物具有较强的抗氧化活性.

This study evaluates the chemical structure of a heteropolysaccharide (SP-1a) from the fruiting bodies of Stro-pharia rugosoannulata and the antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory activity of its derivatives. The results showed that SP-1a (2.29 x104 Da) contained fucose, glucose and galactose, and possessed the backbone of [-> 3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 ->] and [-> 3,6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 ->] with side chains [-> 6)-alpha-D-Galp-(1 ->] and T-alpha-D-Galp. Furthermore, carboxymethylated and phosphorylated modification of SP-1a (named as CSP-1a and PSP-1a) had good thermal stability and strong rehydration. Moreover, CSP-1a displayed stable DPPH scavenging ability (46.77%) and reducing power ability (0.434), as well as alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity (60.98%) and alpha-amylase inhibitory activity (67.20%). Besides, PSP-1a presented significant hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (94.18%). The findings suggested that appropriate chemical modifications can improve the physicochemical properties and biological activities of polysaccharides from Stropharia rugosoannulata, providing hints and theoretical supports for further development of corresponding drug or food ingredients.

为了研究一种新的粒毛盘菌YM38多糖(LEP-1a)对顺铂诱导急性肝损伤的保护作用,文章将ICR小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、阳性组、LEP-1a低剂量组(100 mg/kg)、LEP-1a高剂量组(200 mg/kg)共5组,每组6只.给予顺铂(45 mg/kg)建立急性肝损伤模型,测定小鼠各项生理指标.结果表明:与模型组相比,LEP-1a能够显著降低小鼠肝指数以及肝组织中甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的水平,增强超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性;抑制血清中炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的表达水平,减轻肝组织中炎性细胞浸润.因此,LEP-1a通过抑制氧化应激和炎症反应从而对顺铂诱导的急性肝损伤起到保护作用.

To prepare zinc and selenium modified polysaccharides derivatives (ZnLEP-1a and SeLEP-1a), a novel poly-saccharide (LEP-1a) isolated from Lachnum YM38 was chosen. Following that, the structural characterization and in vitro bioactivities of LEP-1, ZnLEP-1a and SeLEP-1a were investigated. Results revealed that LEP-1a had a molecular weight of 5.69 x 104 Da and was composed of mannose, galactose and glucose. The linkage types of LEP-1a were proved to be (1 ->)-alpha-D-Manp, (1 -> 3)-alpha-D-Manp, (1 -> 2)-alpha-D-Galp, (1 -> 2)-alpha-D-Glcp, (1 -> 2,6)-alpha-D-Manp. Zinc content of ZnLEP-1a was 0.69 mg/g, while selenium content of SeLEP-1a was 206.99 mu g/g. Compared with LEP-1a, ZnLEP-1a and SeLEP-1a had a lower molecular weight, same monosaccharides in different molar ratios. The results of FT-IR, DSC, NMR, SEM and AFM suggested that there were obvious changes in structural characteristics after LEP-1a was modified with zinc and selenium. ZnLEP-1a and SeLEP-1a had stronger anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, antitumor activities in vitro in comparison with LEP-1a. As a result, ZnLEP-1a and SeLEP-1a showed great potential to develop into a natural antioxidant, hypoglycemic and low-toxic antitumor drug.

Lachnum singerianum polyphenol (LSP) was obtained from its fermentation broth using the organic solvent method. A high-fat mouse model was used to determine the lipid-lowering effect of LSP. Results showed that lipid levels of mice were reduced in varying degrees by different doses of LSP, and the high-dose group showed the most significant lipid-lowering effects. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, and liver indexes of the high-dose groups decreased 45.5%, 47.3% and 28.8%, respectively. Compared with the model group, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis index in high-dose group reduced by 23.20%, 44.95%, 47.06%, and 62.31%, respectively. In the high-dose groups, similar results were observed for activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase decreased, respectively, by 31.7%, and 22.9%. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase glutathione, and catalase in the serum and liver were significantly activated, and swelling and fat vacuoles in the liver were reduced. Practical applications Extracellular polyphenol extract produced by Lachnum singerianum have lipid-lowering effect, and could be explored as a potentially promising food and drug additive for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

为探究粒毛盘菌多糖在体外模拟消化(唾液、胃液、肠液)过程中的组成成分及生物活性变化,从粒毛盘菌YM40发酵液中提取、纯化得到一种新的胞外多糖(LEP-2a).采用体外模拟消化模型探究LEP-2a在消化过程中分子质量及化学组成变化;原子力显微镜测定微观形貌;测定LEP-2a在模拟消化不同阶段的抗氧化活性变化及其对消化脂解的影响.结果显示,LEP-2a是分子质量为50.3 ku的杂聚糖,不能被唾液消化,但经胃肠消化后分子质量分别降至47.25 ku和42.36 ku,还原糖含量显著增加,微观高度及分支程度显著降低,表明LEP-2a主要在胃肠消化阶段逐渐降解.此外,LEP-2a经胃肠消化后具有更强的抗氧化活性,并可有效抑制脂质分解.结果为粒毛盘菌多糖体内活性的探究提供基础.

To investigate structure-property relationship of polymer-based curcumin solid dispersion (SD), three acrylic polymers were used to formulate curcumin SD by solvent evaporation method. Curcumin Eudragit EPO SD (cur@EPO), curcumin Eudragit RS PO SD (cur@RSPO) and curcumin Eudragit RL PO SD (cur@RLPO) showed deep red, golden orange and reddish orange color, respectively. Cur@RSPO entrapped 15.42 wt% of curcumin followed by cur@RL PO and cur@EPO. FTIR spectra indicated that in cur@EPO, curcumin may transfer hydrogen to the dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate group and thus change its color to red. In contrast, curcumin may form hydrogen bonding with Eudragit RS PO and Eudragit RL. Curcumin exists in amorphous state in three SDs as proved by differential scanning calorimetry and X-Ray diffraction measurement. In vitro digestion presented that lower pH value in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) stimulates the curcumin release from cur@EPO while permeability influences the release profile in other two SDs. When in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), first order release model governs the release behaviors of all three SDs which showed sustained release pattern. Our results are helpful to elucidate how structure of polymer may impact on the major properties of curcumin contained SD and will be promising to broaden its therapeutic applications.

At present, there is no report on the anti-hypoxia activity of fomes fomentarius polysaccharide. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the anti-hypoxia activity of the purified exopolysaccharide of Paragonimus fordii. The extracellular polysaccharide of Trichophyton was screened and purified by DEAE-52 chromatographic column, and the fraction was FFEP-1 (molecular weight = 3.08 × 105 DA). The analysis of monosaccharide components showed that FFEP-1 was mainly constructed by galactose, mannose and glucose. The main chain of FFEP-1 is composed of β-1,2-connected GALP β-1,2,3-connected GALP α-1,3-connected GLCP β-1,3,4-linked Manp composition, and α-1,3-linked Manps are identified in O-2 and O-3 α-1-galp at the end and α-1-terminal GLCP substitution. The possible structure of FFEP-1 was determined by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR and methylation analyses. The anti-hypoxia effect of FFEP-1 was studied through various experiments, which showed that FFEP-1 had a similar anti-hypoxia effect on propranolol hydrochloride. The anti-hypoxia effect of FFEP-1 might be explained by increasing the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin content.

文章研制一种粒毛盘菌YM405胞外多糖LEP-2b-硒纳米颗粒(LEP2b-SeNPs),发现LEP-2b的质量浓度影响SeNPs的粒径,LEP2b-SeNPs在透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)下分散,发现粒径比SeNPs的小,且具有更高的稳定性,注射LEP2b-SeNPs不会对正常小鼠的体质量造成明显影响,说明小鼠对LEP2b-SeNPs的剂量具有良好的耐受性.建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型,研究LEP2b-SeNPs的抗肿瘤活性,低剂量LEP2b-SeNPs和阳性药物组的小鼠瘤质量与模型组相比差异极其显著(P<0.001),模型组小鼠体质量比正常组大,食物摄入量随天数明显下降;而LEP2b-SeNPs处理组的小鼠体质量和食物摄入量相对稳定,表明LEP2b-SeNPs有较高的抗肿瘤活性.免疫组化结果表明,低剂量LEP2b-SeNPs抑制了肿瘤组织中Ki-67的表达(P<0.01),其效果比高剂量LEP2b-SeNPs更显著(P<0.05),说明低剂量LEP2b-SeNPs有效抑制了肿瘤细胞增殖.生化指标检测结果表明,LEP2b-SeNPs处理使荷瘤小鼠血清中 γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、谷草转氢酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的水平明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)水平上升,而丙二醛(MDA)水平降低,表明LEP2b-SeNPs能够显著减轻荷瘤小鼠的氧化应激.

文章为了研究来自粒毛盘菌YM156发酵产生的多酚类化合物对二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)诱导的急性肝损伤的保护作用,选用粒毛盘菌YM 156进行发酵、提取、纯化后得到多酚类化合物;以清洁级昆明小鼠为实验动物,共分为对照组、NDEA模型组、单独LSP156组、低剂量组和高剂量组5组(n=8).除对照组和NDEA模型组外,每天分别按照不同的剂量对小鼠进行多酚灌胃处理,持续28 d.肝损伤小鼠经NDEA建模12 h后处死.结果表明,LSP156能够有效降低小鼠肝脏中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的水平,提高过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,抑制NDEA导致的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的升高.因此,粒毛盘菌YM156对NDEA诱导的肝损伤具有良好的保护作用.

It is still uncertain whether the consumption of Lachnum sp. polysaccharides (LEP) alleviates colorectal cancer (CRC) through the gut microbiota. In this study, our efforts are focused on the influence of LEP on CRC, intestinal barrier and inflammation, and fecal microbiota and the metabolites, in azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced CRC mice. Results showed that LEP inhibited CRC mouse colon shortening and weight loss, decreased tumor incidence, restored intestinal barrier integrity, and reduced excessive inflammation. LEP consumption significantly altered microbiota overall structure and community, with reduced pernicious bacteria (such as Parabacteroides, Escherichia_Shigella, Desulfovibrio and Helicobacter), and increased beneficial bacterium (such as Alistipes, Alloprevotella and Ruminiclostridium). Fecal-metabolome profile indicated that a total of 43 metabolites were clearly changed, with 10 down-regulated and 33 up-regulated metabolites. In addition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid, were significantly increased after LEP administration. Moreover, a strong correlation between the fluctuant gut microbiota and metabolites was found. These findings provided not only deeper insights into the responsibility of LEP for CRC alleviation, and but also the potential of LEP as a promising candidate for CRC prevention and treatment.