Understanding the response of species to past climate change provides great opportunities to know their adaptive capacity for resilience under future climate change. Since the Late Pleistocene, dramatic climate fluctuations have significantly impacted the distribution of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). However, how the spatial distribution and climatic niche of giant pandas shifted in response to past climate change remain poorly understood. Based on the known distribution records (fossil and present day) and the most updated climate projections for the Last Interglacial (LIG; ~120 ka), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~22 ka), Mid-Holocene (MH; ~6 ka), and the present day, we predicted and compared the distribution and climatic niche of giant pandas. The results show that giant pandas have undergone a considerable range contraction (a 28.27% reduction) followed by a marked range expansion (a 75.8% increase) during the LIG–LGM–MH period, while its climatic niche remained relatively stable. However, from the MH to the current, both the distribution area and climatic niche of giant pandas have undergone significant changes. Our findings suggest that the giant panda may adjust its distribution to track stable climatic niches in response to future climate change. Future conservation planning should designate accessible areas for giant pandas and adjust priority conservation areas as needed.

Metapopulation theory explains species persistence through dispersal-linked populations. This study links theory and conservation to predict reintroduction success in human-altered landscapes. Using the Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) as a model system, we combined spatially explicit habitat modeling with stochastic population viability analysis to assess how dispersal mediates persistence across wild and reintroduced populations in a metapopulation context. Our integrated approach identified 15,216 km² of potential habitat and a 95.64 km least-cost pathway linking wild population and reintroduced population. Projections over 50-year simulations revealed that dispersal significantly enhanced metapopulation viability, enabling population size to reach 17,846 individuals (92.37 % of carrying capacity). Conversely, population isolation would lead to a 15% decline in reintroduced population. Our simulations demonstrated that environmental stressors (including catastrophic events and predation pressure) reduced overall metapopulation size by 61.8% and 22.7% respectively when dispersal was absent. However, active dispersal effectively mitigated these impacts, maintaining long-term quasi-extinction probabilities at 0.17. The analysis revealed a clear source-sink dynamic, with the wild population serving as a stable source population, while the reintroduced population remained dependent on metapopulation connectivity for persistence.

Predicting whether alien species will invade a native community is a key challenge in invasion ecology. One factor that may help predict invasion success is phylogenetic relatedness. Darwin proposed that closely related species tend to share similar niches, although this relationship may be influenced by various ecological and evolutionary factors. To test this, we classified alien Asteraceae species in China into three categories based on their invasion status and the extent of ecological damage: introduced, naturalized, and invasive. We then compared the genetic relationships and niche overlap between alien and native Asteraceae species. We found that invasive Asteraceae species are more closely related to native Asteraceae species than are introduced and naturalized species. However, alien Asteraceae species (including introduced, naturalized, and invasive species) exhibited relatively low niche overlap with native Asteraceae species. These findings suggest that the main premise underlying Darwin’s naturalization conundrum, namely, the universality of phylogenetic niche conservatism, may not hold true. Instead, our findings indicate that alien species are more likely to invade successfully when they are more closely related to native plants, exhibit less niche overlap, and maintain conservative niches during the invasion process. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of alien plant invasions, highlight the relationship between alien species invasions and native community vulnerability, and offer important insights into the development of effective biological invasion management strategies.

Evaluating the adaptive capacity of species to past climate change is a crucial component in understanding how species respond to climatic shifts. This information serves as a vital foundation for guiding conservation practices under future environmental changes. We reconstructed the potential suitable habitat maps for giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, similar to 22 ka) and mid-Holocene (MH, similar to 6 ka) climates via an ensemble species distribution modelling approach, and compared them to the potential suitable habitats at current stage, we also estimated and compared the bioclimatic velocity of giant pandas to the climatic velocities since LGM. The results showed that the suitable habitat area for giant pandas has increased by 12.47 % from LGM to MH, and then decreased by 5.37 % from MH to current stage. The estimated climatic velocity over the suitable habitats for giant pandas was 16.00 +/- 5.83 km center dot kyr(-1) from LGM to MH and 46.13 +/- 18.96 km center dot kyr(-1) from MH to nowadays. The bioclimatic velocities for these two periods were 0.55 +/- 0.55 km center dot kyr(-1) and 8.47 +/- 10.45 km center dot kyr(-1), respectively. The result indicated that giant pandas have successfully adapted to the climate changes since LGM by migrating at a rate that lags behind the speed of climate change within their current distribution range. However, this does not imply that giant pandas possess sufficient migratory capabilities to cope with future climate crises, as the current rate of climate change exceeds that of any historical periods.

Nest -site selection plays a crucial role in reproductive success and survival of birds, particularly for territorial birds. Therefore, it is important to understand how birds identify and select their nesting sites. The Amur Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone incei) is a medium-sized species of the Monarchidae family with dichromatism in males. To investigate the differences in nest -site utilization strategies between different male morphs and identify the nest -site variables that influence the nest success of the species, we conducted a study on nest -site selection and nest success during the breeding seasons of 2020 to 2022 in Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province, China. During our study, we recorded a total of 98 nests and found that the Amur Paradise Flycatcher preferred nesting in forests with lower illumination, specifically on cedrela trees, and exclusively near residential areas. Interestingly, we did not find any significant difference both in nest -site selection and nesting success between the two male morphs. The overall nesting success was 51.06% (n = 94), with nest predation being the primary cause of nest failure. Our principal component analysis identified several significant factors affecting nest -site selection, including nest tree factors (14.168%), interference factors (13.145%), nest concealment factors (10.87%), terrain factors (10.262%), altitude factors (10.046%), and stability factors (8.438%). Furthermore, the results of binary logistic regression analysis indicated that successful breeding nests were located closer to the forest edge, had a sunnier aspect, and a smaller slope compared to failed nests. Similarly, the multiple linear regression analysis showed that slope, aspect, and nest tree species had significant effects on breeding success. Our findings suggest that the Amur Paradise Flycatcher seeks a balance between nest concealment and a view of the surroundings. The lack of a significant difference in reproductive outcomes between the two male morphs could potentially be attributed to the greater experience of white morph individuals, which may help mitigate the higher risk with their more attractive plumage for predators. Understanding the factors affecting nest -site selection and nest success is crucial for conservation efforts aimed at protecting this fascinating species and ensuring its long-term survival.

Climate and land use/land cover (LULC) changes have far-reaching effects on various biological processes in wildlife, particularly interspecific interactions. Unfortunately, interspecific interactions are often overlooked when assessing the impacts of environmental changes on endangered species. In this study, we examined niche similarities and habitat overlaps between wild Crested Ibis and sympatric Egret and Heron species (EHs) in Shaanxi, China, using Ecological niche models (ENMs). We aimed to forecast potential alterations in habitat overlaps due to climate and LULC changes. The results showed that although EHs possess a broader niche breadth compared to the Crested Ibis, they still share certain niche similarities, as indicated by Schoener’s D and Hellinger’s I values exceeding 0.5, respectively. Notably, despite varying degrees of habitat reduction, the shared habitat area of all six species expands with the changes in climate and LULC. We suggest that with the climate and LULC changes, the habitats of sympatric EHs are likely to suffer varying degrees of destruction, forcing them to seek refuge and migrate to the remaining wild Ibis habitat. This is primarily due to the effective conservation efforts in the Crested Ibis habitat in Yangxian County and neighboring areas. Consequently, due to the niche similarity, they will share and compete for limited habitat resources, including food and space. Therefore, we recommend that conservation efforts extend beyond protecting the Crested Ibis habitat. It is crucial to control human activities that contribute to LULC changes to safeguard the habitats of both Crested Ibis and other sympatric birds.

The utilization of energy hubs (EHs) in the power system and simultaneous energy management of several energy networks is of high importance to increase energy efficiency. Therefore, this paper focuses on the energy management of grid-connected flexible energy hubs. Scheme includes electrical and heating networks, where renewables and storage devices are in connection using the hub as a coordinator. Problem minimizes the expected operating cost of the mentioned networks subject to networks optimal power flow model and the mathematical representation of flexible EHs. Uncertainties related to the amount of demand, price of electrical and heating energy, and renewable power have also been considered in the problem formulation. The unscented transformation method has been adopted to reduce the volume of the problem to obtain the optimal solution in low computation time, along with the precise modeling of flexibility and modeling of the aforementioned uncertainties. Modeling the flexibility of EHs in the presence of renewable sources, modeling bio-waste energy unit for the simultaneous generation of electric and heat energy, and modeling the various uncertainties of load using the unscented transformation are among the contributions of the paper. The obtained numerical results demonstrate the capability of the proposed scheme in improving the economic and operating status of electrical and heating networks, along with improving the flexibility of EHs in such a way that energy storages in renewable hubs can extract 100% flexibility conditions. In these conditions, the hubs are able to reduce energy costs, energy losses, voltage drop, and temperature by about 25%, 24%, 60%, and 59%, respectively, compared with the power flow studies of the networks under study. Also, based on sensitivity analysis results, the increase in load and energy price leads to an increase in the operating cost of the networks, while the increase in the size of renewable resources and storage devices reduces the networks’ energy cost.

大熊猫国家公园的设立对濒危物种保育和自然保护区生物多样性保护提出了新的要求,但随着人为活动的增多,外来物种获得了更多进入自然保护区及其周边地区的机会,可能会威胁到濒危物种保育和生物多样性保护.以大熊猫国家公园秦岭片区的陕西长青和太白山国家级自然保护区为例,分析了 自然保护区及其周边地区外来植物的入侵现状,以及人为活动对外来植物扩散的潜在影响等.结果表明,研究区域内共有外来植物156种,分属于42科、122属,其中外来入侵种共48种,隶属于17科、37属,占外来种总数的30.77％.恶性入侵类和严重入侵类分别有9种和14种;外来植物的种类数和个体数均与本地植物物种的丰富度、均匀度、辛普森多样性指数和香农-威纳多样性指数呈显著负相关关系;外来种的种类数与海拔、离人类活动中心点的距离之间也呈显著负相关关系.研究结果暗示随着人为活动等干扰的加剧,研究区域已经遭受到较高程度的外来植物入侵,且这些外来植物已对本地群落的物种多样性产生了显著负效应.综上所述,应及时采取措施防控外来入侵生物,以减少其对大熊猫国家公园生物多样性保护和濒危物种保育产生的负面影响.

Habitats of large herbivores have shrunk owing to the expansion of human activities. Consequently, wild herbivores frequently venture into adjacent farmlands to forage for crops. As a result, farmers use fences to prevent these herbivores from foraging. A dynamic game exists between whether farmers choose to set up fences and whether herbivores choose to venture into farmlands. This study established an evolutionary game model between farmers and herbivorous species. The effects of different factors on the game process were studied using model simulations to provide theoretical guidance for the conservation and management of herbivore species. Model simulations showed that food resources in herbivore habitats are key to protecting their populations. Therefore, management needs to restore and protect herbivore habitats, and in cases of extreme food shortages, herbivores should be artificially fed. Simultaneously, herbivores need to obtain certain food supplements from outside their habitats when food resources are scarce. Therefore, subsidies should be provided to farmers close to herbivore habitats to encourage them to use fences that allow a certain number of herbivores to pass through. In addition, increasing the buffer zone between herbivore habitats and farmland has positive implications for the conservation of large herbivore populations.

Species distribution models (SDMs) are effective tools for wildlife conservation and management, as they employ the quantification of habitat suitability and environmental niches to evaluate the patterns of species distribution. The utilization of SDMs at various scales in a hierarchical approach can provide additional and complementary information, significantly improving decision-making in local wildlife conservation initiatives. In this study, we considered the appropriate spatial scale and data resolution to execute species distribution modeling, as these factors greatly influence the modeling procedures. We developed SDMs for wintering black storks at both the regional and local scales. At the regional scale, we used climatic and climate-driven land use/land cover (LULC) variables, along with wintering occurrence points, to develop models for mainland China. At the local scale, we used local environmental variables and locally gathered wintering site data to develop models for Shaanxi province. The predictions from both the regional and local models were then combined at the provincial level by overlapping suitable areas based on climatic and local conditions. We compared and evaluated the resulting predictions using seven statistical metrics. The national models provide information on the appropriate climatic conditions for the black stork during the wintering period throughout China, while the provincial SDMs capture the important local ecological factors that influence the suitability of habitats at a finer scale. As anticipated, the national SDMs predict a larger extent of suitable areas compared to the provincial SDMs. The hierarchical prediction approach is considered trustworthy and, on average, yields better outcomes than non-hierarchical methods. Our findings indicate that human-driven LULC changes have a significant and immediate impact on the wintering habitat of the black stork. However, the effects of climate change seem to be reducing the severity of this impact. The majority of suitable wintering habitats lie outside the boundaries of protected areas, highlighting the need for future conservation and management efforts to prioritize addressing these conservation gaps and focusing on the protection of climate refuges.

Climate change has triggered a series of global-scale environmental problems, posing a great threat to the sustainable development of forests throughout the world. Bashania fargesii is the primary bamboo species consumed by giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in the Qinling Mountains. As global warming continues to intensify, how the distribution of B. fargesii changes will determine the survival of giant pandas in the future. We therefore predicted and compared the potential distribution of B. fargesii in the Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province in the 2050 s and 2070 s by using integrated Species distribution models (SDMs) constructed based on 88 occurrence records of B. fargesii and 12 selected environmental variables. The results showed that precipitation seasonality was the key environmental variable affecting the distribution of B. fargesii, and the suitable areas for B. fargesii would be lost under future climate scenarios. More importantly, under RCP8.5, habitat loss would be extremely dramatic in the 2070 s for B. fargesii. Our study indicated that climate change might have significant impacts on the future distribution of the bamboo B. fargesii, resulting in giant pandas lacking sufficient suitable habitats in the winter season. Routine monitoring of bamboo forests is necessary to strengthen the preservation of giant pandas and biodiversity in the Qinling Mountains.

Apiculture has been greatly developed in recent years in China. Beekeeping cooperatives and honey manufacturing enterprises have increased rapidly. As a result, a variety of honey products have entered the market, adding vitality to the food economy; however, the adulteration of honey products is on the rise in China. Previous attempts to control the adulteration of honey products mostly relied on technical, product-specific measures, and there was a lack of modeling research to guide the supervision of the honey product industry. In order to help local governments to better control the adulteration of honey products from a management perspective, this paper establishes an evolutionary game model composed of beekeeping cooperatives, honey product enterprises, and local governments. Through stability analysis and model simulation, we found that local government subsidies to cooperatives have little impact on the game system. Local government penalties to cooperatives and price adjustments of unadulterated raw honey by cooperatives are effective management tools to reduce the adulteration behavior of cooperatives. Local government penalties for enterprises are an effective management tool to reduce the adulteration behavior of enterprises. This research provides useful information for government agencies to design appropriate policies/business modes so as to promote sustainability and the healthy development of the honey product industry in China.

Predation is one of the most important extrinsic factors acting upon animal populations and is a strong selective force in the evolution of form and function. Understanding the impact of predation on bird population dynamics is crucial for understanding the predation pressure of bird populations and implementing conservation strategies, especially for threatened or endemic bird species. In this paper, we sorted the predation events in the wild Crested Ibis population in Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province, from 1981 to 2021 and in the reintroduced Crested Ibis population in Ningshan from 2008 to 2021. With the use of age‐classified Leslie matrix models to simulate Crested Ibis populations under different predation pressures, the random population growth rate was estimated, and the impact of predation on population dynamics was evaluated. The results showed that snakes and raptors were the main predators of Crested Ibis in the wild and reintroduced populations, and the number of dead individuals was unevenly distributed within the three age classes in both the wild population ( df = 2, χ 2 = 13.236, p < 0.05) and reintroduced population ( df = 2, χ 2 = 49.273, p < 0.01). Predation caused a reduction in the potential annual population growth rate of 2.37% (confidence interval [CI]: 2.29–2.45) in the wild population and 2.88% (CI: 2.82–2.94) in the reintroduced population. The overall average growth rates of the wild and reintroduced populations derived from population model simulations were 12.84 and 18.13%, respectively, which suggested that the wild and reintroduced populations was increasing under the current predation pressure and that the impact of predation on the population was acceptable and sustainable.

The Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) has long fascinated ornithologists with its enigmatic plumage color change. After more than a century of curiosity, the mystery was finally unraveled in the 1970s, unveiling the mechanism behind this remarkable transformation. Unlike other bird species, the Crested Ibis achieves its nuptial plumage coloration through a unique daubing behavior. After a water-bathing, it applies a sticky black substance secreted by a patch of skin in the neck and throat region. However, the chemical components of this black substance have not been studied in detail until now. To address this issue, we conducted a study to detect the components of the black substance and explore the relationship between sex hormone levels and the secretion of the black substance. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the monthly changes in steroid hormone levels (estradiol E2, testosterone T, and progesterone PROG) levels in feces. We also analyzed the correlation between sex hormone levels and daubing behavior. The results showed that the sex hormone levels are closely related to the secretion and application of the black substance. In addition, we qualitatively analyzed the chemical components of the black substance using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), uncovering the presence of 117 distinct chemical components. We assume that the black coloration results from the polymerization of selected chemical constituents among these components. These findings provide a groundwork for further exploration into the biological significance of the black substance. Overall, our study detected components in the black substance and studied how sex hormone levels relate to its secretion. Understanding the hormone effects on coloration helps in precise habitat management, like wetland preservation, crucial for Crested Ibis survival. Implementing hormone-boosting measures during breeding seasons enhances reproduction and health, vital for their conservation.

Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi), a non-native tree species, has been widely planted in the Qinling Mountains since the last century, but it does not meet the habitat needs of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), mainly because of food, further causing habitat degradation and fragmentation. However, how soil microorganisms, considered as predictors of the soil environment, respond to Japanese larch remains poorly explored, especially compared with native forests. Here, we collected 40 soil samples from plantation, bamboo, and natural (excluding bamboo) forests in the Changqing Nature Reserve and Foping Nature Reserve in Qinling to compare soil bacterial community composition and diversity using high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The soil chemical properties and bacterial communities differed noticeably under forest-type classification patterns. The soil of the Japanese larch planted forests underwent substantial degradation, with higher acidity, lower alpha diversity, and more significant enrichment in the oligotrophic bacteria Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, in contrast to the other two primary forests with elevated soil nutrient levels. The application of PICRUSt2 indicated the down-regulation of amino acid-related metabolism in planted forests. Moreover, pH was the primary factor determining the whole bacterial community structures. To avoid the uncertainty of a single sampling region, we chose different sampling sites that could be considered as geographical factors, possibly due to environmental heterogeneity or dispersal limitations, which also explained the specific community patterns of microorganisms. Overall, this paper may help provide a scientific basis for future revegetation in giant panda habitats, highlighting the urgent need for ecological restoration and sustainable forestry management.

生境适宜性评价对野生动物的保护与管理具有重要意义.为了解陕西秦岭地区斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)的生境状况,利用2011-2013年间在秦岭地区采集的斑羚分布点数据,通过MaxEnt模型对陕西秦岭地区的斑羚生境进行适宜性评价.结果表明,陕西秦岭地区的斑羚适宜生境面积约为9800 km2,占秦岭山地面积的17％,主要位于秦岭中西部区域;次适宜生境面积约为6940 km2,占秦岭面积的12％,主要位于适宜生境的周边区域.海拔、月均昼夜温差和年降雨量是影响陕西秦岭地区斑羚生境适宜性的主要环境变量,而人类干扰对生境适宜性的影响较小.陕西秦岭地区的斑羚偏好于选择1800-3000 m的中高海拔区间、年降水量为750-850 mm、月均昼夜温差8℃左右的环境.明确了斑羚适宜生境在秦岭的分布状况及关键环境影响因子,可为下一步制定濒危动物保护和生境管理提供理论依据.

Reintroduction has become a common conservation management tool to restore endangered species in their historical range. However, many attempts have failed to establish self-sustaining populations in the wild. The success of reintroductions could be improved by varying release strategies. Therefore, it is vital to determine the factors influencing reintroduction outcomes. To better understand the post-release settlement and to optimize the release strategy of the Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon), we quantified the effects of age, sex, acclimation duration, and the timing of release events on post-release survival and dispersal distance for the released Crested Ibis in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, using a generalized linear mixed effect modeling approach. Our results indicate that 40-56.3% of the released individuals survived the first year following release. Mortality was attributable to flight collisions, starvation, disease, and unknown reasons. The post-release survival probability of ibises showed a negative association with age (estimate = -0.186; 95% CI: -0.350 to -0.022; P = 0.026), and post-release dispersal distance was affected by the timing of release event (estimate = 0.718; 95% CI: 0.025 to 1.253; P = 0.042). However, sex and acclimation period duration did not cause detectable differences in postrelease survival probability and dispersal distance. Based on our results, optimal release strategies for establishing a reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis include: (1) release of sub-adults biased and sex ratio balanced initial groups; (2) release during the non-breeding season; and (3) food supplementation immediately after release.

Allee effects, defined as the positive relationships between component fitness and population density (or size), play an important role in the dynamics of small or lowdensity populations. Reintroduction has become a widely applied tool with the continuous loss of biodiversity. Since reintroduced populations are initially small, Allee effects commonly exist when a species is colonizing new habitat. However, direct evidence of positive density-dependence acting in reintroduced populations is rare. To understand the role of Allee effects in regulating post-release population dynamics of reintroduced species, we analyzed time-series data collected from two spatially isolated populations of the reintroduced Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) in Shaanxi Province, China (Ningshan and Qianyang Counties). We examined the potential relationships between population size and (1) survival and reproductive rates, (2) per capita population growth rates for the existence of Allee effects in the reintroduced ibis populations. The results showed that the simultaneous occurrence of component Allee effects in survival and reproduction have been detected, while the reduction of adult survival and per female breeding probability led to a demographic Allee effect in the Qianyang ibis population, which may have contributed to the population decline. In parallel, mate-limitation and predation as the possible initiation mechanisms of Allee effects were presented. Our findings provided the evidence of multiple Allee effects in reintroduced populations and conservation management strategies to eliminate or reduce the strength of Allee effects in future reintroductions of endangered species were proposed, including release of large number of individuals, food supplementation, and predator control.

Understanding how species' ecological niches adapt to environmental changes through time is critical for predicting the effect of future global change on endangered species. Yet few studies have incorporated knowledge of past niche shifting into the assessment of species' future fate in a changing world. In this study, we integrated the ecological niche dynamics into the species distribution modeling of the Asian crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) in East Asia. Specifically, we compared historical and present ecological niches of crested ibis in four-dimensional environmental space based on species occurrence and environmental data. We then employed a multi-temporal ecological niche model to estimate the potential geographical distribution of crested ibis under future climate and land-use changes. Our results show that crested ibis retained similar though not identical ecological niches over time. Compared to the historical baseline range, the current suitable habitat for crested ibis has been reduced by 39.6%. The effects of human activity outweigh those of climate change regarding the distribution of crested ibis. We conclude that the ecological niche of crested ibis was tended to be conservative, and future potentially suitable habitat may encounter northeastward and northwestward shift, and possibly expand by 18.7% referred to the historical range. The findings of our study are of clear importance for the conservation and successful reintroduction of crested ibis in East Asia.

Understanding how climate change alters the spatial aggregation of sympatric species is important for biodiversity conservation. Previous studies usually focused on spatial shifting of species but paid little attention to changes in interspecific competitions under climate change. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects of climate change on the spatial aggregation of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and three sympatric competitive species (i.e., black bears (Ursus thibetanus), golden takins (Budorcas taxicolor), and wild boars (Sus scrofa)) in the Qinling Mountains, China. We employed an ensemble species distribution modeling (SDM) approach to map the current spatial distributions of giant pandas and sympatric animals and projected them to future climate scenarios in 2050s and 2070s. We then examined the range overlapping and niche similarities of these species under different climate change scenarios. The results showed that the distribution areas of giant pandas and sympatric species would decrease remarkably under future climate changes. The shifting directions of the overlapping between giant pandas and sympatric species vary under different climate change scenarios. In conclusion, future climate change greatly shapes the spatial overlapping pattern of giant pandas and sympatric species in the Qinling Mountains, while interspecific competition would be intensified under both mild and worst-case climate change scenarios.