In this work, we developed a collagenase-responsive hydrogel system to covalently load cancer immunotherapy candidate cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) using 3D digital light processing bioprinting technology. CPMV was functionalized with norbornene groups (CPMV-NB), which was then bioprinted into hydrogels with 8-arm polyethylene glycol norbornene and a collagenase-cleavable peptide via photoinduced thiol-ene click chemistry. This strategy enabled stable retention of CPMV-NB within the hydrogels and achieved controlled release of CPMV-NB triggered by collagenase. Furthermore, released CPMV-NB retained its immunogenicity to stimulate immune cells.

BACKGROUND:The association between body mass index (BMI) and clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains controversial. We aimed to investigate whether BMI independently predicts length of stay (LOS) or if its impact is mediated by nutritional and inflammatory markers. METHODS:This retrospective study included 2545 patients hospitalized with Crohn's disease (CD) and 721 with ulcerative colitis (UC). Patients were categorized into four groups: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese. Restricted cubic splines were used to visualize the non-linear relationship between BMI and LOS. Multivariable linear regression models were applied to identify independent predictors of LOS. RESULTS:Univariate analysis showed that in patients with CD, both underweight and obese patients had longer hospital stays than those with normal weight (P = 0.009). BMI showed a U-shaped correlation with serum albumin (ALB) and hemoglobin (Hb). However, in the multivariate model, after adjusting for ALB, Hb, C-reactive protein (CRP), and comorbidities, BMI was no longer a significant predictor of LOS in patients with CD (P = 0.082 to 0.4) or UC (P = 0.2 to 0.9). Instead, lower ALB (P < 0.001) and higher CRP (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with prolonged hospital stays. CONCLUSION:While BMI is associated with LOS in IBD patients, it is not an independent driver. BMI serves as a phenotypic reflection of the underlying inflammatory status. Clinical management should prioritize the correction of inflammation rather than focusing solely on BMI.

Aims Conventional fixed-caliber transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) stents may limit individualized portal decompression and lead to over- or under-shunting. We therefore aimed to evaluate the safety and performance of a novel controlled-expansion expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-covered TIPS stent, which is designed for precise placement, secure anchoring, and on-demand diameter adjustment. Methods Eleven healthy swine (40-50 kg) underwent TIPS with a self-expanding nitinol stent-graft comprising a covered intrahepatic segment and an uncovered portal segment, with balloon-calibrated diameter adjustment across 6.0-10.0 mm; all stents were post-dilated to a fixed 8.0-mm functional diameter. Animals were assigned to 1- (n = 3), 3- (n = 3), or 6-month (n = 5) endpoints. Patency was defined as < 50% diameter stenosis without angiographic occlusion. Patency and integrity were assessed by digital subtraction angiography with quantitative vascular angiography (QVA). Systemic and local responses were evaluated by clinical monitoring, hematology/serum biochemistry, comprehensive necropsy, and blinded histopathology. Results Technical success rate was 100% in all 11 cases, with no intraoperative complications; all animals survived to endpoint. Deployment, visibility, and handling were consistently excellent. Follow-up angiography showed patent shunts without migration, thrombosis, or fracture; no collapse, kinking, or ePTFE delamination. QVA demonstrated mild luminal loss: mean diameter stenosis was 4.88 (3.13-7.19)% at 1 month, 9.93 (7.30-14.09)% at 3 months, and 13.41 (12.05-16.05)% at 6 months; all shunts showed < 30% stenosis. Laboratory values remained within or returned to normal limits. Necropsy confirmed well-incorporated tracts without device-related pathology. Histology showed complete endothelialization, a thin neointima with minimal inflammation, and absence of thrombosis at all time points. Conclusions In healthy swine, this stent demonstrated favorable safety and patency; performance in portal hypertension remains to be established. This adjustable-caliber design may help overcome some limitations of fixed-diameter stents and supports further evaluation in disease models and humans.

ABSTRACT Aims Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is an established treatment for complications of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Despite advances in technique, challenges remain, including variability in procedural workflows, inadequate perioperative management, and limited high‐quality clinical data. This registry is designed to integrate perioperative clinical, imaging, and multi‐omics data to improve risk stratification, guide individualized management, reduce complications, and enhance transplant‐free survival. Methods This multicenter, prospective cohort study will enroll 10,000 adult patients aged 18–75 years with portal hypertension undergoing TIPS at multiple tertiary hospitals in China between 2025 and 2027. Participants will be followed for 2 years after the procedure. The primary outcome will be transplant‐free survival at 2 years. Secondary outcomes include early portosystemic pressure gradient, improvement in portal hypertension‐related complications, the predictive accuracy of computational fluid dynamics simulations, complication rates, and recurrence of portal hypertension‐related complications. Improvement in liver function will also be assessed using serum biomarkers at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after TIPS. Imaging data will be collected from 3000 patients, with an additional 1000 undergoing multi‐omics analyses. Statistical methods will include Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, Cox proportional hazards regression, and multivariate modeling. Discussion This registry will provide high‐quality, contemporary real‐world evidence to inform standardized TIPS practice and improve prognostic assessment in a large Chinese population. The integrated clinical, hemodynamic, imaging, and multi‐omics framework may enable refined risk stratification and more individualized post‐TIPS management to improve long‐term outcomes. Trial Registration ChiCTR2500105039.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant brain tumor, characterized by its highly aggressive and rapidly proliferative behavior. In this study, we developed a high throughput GBM model with a cell density modulated hypoxic niche to investigate the important role of hypoxia in shaping GBM progression and therapeutic response. Harnessing the precise control over materials using digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting, we fabricated GBM constructs with tunable cell densities in gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), a photopolymerizable hydrogel that mimics the extracellular matrix. High cell density (HCD) constructs gave rise to a hypoxic microenvironment, allowing us to study natural hypoxia-driven adaptations, including ROS signaling, migration patterns, and altered metabolic pathways. The major hypoxia pathway, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α), was significantly enriched by 15-fold in the HCD condition compared to its base condition. Following this, we explored cellular response to drug treatment using standard-of-care GBM therapies to validate the hypoxic niche. These data show HCD model provides a more robust and Temozolomide-resistant environment compared to spheroids and low density conditions. Our findings demonstrate that DLP bioprinting provides a precise and reproducible platform for modeling GBM physiology and highlight its potential for high throughput drug screening in vitro.

Advances in biofabrication, stem cell biology, and biomaterials engineering have enabled the generation of multicellular tissue constructs capable of recapitulating key aspects of biological function. Despite these advances, the transition from millimeter-scale engineered tissues to centimeter-scale solid organs remains limited by the inability to establish dense, functional vascular networks capable of sustaining metabolically active tissues. This focused review summarizes the complexities involved in generating physiological vasculature and highlights progress in several approaches developed over the past two decades. We discuss progress across several core technology categories, including organoid-based and microfluidic-based platforms to model the vasculatures, as well as the techniques feasible to construct an organ-scale tissue, including recellularization of decellularized organ scaffolds, and bottom-up biofabrication approaches for complex 3D vasculature and high-cell density compatibility. By synthesizing insights from these complementary approaches, we highlight emerging design principles for constructing hierarchical and functional vascular networks. Finally, we outline a forward-looking roadmap toward scalable vascularization strategies that may enable the realization of biofabricated, functional human organs in the coming decade.

PurposeThis study aims to improve the physical and mental well-being of postoperative female breast cancer patients by developing an innovative apparel design that addresses the lack of adequate rehabilitation products and guidance after discharge from medical institutions.Design/methodology/approachThe research integrates quality function deployment (QFD) and the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) to guide the design process. Patient needs were collected and prioritized through QFD, which transformed them into actionable design requirements. TRIZ was then applied to resolve contradictions among the requirements and generate innovative design solutions. Based on this process, a postoperative apparel design model and prototype-based validation scheme were proposed and validated through scenario simulation and fuzzy evaluation model.FindingsThe resulting apparel design effectively addresses both physical rehabilitation and psychological recovery needs of female breast cancer patients after surgery. It also facilitates a more supportive and communicative environment between patients and medical staff, contributing to overall well-being.Originality/valueThis study provides a novel methodological framework for apparel design in the healthcare context by combining QFD and TRIZ. It offers a user-centered, problem-solving approach that enhances patient care through functional and emotionally supportive design.

Light-based 3D bioprinting has emerged as a transformative technology for fabrication of biomimetic tissues and artificial organs. High cell density (HCD) bioprinting aims to recapitulate the cellular density and interactions in native tissue, but faces significant challenges in achieving both high resolution and structural fidelity due to light scattering during the photopolymerization process. Refractive index (RI) tuning of the bioink mitigates light scattering to improve printing fidelity. In this study, we developed an iohexol (IHX)-based bioink for digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting. IHX effectively tuned the RI of the bioink to match cellular components to reduce light scattering while still maintaining printability. The bioink demonstrated excellent biocompatibility across multiple cell types, including epithelial, endothelial, parenchymal, and stem cells, while simultaneously supporting post-printing cellular viability, reorganization, and functionality. Using IHX-bioink, we fabricated tubular constructs with lumen diameters ranging from 400 μm to 1.1 mm and utilized strategies to minimize overpolymerization and ensure lumen fidelity. Our results underscore IHX-bioink as a promising biomaterial for scalable, RI-matching 3D bioprinting, enabling the creation of perfusable, HCD constructs for various applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Bioprinting of cell-laden hydrogels is a rapidly growing field in tissue engineering. The advent of digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technique has revolutionized the fabrication of complex 3D structures. By adjusting light exposure, it becomes possible to control the mechanical properties of the structure, a critical factor in modulating cell activities. To better mimic cell densities in real tissues, recent progress has been made in achieving high-cell-density (HCD) printing with high resolution. However, regulating the stiffness in HCD constructs remains challenging. The large volume of cells greatly affects the light-based DLP bioprinting by causing light absorption, reflection, and scattering. Here, we introduce a neural network-based machine learning technique to predict the stiffness of cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds. Using comprehensive mechanical testing data from 3D bioprinted samples, the model was trained to deliver accurate predictions. To address the demand of working with precious and costly cell types, we employed various methods to ensure the generalizability of the model, even with limited datasets. We demonstrated a transfer learning method to achieve good performance for a precious cell type with a reduced amount of data. The chosen method outperformed many other machine learning techniques, offering a reliable and efficient solution for stiffness prediction in cell-laden scaffolds. This breakthrough paves the way for the next generation of precision bioprinting and more customized tissue engineering.

Objective:Metabolic adaption (MA) might be of clinical relevance in weight loss management. However, it is unclear whether resting metabolic rate (RMR) reduction in weight loss reflects true MA or fat free mass (FFM) loss. Methods:We re-analyzed the data based on a weight loss trial of 131 patients (aged 33.3 ± 6.7 years) with overweight/obesity. Anthropometric data, body composition, daily physical activity, sleep hour and dietary intake were collected for every 4 weeks (baseline, week 4, 8, 12, and 16). The linear mixed model was used to evaluate the absolute change in RMR and adjusted RMR [aRMR = RMR (kcal) divided by FFM (kg)] with two different equations (Katch-McArdle-determined vs. BIA-determined) for every 4 weeks after adjustment of age, sex, daily physical activity, sleep hours, dietary intake, and baseline FFM and fat mass (FM). Results:Following the 16-week intervention, a significant reduction was observed in body weight [β: -5.6 kg; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): -6.3 kg, -5.0 kg], BMI (β: -2.3 kg/m2; 95%CI: -2.5 kg/m2, -2.0 kg/m2), FM (β: -4.7 kg; 95%CI: -5.2 kg, -4.1 kg), and FFM (β: -0.9 kg; 95%CI: -1.2 kg, -0.7 kg). Both Katch-McArdle-determined RMR and BIA-determined RMR presented a significant decrease between baseline and the end of the intervention (week 16). A small but statistically significant increase in Katch-McArdle-determined aRMR (β: 0.19 kcal/kg; 95%CI: 0.14 kcal/kg, 0.23 kcal/kg; adjusted p-value <0.0001) was confirmed by linear mixed models. While BIA-determined aRMR generally showed decreasing trends across the follow-up periods, only Week 12 demonstrated a statistically significant inverse association compared with the baseline (β: -0.21 kcal/kg; 95% CI: -0.29 kcal/kg, -0.13 kcal/kg, adjusted p-value = 0.01). Conclusion:The use of different prediction equations might account for variations in MA in this study. The results highlight the importance of preserving FFM during weight loss, thus to prevent reductions in RMR.

In vitro liver tissue models are valuable for studying liver function, understanding liver diseases, and screening candidate drugs for toxicity and efficacy. While three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting shows promise in creating various types of functional tissues, current efforts to engineer a functional liver tissue face challenges in replicating native high cell density (HCD) and maintaining long-term cell viability. HCD is crucial for establishing the cell-cell interactions necessary to mimic the liver's metabolic and detoxification functions. However, HCD bioinks exacerbate light scattering in light-based 3D bioprinting. In this study, we incorporated iodixanol into our bioink formulation to minimize light scattering, enabling the fabrication of hepatic tissue constructs with an HCD of 8 × 107 cells/mL while maintaining high cell viability (∼80 %). The printed dense hepatic tissue constructs showed enhanced cell-cell interactions, as evidenced by increased expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1. Furthermore, these constructs promoted albumin secretion, urea production, and P450 metabolic activity. Additionally, HCD hepatic tissue inactivated the YAP/TAZ pathway via cell-cell interactions, preserving primary hepatocyte functions. Further screening revealed that hepatocytes in the dense model were more sensitive to drug treatments than those in a lower-density hepatic model, highlighting the importance of HCD in recapitulating the physiological drug responses. Overall, our approach represents a significant advancement in liver tissue engineering, providing a promising platform for the development of physiologically relevant in vitro liver models for drug screening and toxicity testing.

ABSTRACTTransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a widely used surgery for portal hypertension. In clinical practice, the diameter of the stent forming a shunt is usually selected empirically, which will influence the postoperative portal pressure. Clinical studies found that inappropriate portal pressure after TIPS is responsible for poor prognosis; however, there is no scheme to predict postoperative portal pressure. Therefore, this study aims to develop a computational model applied to predict the portal pressure after TIPS ahead of the surgery. For this purpose, a patient‐specific 0‐3‐D multi‐scale computational model of the hepatic circulation was developed based on preoperative clinical data. The model was validated using the prospectively collected clinical data of 18 patients. Besides, the model of a representative patient was employed in the numerical experiment to further investigate the influences of multiple pathophysiological and surgical factors. Results showed that the difference between the simulated and in vivo measured portal pressures after TIPS was −1.37 ± 3.51 mmHg, and the simulated results were significantly correlated with the in vivo measured results (r = 0.93, p < 0.0001). Numerical experiment revealed that the estimated model parameters and the severity of possible inherent portosystemic collaterals slightly influenced the simulated results, while the shunt diameter considerably influenced the results. In particular, the existence of catheter for pressure measurement would markedly influence postoperative portal pressure. These findings demonstrated that this computational model is a promising tool for predicting postoperative portal pressure, which would guide the selection of stent diameter and promote individualization and precision of TIPS.

Wastewater treatment, particularly for persistent organic pollutants (POPs), remains a significant challenge. Although advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) currently used for treating POPs can achieve a decent efficiency, they often involve high costs and necessitate additional post-treatment processes. Here, a jellyfish-mimicking, multi-functional living material encapsulating algae cells are presented, namely Algelly, created using a multi-material digital-light processing (DLP) bioprinting technique. The Algelly construct comprises a methacrylated alginate (AlgMA) layer designed to support algae growth, and a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) layer embedded with magnetic nanoparticles (MNs). The MNs enable the Algelly to respond to near-infrared (NIR) laser for deformation and magnetic force for steering. It is demonstrated that the DLP bioprinting technique can fabricate the heterogeneous Algelly with high spatial resolution and efficiency, which supports subsequent algae proliferation and effective photosynthesis in the Algelly matrix. Moreover, the NIR-induced thermo-responsive deformation and magnetic steering capabilities enhance Algelly's adaptability for recycling and collection. Most importantly, Algelly demonstrates a high efficiency in degrading POPs under white light illumination. Therefore, it is believed that Algelly holds a promising potential for new applications in wastewater treatment, given its efficiency in POP decomposition and flexible location control capabilities.

We aim to evaluate the effects of partial meal replacement (MR) with different timing of MR on body weight in Chinese adults. A multicenter open-labeled, randomized, parallel study was performed. Participants were randomly assigned to receive partial MR at breakfast and lunch or breakfast and dinner for 16 weeks. The primary outcome was the absolute change in body weight between baseline and the end of the intervention. The BMI of participants is between 24.0 kg/m2 and 35.0 kg/m2, without a history of diabetes, hypertension, or gout, and whose baseline blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, serum level of glycated hemoglobin A1c, uric acid, and liver enzymes within the pre-determined range, were recruited. A total number of 153 individuals were included in the analysis (106 females and 47 males; mean age 32.6 ± 6.7 years, mean BMI 28.5 ± 2.8 kg/m2 at baseline). Partial MR for 16 weeks resulted in significant body weight loss (−5.1 kg, 95 https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=47475 (ChiCTR2100042637).

The myotendinous junction (MTJ) facilitates force transmission between muscle and tendon to produce joint movement. The complex microarchitecture and regional mechanical heterogeneity of the myotendinous junction pose major challenges in creating this interface in vitro. Engineering this junction in vitro is challenging due to substantial fabrication difficulties in creating scaffolds with intricate microarchitecture and stiffness heterogeneity to mimic the native muscle-tendon interface. To address the current challenges in creating the MTJ in vitro, digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing was used to fabricate poly(glycerol sebacate)acrylate (PGSA)-based muscle-tendon scaffolds with physiologically informed microstructure and mechanical properties. Local mechanical properties in various regions of the scaffold were tuned by adjusting the exposure time and light intensity used during the continuous DLP-based 3D printing process to match the mechanical properties present in distinct regions of native muscle-tendon tissue using printing parameters defined by an artificial intelligence-trained algorithm. To evaluate how the presence of zonal stiffness regions can affect the phenotype of a 3D-printed MTJ in vitro model, three 3D-printed PGSA-based scaffold conditions were investigated: (1) a scaffold with muscle-informed mechanical properties in its entirety without zonal stiffness regions, (2) a scaffold with one end possessing native muscle stiffness and the other end possessing native tendon stiffness, and (3) a scaffold with three distinct regions whose stiffness values correspond to those of muscle on one end of the scaffold, MTJ in the middle junction of the scaffold, and tendon on the other end of the scaffold. The scaffold containing regional mechanical heterogeneity most similar to the native MTJ (condition 3) was found to enhance the expression of MTJ-related markers compared to those without the presence of zonal stiffness regions. Overall, the DLP-based 3D printing platform and biomaterial system developed in this study could serve as a useful tool for mimicking the complexity of the native MTJ, which possesses inherent geometric and mechanical heterogeneity.

Background: A commercial three-dimensional optical (3DO) scanning system was reported to be used in body composition assessment. However, the applicability in Chinese adults has yet to be well-studied.Methods: This secondary analysis was based on a 16-week weight-loss clinical trial with an optional extension to 24 weeks. Waist and hip circumference and body composition were measured by 3DO scanning at each follow-up visit during the study. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was also performed to confirm the reliability of 3DO scanning at each visit. We used Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) to evaluate the correlation between the two methods above-mentioned. Bland-Altman analysis was also performed to evaluate the agreement and potential bias between different methods.Results: A total number of 70 Chinese adults overweight and obese (23 men and 47 women, aged 31.8 +/- 5.8 years) were included in the analysis, which resulted in 350 3DO scans and corresponding 350 BIA measurements. The percent body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass were 33.9 +/- 5.4%, 26.7 +/- 4.6 kg, and 50.3 +/- 8.7 kg before the trial by 3DO scanning. And they were 30.5 +/- 5.8%, 22.5 +/- 4.7 kg, and 49.4 +/- 8.3 kg after 16 weeks of the trial. Compared with BIA, 3DO scanning performed best in the assessment of fat-free mass (CCC = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.86, 0.90), then followed by fat mass (CCC = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.71, 0.80) and percent body fat (CCC = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.64, 0.75). Subgroup analysis showed that 3DO scanning and BIA correlated better in women than that in men, and correlated better in measuring fat-free mass in participants with larger body weight (BMI >= 28.0 kg/m(2)) than those with smaller body weight (<28.0 kg/m(2)).Conclusions: 3DO scanning is an effective technology to monitor changes in body composition in Chinese adults overweight and obese. However its accuracy and reliability in different ethnicities needs further exploration.

Objective. The association between vitamin D status and inflammation remains unclear in hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods. We performed the current study based on real-world data from two teaching hospitals. Serum level of vitamin D (assessed by 25-hydroxyvitamin D) was evaluated within 2 days after admission. All the patients were further classified into three groups: deficiency (<12 ng/mL), insufficiency (12–20 ng/mL), and adequate (≥20 ng/mL). White blood cell (WBC) count, serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin were also measured and used to evaluate inflammation. Other potential covariates were abstracted from medical records. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was calculated to assess the severity of disease. Results. A total number of 35,528 hospitalized adult patients (21,171 men and 14,357 women) were included. The average age and BMI were 57.5 ± 16.2 years and 23.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2, respectively, while medium vitamin D level was 16.1 ng/mL (interquartile range: 11.4 ng/mL, 21.6 ng/mL) and median CCI was one point (interquartile range: 0 point, two points). The prevalence of deficiency and insufficiency was 28.0% and 40.5%. Multivariate linear regression model showed that serum level of vitamin D was significantly associated with WBC and CRP but not associated with procalcitonin. Each standard deviation (≈7.4 ng/mL) increase in vitamin D was associated with a decrease in WBC by 0.13 × 109/mL (95% CI: 0.2 × 109/mL, 0.06 × 109/mL) and 0.62 mg/L (95% CI: 0.88 mg/L, 0.37 mg/L) for CRP. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis (excluding those whose eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, those whose daily calorie intake <1,000 kcal, and those who were recruited from Xin Hua hospital) generated similar results. Conclusions. The deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D in the hospitalized adult patients was very common. However, the results should be interpreted with caution for limited representation of the whole inpatients. Low level of vitamin D was associated with inflammatory biomarkers, which provide the evidences to early intervention for lower the risk of infection.

Traditional smocking, as a cultural heritage, has been widely employed in the design of modern apparel for its unique aesthetics. However, it often faces deformation when worn by a moving person, resulting in diminished aesthetics. The aim in this study is to detect the deformation threshold of a garment created with traditional smocking in a dynamic environment to assist in an aesthetic design. To reach this objective, first a 3D model was created of the cross-section of a garment with traditional smocking at the waistline, worn by a human avatar in a standing position. Then, by inputting the pressure triggered by level walking, ascending stairs, or twisting at the waist, finite-element models of the cross-sectional outlines were constructed to determine the displacements occurring on a garment with traditional smocking. The deformation threshold was determined afterwards, and validated. There are two contributions from this work: (1) the proposal of a deformation threshold for traditional smocking to assist in modern design, which generalizes an implication of promoting the aesthetics of heritage apparel in modern society; (2) the presentation of, it is believed, the first ever evaluation of the aesthetics of traditional smocking, which provides a new method to identify the interaction of pressure and displacement for traditional smocking in a dynamic environment.

Controllable and long-term release remains a great challenge in current drug delivery systems. Benefiting from their efficient drug loading and painless administration, microneedles (MNs) have emerged as a promising platform for transdermal drug delivery, while they often fail to achieve long-term tissue adhesion and controllable extended drug release. Here, 3D printing of an innovative MN patch is presented with succulent-inspired responsive microstructures and light-controllable long-term release capability. The MN exhibits a reversible shrink-swell volume change behavior in response to surrounding humidity, which enables sufficient mechanical strength for skin penetration under the shrinkage conditions and efficient long-term adhesion when swollen in skin tissues. Moreover, the MN patch introduces a controllable long-term drug release system, achieved through the integration of thiolated heparin (Hep-SH) for sustained growth factor release and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets for controlled drug release via near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. The MN patches with growth factor loading have good biocompatibility and can promote the proliferation, migration, and proangiogenesis of endothelial cells is further demonstrated. Thus, it is believed that such flexible MN patches can be promising candidates for controllable long-term transdermal drug delivery as well as other related tissue engineering applications. 3D printing of an innovative MN patch is presented with succulent-inspired responsive microstructures for prolonged tissue adhesion. By integrating thiolated heparin (Hep-SH) and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, this patch can achieve light-controlled sustainable growth factor release, making it a promising candidate for controllable long-term transdermal drug delivery. image

Implantable polymeric hydrogels loaded with immunostimulatory cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) were fabricated using digital light processing (DLP) printing technology. The CPMV-laden hydrogels were surgically implanted into the peritoneal cavity to serve as depots for cancer slow-release immunotherapy. Sustained release of CPMV within the intraperitoneal space alleviates the need for repeated dosing and we demonstrated efficacy against ovarian cancer in a metastatic mouse model.