El colectivo adolescente utiliza las redes sociales como una herramienta clave para la comunicación, el inicio y consolidación de las relaciones interpersonales, así como para la expresión de su sexualidad a través de la imagen corporal. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar las experiencias de objetivación a través de los “piropos online” que emiten y reciben los/as adolescentes en la esfera digital, determinar los comportamientos de quien emite y recibe estos comentarios, comprender la finalidad de la emisión, y conocer los sentimientos y reacciones que les genera al colectivo adolescente que recibe piropos en la esfera digital. Los participantes fueron 232 estudiantes (121 chicas y 111 chicos) de Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato, de entre 15 y 18 años, del noroeste de España, que participaron en 20 grupos de discusión. Los principales resultados mostraron que el colectivo adolescente utiliza las redes sociales para compartir sus propias imágenes y vídeos e interactuar socialmente a través de comentarios objetivantes, especialmente hacia las chicas. De este modo, la emisión y recepción de piropos online no solamente son una continuidad de las experiencias que se reflejan en el contexto offline, sino que son comportamientos que pueden suceder con más frecuencia y con más dureza en el contexto virtual. Nuestros resultados sugieren la necesidad de incorporar programas integrales de educación sexual en las escuelas para promover relaciones socio-afectivas sanas y libres de violencia.

Experiences of objectification through “piropos” (sexual comments about physical appearance and sexual body) frequently occur in the interpersonal relationships of the adolescent collective. The objectives of this qualitative study were: to analyse the adolescent group’s perception of piropos; to identify the behaviors of those who issue and receive these piropos; and to know adolescents’ emotions and reactions generated by piropos. Participants were 232 students (121 girls and 111 boys) from Compulsory Secondary Education and High School, aged 15 to 18, from public schools in northwestern Spain, who took part in 20 discussion groups. The results showed that both boys and girls consider piropos as “positive”; very few participants considered piropos as a form of sexual harassment. Boys were the main senders, and girls the receivers. However, some boys acknowledged that they would be willing to apologise or even stop issuing this type of comment if they received a negative response from the recipient. Our results suggest the need to incorporate comprehensive sex education programs into schools to raise awareness among adolescents about the negative consequences of piropos and their identification as a form of sexual harassment and, thus, promote socio-affective relationships based on equality and respect and free of violence.

The aim of this study is twofold: (a) to identify the prevalence of sexual harassment and sex-based harassment among teaching and research staff (TRS) at a public university; and (b) to examine the predictive capacity of sociodemographic variables and prior harassment experiences on the frequency of different forms of sexual victimization (SEQ): gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. A total of 425 TRS members participated (48.9% women, 50.6% men, 0.5% not identified; mean age = 45.88, SD = 22.2), all affiliated with a public university in northwestern Spain. Findings showed that female TRS explicitly self-identified as victims of sexual harassment and gender-based harassment within the university. Overall mean scores on the three SEQ subscales were low, yet women reported significantly higher levels of gender harassment and unwanted sexual attention. Female TRS also showed higher levels of technology-facilitated sexual harassment compared with their male counterparts. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that prior sexual victimization and technology-facilitated harassment were the strongest predictors across all SEQ dimensions. Unwanted sexual attention and TFSV predicted sexual coercion, whereas higher professional rank was associated with a reduced risk within this university. In conclusion, this public university requires well-disseminated and trusted protocols that explicitly address digital forms of sexual violence, alongside sustained preventive programs aimed at reducing revictimization.

Adolescents use social media as a key tool for communication, initiating and maintaining interpersonal relationships, and expressing their sexuality through bodily self-representation. This study aimed to analyze experiences of sexual objectification through "online compliments" exchanged among adolescents in digital environments; to identify the behaviors of those who send and receive such comments; to understand the intent behind their emission; and to explore the feelings and reactions elicited in adolescents who receive these remarks online. The sample consisted of 232 students (121 girls and 111 boys) enrolled in secondary and post-compulsory education in northwestern Spain, aged between 15 and 18, who participated in 20 focus groups. The main findings reveal that adolescents use social media to share personal images and videos and to engage socially through objectifying comments, particularly directed at girls. These online compliments not only mirror offline experiences but often occur with greater frequency and intensity in virtual contexts. Our results underscore the urgent need to implement comprehensive sex education programs in schools to foster healthy, violence-free socioaffective relationships.

The growing use of digital technologies has generated new dynamics in the interpersonal and sexual relationships of adolescents and young adults. Forms of Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence (TFSV), such as image-based sexual harassment and image-based sexual abuse, have gained relevance. This phenomenon particularly affects girls, perpetuating structural gender inequality dynamics in digital environments. This study aims to examine how technology-facilitated sexual violence has been addressed in a sample of adolescents and young adults in recent scientific literature, contributing to its reconceptualization. A review of reviews was conducted based on international scientific literature. The search was conducted across academic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ERIC, and limited to systematic and scoping reviews published between 2015 and 2025. This article synthesizes the selected reviews, organized around eight key dimensions: conceptualization, perception, attitudes, behaviors, risk factors, consequences, help-seeking, and prevention. Twenty-six reviews, comprising 1,114 studies, met the inclusion criteria. The results show high conceptual variability regarding behaviors derived from technology-facilitated sexual violence. An emotional and social impact on adolescent girls is highlighted, as well as an institutional tendency to minimize these forms of violence. Preventive interventions tend to focus on individual risk, neglecting structural dimensions such as gender and power. The reconceptualization of image-based sexual harassment and abuse within the framework of technology-facilitated sexual violence is proposed, highlighting the need for a standardized measurement instrument to enable study comparisons. This review underscores the need for more contextualized interventions that protect the sexual and digital rights of adolescents and young adults.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency with which boys “compliment” girls, know their perceptions about whether girls like compliments, and discen whether they believe that society expects them to make such comments. The relationship of such compliments with the level of ambivalent sexism and cyberviolence towards the partner was also evaluated. A total of 498 adolescent boys participated in this study, with a mean age of 16.01 years (SD = 1.02), recruited with the Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI) system. The main results obtained show that younger boys more frequently emit objectifying messages about women’s bodies than older boys. They believe these comments positively impact girls, thinking they are appreciated. These boys, especially younger boys, show higher levels of hostile and benevolent sexism and perform more cyberviolence towards their partners. Boys’ level of partner cybercontrol predicts the emission of comments about women’s bodies, especially in boys with a high level of hostile sexism. Therefore, to prevent sexual harassment, gender-based cyberviolence, and sexism, it is crucial for the educational system to promote comprehensive sex education.

The recent reconceptualization of the phenomenon of sexting between consensual and nonconsensual represents a relevant turning point in identifying and addressing nonconsensual sexting behaviors as online sexual violence. These practices of nonconsensual sexting, therefore, represent forms of technology-facilitated sexual violence, incorporating the terms image-based sexual harassment (IBSH) and image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) to describe the distribution of self-produced sexualized images in the online sphere by adolescents, who use the online environment as their main socialization space. The objective of this investigation is dual. First, we analyzed the experiences of adolescents who have been victims and/or aggressors of image-based harassment and/or sexual abuse, and second, we identified the motivations for engaging in IBSH and/or abuse among adolescents. This qualitative study analyzed the results of 19 focus groups with 223 adolescents (107 girls and 116 boys) aged 14 to 18. The main results of our qualitative study show that most adolescent boys perpetuate IBSH behaviors by sending unwanted sexual requests and images, and also carry out behaviors of IBSA such as producing, sending, forwarding, exchanging, and/or disseminating sexual images without the other person's consent. Girls are the main victims. In addition, the results of our study show that male and female adolescents do not identify IBSH and IBSA as a form of sexual cyber violence, and, consequently, as a sexual crime. The adolescent collective considers these practices social, normal, harmless, and amusing. Therefore, sex education programs, from a comprehensive model, are the best co-educational tool to prevent, raise awareness of, and eradicate these behaviors of sexual and gender-based cyber violence in adolescents.

Purpose: to examine the validation of the Spanish version of the Human Rights Engagement in Social Work (CDHTS-25) Scale, and to develop an abbreviated version (CDHTS-8) that may be useful in research situations in which social work practitioners have little time due to work and bureaucratic overload and to include in large surveys or longitudinal designs. Method: An online survey was used to collect data from a sample of 481 licensed Spanish social workers from different intervention areas. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses support the validity of the CDHTS-25, with adequate fit indexes and reliability. The validation of the CDHTS-8 exhibited internal consistency, good test–retest reliability, and the scale was significantly related to measures of social justice and human values. Discussion: The CDHTS-25 and the CDHTS-8 have direct applicability to social work practice and allows to measure the level of engagement with human rights in social workers.

Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) han provocado cambios drásticos en las dinámicas relacionales de los/as adolescentes, que proporcionan nuevos canales para ejercer y sufrir violencia. El objetivo de esta investigación es triple: se pretende evaluar la tenencia, el uso y la supervisión parental del teléfono móvil en el colectivo de adolescentes; identificar la violencia digital en las primeras relaciones afectivo-sexuales de los/as adolescentes; y comprobar su relación con otras formas de violencia en línea como el cyberbullying, el cyberstalking y el grooming. La muestra está formada por 715 adolescentes (47% chicas) con un rango de edad que va desde los 13 a los 19 años, siendo la media de 15.64 (DT = 1.28) años. Los resultados confirman la omnipresencia de las TIC en la vida de las parejas adolescentes y establecen una relación entre la violencia digital y el uso de los dispositivos tecnológicos y espacios virtuales, a los que acceden con escasa supervisión parental. Además, se evidencia que los/as adolescentes se enfrentan a múltiples violencias en el entorno en línea, tanto en el plano sentimental a través del cibercontrol y las agresiones como insultos o humillaciones, como en la esfera social, ya que han sido víctimas de cyberbullying, grooming y cyberstalking. En definitiva, se revelan nuevos retos de intervención educativa para los/as profesionales de la educación y las familias, ante el compromiso de asegurar que los/as más jóvenes vivan sus relaciones libres de violencia.

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have caused drastic changes in the relational dynamics of adolescents, providing new channels to exercise and suffer violence. The objective of this research is threefold: it is intended to evaluate the possession, use and parental supervision of the mobile phone in the group of adolescents; identify digital violence in adolescents' first affective/sexual relationships; and verify its relationship with other forms of online violence such as cyberbullying, cyberstalking and grooming. The sample is made up of 715 adolescents (47% girls) with an age range that goes from 13 to 19 years, with a mean of 15.64 (DT = 1.28) years. The results confirm the omnipresence of ICTs in the lives of adolescent couples and establish a relationship between digital violence and the use of technological devices and virtual spaces, which they access with little parental supervision. In addition, it is evident that adolescents face multiple forms of violence in the online environment, both at the sentimental level through cybercontrol and aggression, as well as insults or humiliation; as well as in the social sphere, since they have been victims of cyberbullying, grooming and cyberstalking. In short, new challenges of educational intervention are revealed for education professionals and families, in the face of the commitment to ensure that the youngest live their relationships free of violence.

The sexualization of culture has been associated with objectifying women’s bodies and enhancing their self-objectification, with negative consequences for their welfare. By contrast, it has also been argued that women can enjoy and be empowered by sexualization. As such, both the negative and positive “faces” of sexualization might constitute two sides of the same coin. This research aims to validate the Spanish version of the Objectification and Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale (OESS), which, for the first time, allows both variables to be measured together. We examined the reliability and validity of the OESS scores with a sample of women from Spain. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (N1 = 1.050) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (N2 = 1.050) identified two meaningful and internally consistent subscales: Enjoyment of Sexualization and Objectification. Correlations with related scales confirm convergent validity. The implications of studying the sexualization of culture in women are analyzed.

Road crime is one of the most prevalent types of crime, which is why more and more frequent offenders and repeat offenders enter prison convicted of serious crimes. The present study aimed to determine the clinical and sociodemographic profile of road offenders, trying to establish differences and relationships with other types of crime and with community drivers. The study involved 513 drivers, classified into four groups: inmates with crimes against road safety (CTRO); inmates with crimes against road safety and with another type of criminal history (CTRO & OO); prisoners convicted of other criminal offences (COO); community drivers with no criminal record (DWCR). All were given a battery of instruments that assessed personality traits, sensation-seeking, psychiatric symptomatology, alcohol dependence, aspects related to driving and sociodemographic data. The results reveal similar profiles, between the CTRO&OO groups and the COO, in personality, search for emotions and psychopathological symptoms and important differences between the groups of road offenders (CTRO AND CTRO&OO) and of these with the DWCR. The classification and regression tree identified as relevant predictors, the number of fines and traffic accidents, alcohol dependence and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. These data can be useful for the prevention and rehabilitation of offenders against road safety.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has largely exposed pre-existing inequalities, deepening prevalent vulnerabilities and resulting in large and insidious impact on people's lives. Gender-based and domestic violence was configured within perverse and serious circumstances, as victims and aggressors were forced to remain in the same spaces, because of the confinements and mobility restriction, demanded by Governments worldwide to protect Global Public Health. In Portugal the situation was no different. A qualitative study was addressed to assess narratives and perspectives of key stakeholders and workers in the field. In-depth semistructured interviews were applied to six professionals with crucial roles both in terms of representation of the State and local structures, intervention, and response in the processes of domestic violence, as well as acting directly with victims. The results show important gaps in addressing domestic violence during the confinements. Nevertheless, our participants unanimously stated that social isolation associated to economic crisis intensified the occurrence of domestic violence and hinder victims' access to adequate care services. Additionally, the shortage of human resources in this area, and lack of adequate investment and financial resources contributed to impoverishment of health, protection, and guarantee of dignity and human rights for victims of gender-based and domestic violence.

The main purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate a potential relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and impulsive and compulsive buying tendencies in a sample of young adults (college students). This research adds to the cognitive perspective of consumer behavior that the cognitive schemas putatively associated with early experiences may have a strong impact on impulsive and compulsive buying. Data was obtained from 365 participants in a cross-sectional study design. Participants completed an online survey with the following instruments: Young Schema Questionnaire; Impulsive Buying Tendency Measurement Scale; Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale; and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Using multiple linear hierarchical regressions, we confirmed that the domain of over vigilance and inhibition schemas was positively associated with impulsive and compulsive buying tendencies, while an opposite association was found for the domain of impaired limits. Being a female was also a predictor of impulsive buying and compulsive buying. The results were discussed in terms of the coping mechanisms to deal with negative emotions, as a way to obtain rewards, or as a way to escape painful self-awareness. Other mechanisms related to the internalization of perfectionist expectations and the propensity to shame were also explored.

Las metodologías clásicas necesitan una readaptación a los nuevos escenarios informativos/educativos para contribuir a la generación de un conocimiento riguroso y crítico de la realidad. En el espacio académico ha empezado a ganar visibilidad la inclusión de la igualdad de género, a través de los análisis de los sesgos de género en cualquier aspecto/ámbito científico. La información que se transmite a través de los nuevos entornos de ciber socialización, en concreto en las redes sociales, cada vez más utilizado por las y los jóvenes, representa su primera fuente de información y de formación, por lo que el contenido que consumen puede tener una relevante influencia en su desarrollo personal. Es por tanto el objetivo de este trabajo exponer una propuesta metodológica para el análisis de la información en los entornos digitales incorporando la perspectiva de género, que abarca desde la recogida de datos hasta el análisis de contenido. En definitiva, ya que la ciencia está sometida a la visión androcéntrica que impera en las sociedades patriarcales de primacía masculina, es necesario disponer de herramientas que permitan identificar los sesgos sexistas y garantizar estudios científicos rigurosos, en este caso, en las investigaciones centradas en la comunicación online y las redes sociales.

The objectives of this study were to determine and to expose the morphology of polyamorous relationships through their conception and characteristics, identifying experienced and perceived situations of discrimination, and to analyze the future expectations for polyamorous relationships. For this purpose, 11 people who were in a polyamorous relationship, with an age ranging from 26 to 57 years, were interviewed. The results show that polyamorous people define their relationships as casual, without possession, a lifestyle that includes friendship, trust, affection, and sex. The success of this type of relationship depends on freedom, respect for each other’s spaces, flexibility of roles, and sharing household expenses and responsibilities. All participants claimed to experience and perceive discrimination by their environment and society. Among their expectations for the future is continuing the relationship, even considering reproduction. Such relationships represent a breakdown of the monogamous society. Poliamory poses many challenges in an attempt to legitimize the diversity of relationships and environments of coexistence in our society.

Twitter has become a new communication channel in which a large amount of sports information is shared, especially among younger people. Younger generations form their gender identity through the messages they receive, therefore, it is of utmost importance to analyse how women are being represented within the Spanish sports media Twitter accounts. Do they reinforce stereotypes or do they communicate from an egalitarian perspective? Through a qualitative methodology, the images published about women during 6 months (March to August 2016), of four Spanish sports media accounts (@ElPais_Deportes, @ABC_Deportes, @Marca and @MundoDeportivo) are analysed. The results show how stereotypes and objectification of women are moving from female athletes to non-athletes. Ultimately, inequality remains on Twitter, although in a more covert way, influencing society's perception of gender roles in sport and the importance of female athletes in today's society.

Twitter se ha convertido en un nuevo canal de comunicación en el que se comparte gran cantidad de información deportiva, sobre todo, entre las personas más jóvenes. Jóvenes que forman su identidad de género a través de los mensajes que reciben, por lo tanto, se considera de suma importancia analizar cómo son representadas las mujeres en los medios deportivos en España en sus cuentas de Twitter. ¿Refuerzan los estereotipos o comunican desde una perspectiva igualitaria? A través de una metodología cualitativa se analizan las imágenes publicadas sobre mujeres durante 6 meses (marzo a agosto de 2016), en cuatro medios deportivos españoles (@ElPaís_Deportes, @ABC_Deportes, @Marca y @MundoDeportivo). Los resultados muestran cómo los estereotipos y la objetivización de las mujeres se están trasladando de las mujeres deportistas a las no deportistas. En definitiva, la desigualdad se mantiene en Twitter, aunque de forma más encubierta influyendo en la percepción que tiene la sociedad sobre los roles de género en el deporte y la importancia de las deportistas en la sociedad actual. Abstract. Twitter has become a new communication channel in which a large amount of sports information is shared, especially among younger people. Younger generations form their gender identity through the messages they receive, therefore, it is of utmost importance to analyse how women are being represented within the Spanish sports media Twitter accounts. Do they reinforce stereotypes or do they communicate from an egalitarian perspective? Through a qualitative methodology, the images published about women during 6 months (March to August 2016), of four Spanish sports media accounts (@ElPaís_Deportes, @ABC_Deportes, @Marca and @MundoDeportivo) are analysed. The results show how stereotypes and objectification of women are moving from female athletes to non-athletes. Ultimately, inequality remains on Twitter, although in a more covert way, influencing society's perception of gender roles in sport and the importance of female athletes in today's society.

The objective of this study is to analyse “how much” and “what” coverage of female athletes there is on Twitter and, for the first time, to identify whether female athletes share space and stereotypes with female non-athletes. A multi-method approach (quantitative/qualitative) was used. Out of the 5.260 tweets posted in the general media (@ElPais_Deportes and @ABC_Deportes) and specialised media (@Marca and @MundoDeportivo) analysed in Spain, only 1.6% (N = 84) included tweets concerning female athletes. In addition, an analysis of the tweets posted confirmed that the probability of media coverage of female athletes in specialised media, 56.38% (N = 84), is similar to the probability of mention being made of a female non-athlete, which is 43.62% (N = 65). However, this is not the case for general media. A qualitative analysis confirmed that tweets in sports media cover failures, sanctions and the undervaluing of female athletes’ achievements more than other stereotypes, whereas gender stereotypes and objectification/sexualisation characterize tweets concerning female non-athletes to a greater extent. In conclusion, female athletes suffer more discrimination in sports media (“how much”), whereas in terms of the “what”, female non-athletes suffer the most sexist stereotypes in tweets.