Los mitos y las actitudes hacia el amor constituyen elementos esenciales en el imaginario occidental, y especialmente en la etapa de la adolescencia. Las visiones del amor estereotipadas y las actitudes sexistas suelen mostrar como trasfondo la violencia en las relaciones de pareja. El objetivo de nuestro estudio consiste en analizar la relación entre la visión del amor que presentan los y las adolescentes con las actitudes sexistas ambivalentes hacia mujeres. Para ello, contamos con una muestra representativa a nivel autonómico formada por un total de 800 alumnos y alumnas del segundo ciclo de la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de las cuatro provincias de Galicia. La edad media es de 15.9 años (DT: 1,50) y el rango de edad oscila entre los 14 y los 20 años. Se les administró un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos junto con las escalas de actitudes hacia el amor (Hendrick et al., 1998), de mitos del amor (Ferrer et al., 2007) y la escala de sexismo ambivalente (Rodríguez et al., 2009). Nuestros resultados evidencian las claras diferencias en relación a la visión que tienen sobre el amor los chicos y las chicas. En cuanto a las actitudes hacia el amor nos encontramos diferencias significativas entre chicos y chicas en los estilos del amor altruista y lúdico. De forma que son los chicos los que presentan una visión más lúdica y altruista del amor que sus compañeras. En relación a los mitos asociados al amor, encontramos que los chicos aceptan en mayor medida los mitos asociados a la vinculación amor-maltrato que sus compañeras. Por otro lado, aunque no se detectan diferencias significativas entre chicos y chicas en las concepciones erróneas sobre amor idealizado, se observa una ligera mayor aceptación de este mito por parte de las chicas. En cuanto a la relación entre amor y sexismo, observamos como el sexismo ambivalente se relaciona con los mitos del amor así como con las actitudes hacia el amor. No obstante podemos destacar que el sexismo benevolente correlaciona fuertemente con el mito del amor idealizado, mientras que el mito de la vinculación amor-violencia correlaciona más fuertes con sexismo hostil. De formas que los chicos y las chicas que presentan actitudes sexistas benevolentes son las que tienen visiones más idealizadas del amor. Mientras que los chicos y chicas más sexistas hostiles son los que en mayor medida aceptan y justifican la asociación del amor con la violencia. Así también los y las adolescentes más sexistas hostiles presentan una visión más lúdica del amor, mientras que los y las jóvenes con actitudes más benevolente tienen visiones más románticas, obsesivas y altruistas. A la luz de los resultados obtenidos, consideramos necesario trabajar en el ámbito educativo las visiones del amor “estereotipadas” que presentan los y las jóvenes como medida de prevención de la violencia de género.

Postmodernism defines the culture of "image" and the body becomes the most singular icon. The body become the object of "consumption" and epicenter of communication in the media. A historical analyisis of images projected in advertising let us explore the "uses" and "abuses" that have enrolled over sexual bodies, and thus confirm the increasing objectification, too for men. An objectification that contrary to what would be expected not only not stopped in recent decades, in fact it is expanding, more remarkably for women's bodies. Hypersexualized reality today is prescribing the "more" modern femininity, without leaving image of fragility and dependence, which has colonized the image of women from the more traditional perspective, incorporates a idea about femininity saturated of its sexual dimension. Explore the opportunities and limitations that this hypersexualization has for women confronts us with a necessary debate on the postfeminist proposals about the "choice" as an exercise of individual autonomy.

Lee's theory of love is currently one of the most widely used. The Love Attitude Scale - based on Lee's theory-has shown good psychometric properties in other cultures and populations. However, the scale has not been validated in adolescents. Thus, the objective of this study is to validate the Love Attitudes Scale in a representative sample of adolescents. A total of 413 secondary school students answered the Love Attitude Scale together with another questionnaire assessing love myths. The confirmatory factor analysis has shown good fit indexes (RMSEA = .03) for a related six-factor model. The scale has shown adequate psychometric properties and good reliability.

Despite recent worldwide legal advances in the protection of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) rights, legal systems continue to take the categories of ‘male’ and ‘female’ to be based on a fixed and permanent natural order. Taking the current Spanish law regulating changes in gender identity as an example, we analyze how this recent (2007) legal advance still imposes medical criteria that pathologize the trans person and reinforce sexist assumptions. Although it is no longer up to a judge to determine a person's legal gender, the criteria for modification of official documents still implicitly support inaccurate and oppressive understandings of sex/gender/sexuality by, for example, relying on diagnostic criteria that support the imposition of gendered stereotypes on children and traditional social roles on adolescents and adults. Only through reconceptualizing our very notion of sex and gender can the law be revised to protect the rights of everyone no matter what their lived sex/gender histories and experiences.

ResumenLa teoría del amor de Lee es una de las más empleadas en la actualidad. La Escala de Actitudes hacia el Amor—fundamentada en la teoría de Lee—ha demostrado en otras culturas y poblaciones su adecuación psicométrica. No obstante, la escala no ha sido validada en adolescentes. Así, el objetivo del presente estudio es validar la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Amor en una muestra representativa de adolescentes. Un total de 413 estudiantes de educación secundaria contestaron a la escala junto a otro cuestionario que evalúan mitos del amor. El análisis factorial confirmatorio muestra un ajuste adecuado (RMSEA = 0,03) para una estructura de seis dimensiones relacionadas. La escala muestra adecuadas propiedades psico- métricas y una buena fiabilidad.AbstractLee's theory of love is currently one of the most widely used. The Love Attitude Scale—based on Lee's theory—has shown good psychometric properties in other cultures and populations. However, the scale has not been validated in adolescents. Thus, the objective of this study is to validate the Love Attitudes Scale in a representative sample of adolescents. A total of 413 secondary school students answered the Love Attitude Scale together with another questionnaire assessing love myths. The confirmatory factor analysis has shown good fit indexes (RMSEA =.03) for a related six-factor model. The scale has shown adequate psychometric properties and good reliability.Palabras clave: ValidaciónfiabilidadamoradolescentsKeywords: Validationreliabilityloveadolescents

Despite feminist understandings of the socially constructed nature of sex and gender and anthropological studies of alternative constructions, western societies tend to understand sex and gender in terms of mutually-exclusive hierarchical categories. We analyze the process by which a heteronormative sex-gender-sexuality system is constructed and legitimized to the exclusion of those whose physiology and/or behaviors do not conform to it. We provide some insights into ways in which the extraordinary diversity of sex-gender can be recognized and valued on various social planes, through activism, the production and critique of popular culture, and education.

El trabajo aquí recogido se aborda desde un estudio de caso, a través del enfoque cualitativo, mediante la técnica del grupo de discusión con la participación de 9 grupos, conformados por un total de 83 estudiantes universitarios del noroeste de España, con edades entre 19 y 42 años. Los objetivos principales de este trabajo son conocer la satisfacción de los y las participantes con el uso del preservativo femenino, así como las ventajas y obstáculos encontrados en su utilización que ha sido promovida a través de un programa de promoción de la salud. Como resultados y conclusiones destacar que las mujeres enfatizan en mayor medida que los varones la satisfacción y ventajas obtenidas con la utilización del método. Como puntos fuertes sobre el uso del preservativo femenino los y las participantes destacan la alta resistencia a la rotura y entre las debilidades apuntan los problemas ligados a su colocación y estética. El estudio sobre el uso del preservativo femenino revela la necesidad de continuar desarrollando intervenciones de formación encaminadas a la promoción de este método, sin excluir el empleo de otros, así como de reforzar la incorporación de estrategias educativas que permitan avanzar en la eliminación de estereotipos de género.

El trabajo aquí recogido se aborda desde un estudio de caso, a través del enfoque cualitativo, mediante la técnica del grupo de discusión con la participación de 9 grupos, conformados por un total de 83 estudiantes universitarios del noroeste de España, con edades entre 19 y 42 años. Los objetivos principales de este trabajo son conocer la satisfacción de los y las participantes con el uso del preservativo femenino, así como las ventajas y obstáculos encontrados en su utilización que ha sido promovida a través de un programa de promoción de la salud. Como resultados y conclusiones destacar que las mujeres enfatizan en mayor medida que los varones la satisfacción y ventajas obtenidas con la utilización del método. Como puntos fuertes sobre el uso del preservativo femenino los y las participantes destacan la alta resistencia a la rotura y entre las debilidades apuntan los problemas ligados a su colocación y estética. El estudio sobre el uso del preservativo femenino revela la necesidad de continuar desarrollando intervenciones de formación encaminadas a la promoción de este método, sin excluir el empleo de otros, así como de reforzar la incorporación de estrategias educativas que permitan avanzar en la eliminación de estereotipos de género.This study is concerned with the promotion of the female condom. It is a qualitative study that was carried out by means of discussion groups, with the participation of nine groups. The study's sample was formed by 83 university students aged 19-42 years, from Galicia (Spain). The main objective of this study is to know the degree of satisfaction of the participants, and the advantages/drawbacks of using the female condom, which was promoted by a health programme. With regard to the conclusions of the study, it should be pointed out that the female participants focused more on the advantages of using the female condom, whereas the male participants primaly emphasised its drawbacks. The main point mentioned in favour of the female condom was its resistance to breakage, and its insertion and appearance were the most common complaints. The evaluation of the use of the female condom reveals the need to continue developing health programmes aimed at its promotion, without ruling out the utilization of other methods, and also to reinforce the incorporation of educational strategies which foster the elimination of gender stereotypes.

The phenomenon of bullying has received a great deal of international attention in the last few decades. In this article, we provide a critical review of some of the major contributions from the field of educational research. We first provide an overall description of the classic concept of bullying, including certain characteristics of bullies and victims that have received particular attention, and then describe what we consider to be the principal limitations of these predominant academic and professional discourses. These include the following three concerns: (1) the restrictive definition employed, (2) a pathologizing bully–victim dichotomy, and (3) a gender-blind or at best gender-essentialist approach to gender difference. Finally, we propose a conceptual shift toward a more comprehensive understanding that is based, in part, on constructivist and poststructuralist perspectives on gender.

Objectives: Correlational research has found associations between magazine and television exposure and body dissatisfaction. However, this relation is not direct, and various psychological variables may moderate and/or mediate this relation, such as awareness and internalization of the thin ideals, comparing oneself with ideal body image or self-esteem, as well as the patient's body mass index (BMI). The aim of this study was to assess the association between magazine and television exposure and body dissatisfaction among Spanish adolescents by gender. A second aim was to determine the predictors of body dissatisfaction by gender.Methods: A cross-sectional national survey of 1,165 Spanish secondary students aged 14 to 16 years was conducted. Frequency exposure and type of TV program/magazine as well as other psychological variables, such as thin-ideal internalization and self-esteem, were associated with high levels of body dissatisfaction (BD) based on a cutoff point of 16 or above on the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) by gender. Multiple linear regressions were used to examine associations between body dissatisfaction, mass media topic exposure, BMI, and psychological variables.Results: Mass media exposure to a specific kind of content, rather than to total exposure frequency, was more associated with body dissatisfaction in females versus males. In males, five factors accounted for 35% of the total variance of body dissatisfaction and were associated with lower TV and magazine exposure to fitness topics and lower self-esteem and with greater BMI, disordered eating behaviors, and awareness of the thin ideal. For females, high body dissatisfaction was associated with greater internalization of the thin ideal, disordered eating behaviors, BMI, and lower self-esteem (54% of total variance explained).Conclusion: There does not seem to be a clear association between media exposure and body dissatisfaction. Further research is necessary to enhance our understanding of how the media's role affects adolescents' awareness and internalization of the thin ideals, which may in turn lead to the development of body dissatisfaction and unhealthy weight control behaviors. Copyright (C) 2011 by the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es identificar el nivel de sexismo interiorizado tanto hacia mujeres como hacia hombres por estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, como variable independiente se tiene en cuenta la tipología del centro educativo y se analiza también la relación entre las distintas escalas de sexismo moderno. La muestra representativa a nivel nacional, está compuesta por 1113 estudiantes españoles de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (49.9% chicos y 50.1% chicas), con un rango de edad de 14 a 18 años. Se aplicaron las siguientes escalas: ASI, Escala de Sexismo Ambivalente (Glick & Fiske, 1996); AMI, Escala de Actitudes ambivalentes hacia hombres (Glick & Fiske, 1999); MOS, Escala de Viejo Sexismo y Sexismo Moderno (Swim et al., 1995); y Escala de Neosexismo (Tougas et al., 1995). Los resultados muestran que los chicos independientemente de la tipología del centro, son más sexistas hacia las mujeres y tiene mayores actitudes benevolentes hacia los hombres; por su parte las chicas tienen actitudes más hostiles hacia los hombres. En cuanto a la relación de las escalas, la escala de Neosexismo se relaciona tanto con la de MOS y como con la de Sexismo Hostil, pero no con la de Sexismo Benevolente, al igual que la escala de Viejo Sexismo, mientras que la escala de Sexismo Moderno se relaciona con la de Sexismo Benevolente.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between disordered eating behaviours/attitudes and mass media exposure in a cross-sectional national survey of 1165 Spanish secondary students (age between 14 and 16 years). A battery of questionnaires were used to investigate mass media influence, body dissatisfaction, physical appearance, sociocultural attitudes and self-esteem. Likewise, the EAT-26 questionnaire was used to assess disordered eating behaviours/attitudes, identifying that 6.6% (n = 32) of the male and 13.6% (n = 68) of the female students reached a cut-off point of 20 or above. The main finding was that female and male adolescents with disordered eating showed an increased exposure to TV and magazine sections related to body image, specifically regarding music video channels, in comparison with those without eating disordered, gender-matched counterparts. However, findings indicate that media exposure was different to some degree between males and females with disordered eating behaviour. Males with disordered eating behaviours and attitudes were associated with higher TV and magazine exposure to health sections and also greater body dissatisfaction, internalisation of the thin-ideal and social and appearance comparison. In females, disordered eating was associated with higher TV and magazine exposure to dieting, fashion and sport sections, greater body dissatisfaction, internalisation and awareness of the thin-ideal and lower self-esteem. Understanding the mechanism involved in the media exposure's influence on adolescents is critical in preventing disordered eating. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

The present study examined the emotional reactivity to erotic and food images of women with and without bulimia nervosa using the picture-viewing paradigm. A non-clinical student sample made up of 48 women, 24 diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and 24 healthy controls, aged between 18 and 27 years (M=21.79), participated in the study. Diagnosis was based on questionnaires and a structured interview following DSM-IV criteria. Participants assessed a set of food, erotic, neutral and unpleasant pictures using the Self-Assessment Manikin scales of valence, arousal and control. The women with bulimia nervosa rated as less pleasant the erotic and food pictures, which evoked greater dyscontrol, in comparison with the women without bulimia nervosa. No significant differences were found in the ratings for the remaining pictures. These results suggest that women with bulimia nervosa experience reduced pleasure and control over both food and sexual impulses.

En este trabajo se analiza la relación entre las metas laborales y el neosexismo de una muestra de 448 estudiantes universitarios gallegos (65,2 % de mujeres y 34,1 % de hombres). Para ello se aplica la escala de Neosexismo y la escala de Objetivos de Trabajo. Los resultados muestran las divergencias a nivel de actitudes sexistas (los chicos tienen actitudes más sexistas que las chicas) y las convergencias a nivel de metas de trabajo (tanto para ellos como para ellas es muy importante compaginar trabajo con familia y el ser el mejor en el trabajo ya no es prioritario para ninguno de los dos). También aparecen unas claras diferencias entre sexos: ellas siguen dando más importancia a la necesidad de ayudar a los demás con su trabajo y a lograr el reconocimiento por un trabajo bien hecho, mientras que ellos quieren mayor flexibilidad laboral y más tiempo para ocio y viajes. En conclusión la promoción de actitudes más igualitarias entre los más jóvenes podría favorecer la convergencia entre sexos en sus motivaciones laborales y en consecuencia en sus elecciones profesionales.

Here it is presented an experience carried out in the IES As Lagoas aimed at overcoming gender roles in the family by means of shared collaboration in the household chores.

This article offers the experience that was carried out in a school to identify the gender stereotypes from a writing and the debate to promote the equality of genres.

A 16-nation study involving 8,360 participants revealed that hostile and benevolent attitudes toward men, assessed by the Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (P. Click & S.T. Fiske, 1999), were (a) reliably measured across cultures, (b) positively correlated (for men and women, within samples and across nations) with each other and with hostile and benevolent sexism toward women (Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, P. Click & S.T. Fiske, 1996), and (c) negatively correlated with gender equality in cross-national comparisons. Stereotype measures indicated that men were viewed as having less positively valenced but more powerful traits than women. The authors argue that hostile as well as benevolent attitudes toward men reflect and support gender inequality by characterizing men as being designed for dominance.