Mineral development and technological advancement are vital components underpinning economic progress. Their association often stimulates structural transformation, increases productivity, and fosters innovation within economies. This study focused on assessing the impact of solid mineral development on economic growth accompanied by technological advancement in China from 1990 to 2022. The ARDL method has been used, which is more reliable for measuring the short-run and long-run dynamics, allows the mixed order of integration of the series, and provides statistical robustness. According to the estimates of the study, mineral development, technological advancement, and trade promote economic growth both in the long and short term. Whereas mineral depletion and population growth impede economic growth. Capital formation, however, was found to be insignificant. Achieving higher economic growth necessitates a strategic focus on technological innovation and efficient mineral exploitation. It is imperative to address the challenge of mineral depletion, which poses a significant obstacle to sustained growth.

Abstract The research aims to investigate the effect of ten-week’s exercise on physical fitness, behavior of inhibition control and electrophysiology in young policemen. Seventeen young Chinese policemen as participants have taken part in the physical fitness standard assessment, Stroop test of word meaning and word color as well as the pretest and posttest of ERPs experiment. The exercise frequency was on alternative days for 80 min every time. Exercise helped to improve physical ability and VO2peak for policemen. BMI and heart rates during rest deceased. The N2 results showed the main effect of the stimuli type or exercise interference was significant, but there was no significant interaction between stimuli type and interference. And after exercise interference, both two conditions were associated with shorter response time and higher accuracy rates. These results indicate that regular exercises can improve policemen’s physical ability and the ability of fast and correct response which can better guarantee the security of law enforcement for policemen.

A consistent relationship has been found between rhythmic processing and reading skills. Impairment of the ability to entrain movements to an auditory rhythm in clinical populations with language-related deficits, such as children with developmental dyslexia, has been found in both behavioral and neural studies. In this study, we explored the relationship between rhythmic entrainment, behavioral synchronization, reading fluency, and reading comprehension in neurotypical English- and Mandarin-speaking adults. First, we examined entrainment stability by asking participants to coordinate taps with an auditory metronome in which unpredictable perturbations were introduced to disrupt entrainment. Next, we assessed behavioral synchronization by asking participants to coordinate taps with the syllables they produced while reading sentences as naturally as possible (tap to syllable task). Finally, we measured reading fluency and reading comprehension for native English and native Mandarin speakers. Stability of entrainment correlated strongly with tap to syllable task performance and with reading fluency, and both findings generalized across English and Mandarin speakers.

A robust approximation-based event-triggered control method is presented for single input single output (SISO) nonlinear continuous-time systems with unmeasurable states and external disturbance. In the whole system, just one neural network (NN) is designed to approximate the unknown part in the controller, and output errors are directly used to construct the system controller and event-triggered mechanism to relieve the burden of system communication. The controller with a simple structure is easier to be realized in practical engineering. The system control signals and adaptive parameters are updated only if the event trigger condition is met, and this way further reduces the waste of network resources caused by frequent system sampling. The application of stability theory of Lyapunov proves that the weight estimation of the NN and tracking errors are ultimate and uniform boundedness, and the efficacy of the proposed scheme is verified with numerical results on a robot.

This study investigates the impact of regulatory intervention on tunneling through inter-corporate loans in Chinese fraudulent firms. We find fraudulent firms have significantly higher tunneling through inter-corporate loans than matching firms, and suggest that controlling shareholders are motivated to delay the recognition of the ensuing loss in the financial statements to make it more difficult for auditors to detect tunneling. In 2006, new CSRC regulation introduced responsibility by board chairman to resolve tunneling issues while the two Chinese stock exchanges initiated a 'name and shame' of tunneling individuals and amounts tunneled through public media. We find that tunneling balances in a sample of fraudulent firms reduce significantly after the announcement of this strict anti-tunneling regulation. Relative to a matched sample, fraudulent firms experienced improved operating performance and higher abnormal returns following the imposition of the new anti-tunneling regulations. We also find that informal institutions, such as social trust play an important role in mitigating tunneling. Overall, our results suggest the means by which Chinese regulatory mechanisms have been effective in protecting minority shareholders from expropriation by controlling shareholders.

In the paper, an event triggering adaptive control method based on neural network (NN) is proposed for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with external disturbances. In order to reduce the network resource utilization, a novel event-triggered condition by the Lyapunov approach is proposed. In addition, the NN controller and adaptive parameters determined by the Lyapunov stability method are updated only at triggered instants to reduce the amount of calculation. Only one NN is used as the controller in the entire system. The stability analysis results of the closed-loop system are obtained by the Lyapunov approach, which shows that all the signals in the systems with bounded disturbance are semi-globally bounded. Zeno behavior is avoided. Finally, the analytical design is confirmed by the simulation results on a two-link robotic manipulator.

Nitrogen doping hydrothermal carbon material (NHTC) is an important metal ion adsorbent. In this work, NHTC with Schiff base structures (NHTC-SBS) was successfully synthesized via ammonia-assisted hydrothermal treatment of industrial hemicelluloses and used for the adsorption of toxic hexavalent chromium Cr(VI). The formation of Schiff base structures depends on the reaction between ammonia and furfural resulting from hemicelluloses hydrolysis. The morphology and structures of NHTC-SBS were characterized by SEM, XRD, BET, XPS and zeta potential. The results of adsorption experiments suggested that a high adsorption capacity of NHTC-SBS towards Cr(VI) was achieved at 349.6 mg/g according to Langmuir isotherm model under 298 K and pH 2.0. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on NHTC-SBS mainly depended on electrostatic attraction, redox, and chelation between nitrogen-containing groups (amino, Schiff base structures, heterocyclic nitrogen) and Cr(VI). This work provides a facial, green, and economical route to synthesize biochar with great adsorption performance.

It is challenging work to develop a low-cost, efficient, and environmentally friendly Cr(VI) adsorbent for waste water treatment. In this paper, we used hemicelluloses from chemical fiber factory waste as the raw material, and prepared two kinds of carbon materials by the green hydrothermal method as adsorbent for Cr(VI). The results showed that hemicelluloses hydrothermally treated with citric acid (HTC) presented spherical shapes, and hemicelluloses hydrothermally treated with ammonia solution (HTC-NH2) provided spongy structures. The adsorption capacity of the samples can be obtained by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetics could be described by the pseudo-second-order model at pH 1.0. The maximum adsorption capacity of HTC-NH2 in the Langmuir model is 74.60 mg/g, much higher than that of HTC (61.25 mg/g). The green hydrothermal treatment of biomass with ammonia solution will provide a simple and feasible way to prepare adsorbent for Cr(VI) in waste water treatment.

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of chitosan (CS) based composite films with the incorporation of hemicelluloses (HC). Films were obtained via direct immersion method and characterized in terms of structural and morphological properties by FT-IR, XRD, XPS, SEM and EDS. By combining with the increased HC loading efficiency (L) and swelling property (S) of films with the increased HC content to 5%, this study proved the increased hydrogen bond interactions between CS and HC. Films with the tensile strength of 32.81 ± 4.97 MPa and elongation at break of 39.63 ± 4.67% were obtained with 3% HC and 20% glycerol (GC). The water vapor permeability (WVP) of films developed with the increased HC and GC contents, while the oxygen permeability (OP) decreased. Moreover, antibacterial testing indicated that all films exhibited the increased growth inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus as increasing TiO2 content.

The paper designs a control algorithm for the strict-feedback uncertain nonlinear systems based on neural network direct adaptive tracking. In order to avoid the backstepping design, the above nonlinear system is transformed into the normal affine nonlinear system. There aren’t state observers and robustifying control terms in the system. In adaptive law only the output error is used and the parameters are optimized by a gradient descent algorithm to reduce a cost function of the error between controllers of the actual ideal and the neural network. Finally, the convergence and boundedness of tracking error and adaptive parameters are proved by Lyapunov approach. Some simulation results verifies the effectiveness of the control algorithm.

Recently, the nanofiber materials derived from natural polymers instead of petroleum-based polymers by electrospinning have aroused a great deal of interests. The lignocellulosic biomass could not be electrospun into nanofiber directly due to its poor solubility. Here, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was subjected to the homogeneous esterification with different anhydrides, and the corresponding esterified products (SCB-A) were obtained. It was found that the bead-free and uniform nanofibers were obtained via electrospinning even when the mass fraction of acetylated SCB was 70%. According to the thermogravimetric analyses, the addition of SCB-A could improve the thermal stability of the electrospun composite nanofibers. More importantly, in contrast to the pure polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon nanofiber, the SCB-A based carbon nanofibers had higher electrical conductivity and the surface N element content. In addition, the superfine carbon nanofiber mats with minimum average diameter of 117.0 ± 13.7 nm derived from SCB-A were obtained, which results in a larger Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area than pure PAN based carbon nanofiber. These results demonstrated that the combination of the homogeneous esterification and electrospinning could be a feasible and potential way to produce the bio-based carbon nanofibers directly from lignocellulosic without component separation.

Software developers heavily rely on code snippets and API usage examples searched on the Internet. This paper presents Bing Code Search, a Visual Studio extension that allows developers to write, within an IDE, free-form natural language questions, and get C# code snippets answering those questions. Bing Code Search automatically adapts the suggested snippets into the user’s programming context via variable renaming, and records users’ interactions to improve its suggestions. Compared to prior related research, Bing Code Search provides a complete automation of the full search-paste-adapt process. Three weeks after we released this free extension, more than 20,000 users downloaded it; and they issue on average 3,000 queries per day. We believe that Bing Code Search is the most widely used tool in its category. In the following, we fully describe our framework, and draw clear empirical evidence of the benefits of Bing Code Search: (1) From our evaluation benchmark, compared with Bing’s result, Bing Code Search delivers more relevant snippet solutions. (2) In a controlled experiment, it was able to save developers 28% of time on completing API related tasks. (3) Telemetries collected from thousands of users show some users already built up the habit of using the tool: they issue multiple queries to solve a complex task, or use it as a fast auto-completion.

Biochar is a new kind of soil improver and adsorbent. Different raw materials and production conditions will affect the properties of biochar. In order to study the effects of biochar from agricultural waste on soil mineral elements and cabbage quality, the quality of biochar from agricultural waste prepared by different methods is compared. The differences of physical and chemical properties of biochar and its effect on cabbage yield are discussed through nine-pot experiments. The results show that the soil pH value increases from 4.77 to 5.26-6.15 and the yield of cabbage increases by 112%-168% by application of 60 g.kg(-1) biochar when the content of available potassium in biochar ranged from 0.66 to 7.47 g.kg(-1), and the contents of Vc, soluble sugar, soluble protein and nitrate in cabbage increases by 0.291%, 0.284%, 0.155% and 0.109% on average when the content of available potassium in biochar is 0.66-7 g.kg(-1). The results showed that biochar can reduce soil bulk density, increase soil pH value, yield and quality of cabbage, and provide basis for rational utilization of agricultural wastes.

XX power supply company creatively uses the remote video monitoring system in the transmission line for real-time online monitoring. Through the remote wireless video monitoring system, construction site supervisors carry portable handheld terminals to realize real-time monitoring of the whole process of the construction line and play an auxiliary role in project management.

An alternative transesterification with vinyl laurate (VL) was applied for chemical modification of hemicelluloses (HC) to prepare functional packaging films. Successful transesterification was confirmed by FT-IR and NMR. Semitransparent laurated HC (LHs) films were prepared by solvent casting method. SEM indicated the ordered honeycomb-patterned surface and the dense cross section of LHs films. The LHs films exhibited excellent hydrophobicity with water contact angle about 120 and the enhanced mechanical properties with tensile strength and elongation at break as 33.94 3.09 MPa and 22.41 2.87%, respectively. The water vapor permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP) values of LHs films ranged from 1.59 0.07 to 2.23 0.11 (10 -1 "g/m"s"Pa) and 1.21 0.04 to 4.24 0.30 (cm3pm/m2.d.kPa), respectively. Moreover, the films had acceptable antioxidant activity. In terms of these properties, the shelf life of green chilies could be largely extended to 15 days after packing with LHs films.

The maleation of bagasse could greatly increase the compatibility between bagasse and composite matrixes, and the percentage of substitution (PS) of bagasse maleates could be regulated in the homogeneous system. However, due to the complicated components and the linkages of bagasse, it was difficult to control the reaction behaviors of each component. In this paper, the detailed structural changes of bagasse during the homogeneous maleation in ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) were comparatively investigated with the three main components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) from bagasse. The PS of the maleated bagasse was 12.52%, and the PS of the maleated cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin were 13.50%, 10.89%, and 14.03%, respectively. Fourier translation infrared (FT-IR) and NMR analyses confirmed that the three main components were all involved in the homogeneous maleation. 1H-13C HSQC analysis indicated that the predominant monoesterification of cellulose, diesterification of hemicelluloses and lignin, and the degradation of the three main components simultaneously occurred. Besides, the quantitative analysis from 1H-13C HSQC revealed the relative PS of reactive sites in each component. 31P NMR results showed that the reactivity of lignin aliphatic hydroxyls was higher than that of phenolic ones, and the reactivity of phenolic hydroxyls followed the order of p-hydroxyphenyl hydroxyls > guaiacyl hydroxyls > syringyl hydroxyls.

The phthalation of bagasse was comparatively investigated with the isolated three main components in 1-allyl-3-methylidazium chloride (AmimCl) to reveal the reaction behavior of bagasse. In the present study, the reaction behavior of hemicelluloses during the homogeneous phthalation was extensively explored. The phthalation degree of hemicellulosic samples ranged from 16.37% to 52.14%. The reaction priority on the main and side chains of hemicelluloses were revealed by the changes of monosaccharide contents upon phthalation. The results indicated that side-chains of hemicelluloses were more easily phthalated than main-chains, and the phthalation of secondary hydroxyl groups on uronic acids was more difficult than that on neutral sugars. 13C NMR and HSQC analyses suggested the similar reactivity of the secondary hydroxyls at C-2 and C-3 positions in anhydroxylose units. These results provide more detailed understanding of the homogenous modification of lignocellulose.

With the constant improvement of the infrastructure investment of the power system and intelligent degree, the procurement mode of material of power grid construction was difficult to satisfy different practical requirements among them, as an important material in power grid construction, a substation equipment has the characteristic of large quantity and high quality requirement, so procurement mode transition is imminent. Based on the transformer project in the taping 110 kV substation as an example in this paper, the whole business process of bidding mode for the whole substation was combed. Each stage of working effect of bidding mode for the whole substation of substation equipment was studied. The economic benefit of bidding mode for the whole substation of substation equipment was analyzed. The practice shows that the procurement efficiency and quality improvement of substation equipment is boosted for the bidding mode for the whole substation [1, 2].

The phthalation of bagasse was investigated comparatively with the three main isolated components in 1-allyl-3-methylidazium chloride (AmimCl) to reveal the reaction behavior of bagasse. In the first two parts, the detailed changes of cellulosic and hemicellulosic components in bagasse were elucidated during phthalation. In Part 3, the phthalation of lignins was performed in AmimCl with various ratios of phthalic anhydride/lignins from 10 to 50 mmol/g. The phthalation degree ranged from 41.1% to 68.8% for the phthalated lignins. The aliphatic hydroxyls of lignins were more easily phthalated than the phenolic hydroxyls as revealed by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and two dimensional (2D) heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) confirmed the attachment of phthaloyl group onto lignins. Severe degradation of lignin macromolecules was found at high ratios of phthalic anhydride/lignins (30 to 50 mmol/g) by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. These results provide a detailed understanding of reaction behaviors of lignins during bagasse phthalation, which are beneficial to prepare composites based on phthalated lignocellulose with better properties.

The modification of lignocellulose with cyclic anhydrides could confer stronger hydrophilic properties to lignocellulose, which could be used in many industrial fields. To elucidate the modification mechanism of lignocellulose, bagasse was phthalated comparatively with its three main components in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) using 4-dimethylaminopyridine as catalyst and phthalic anhydride as acylation reagent in the present study. From FT-IR and 2D HSQC analyses, the skeleton of bagasse and the fractions were not significantly changed during phthalation in AmimCl. 2D HSQC results suggested that the reactive hydroxyls in bagasse were partially phthalated, and the reactivity of the hydroxyls in anhydroglucose units followed the order C-6 > C-2 > C-3. Similarly, the reactivity order of hydroxyls in anhydroxylose units was C-2 > C-3. For lignin, the predominant diesterification occurred during the homogeneous modification, and both aliphatic and aromatic hydroxyls were phthalated. The reactivity order of phenolic hydroxyls was S-OH > G-OH > H-OH, which was distinct from that without catalyst. In addition, it was found that the thermal stability of phthalated bagasse was affected by the disruption of cellulose crystallinity and the degradation of components. The thermal stability of the phthalated bagasse decreased upon chemical modification and regeneration.