BACKGROUND:Maifanitum, a traditional mineral medicine first documented in the "Bencao Tujing" during China's Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), is reputed for its multifaceted therapeutic properties, including detoxification, tissue regeneration, diuretic effects, and life-prolonging capabilities. Beyond medicinal applications, Maifanitum is also utilized for water purification and health benefits by enhancing the content of beneficial elements in water. Variations in the composition and content of Maifanitum from different origins, parts, and applications may contribute to differences in its medicinal efficacy. METHODS:This study utilized X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess the material composition and loss on ignition of Maifanitum, as well as the inorganic element content within its decoction. Based on the test results, we conducted an analysis and comparison of the material composition of Maifanitum from different origins and parts using chemometric methods such as Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). Additionally, we assessed the quality of the Maifanitum decoction and its health risk implications by calculating ADI, THQ, HI, and CR values. RESULTS:The primary chemical constituents of Maifanitum are SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, MnO, among others. Analyses HCA and PCA indicate a certain correlation between the chemical composition and the origin as well as the intended use of Maifanitum, with Al2O3 and MnO being the main differential components among different parts of Maifanitum. The aqueous extract of Maifanitum is predominantly composed of elements such as Na, Si, K, and Ca. An evaluation of the beneficial and harmful elements indicates that the quality of the Maifanitum decoction is significantly influenced by factors related to its origin and the part of Maifanitum. Notably, the "non-rice" portion of Maifanitum tends to receive higher scores, suggesting that a higher proportion of the "non-rice" portion may correlate with superior quality. Furthermore, the loss on ignition (LOI) of Maifanitum, ranging from 0.30 to 3.23%, implies variability in the water content among Maifanitum from different sources. CONCLUSION:This research provides significant scientific evidence for the quality control and safety assessment of Maifanitum, and there is no evidence to support that the water decoction of Maifanitum with health risk to humans.

With the continuous rise of consumers' material and physical health pursuit, it is particularly critical to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of natural healthy mineral materials such as Maifanitum. The progress of modern analytical technology enables us to deeply study the internal characteristics and mechanism of these traditional mineral materials, providing a solid scientific foundation and technical support for the application of Maifanitum. A comprehensive analysis of Maifanitum was conducted using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The ATR-FTIR analysis established a quality control fingerprint for Maifanitum, and the similarity evaluation method was employed to assess the similarity between different samples. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) analysis revealed distinct absorption peaks among Maifanitum samples from different production areas, enabling traceability and identification. ICP-MS technology was utilized to analyze the inorganic elements in Maifanitum, revealing numerous elements closely associated with human health. These findings indicate that the established ATR-FTIR fingerprint can be effectively used to identify and control the quality of Maifanitum. The characteristics of inorganic elements in Maifanitum can not only help to distinguish its sources, but also provide a theoretical basis for the current application of Maifanitum in health care.

This paper presents an optimized preparation process for external ointment using the Definitive Screening Design (DSD) method. The ointment is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula developed by Professor WYH, a renowned TCM practitioner in Jiangsu Province, China, known for its proven clinical efficacy. In this study, a stepwise regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between key process factors (such as mixing speed and time) and rheological parameters. Machine learning techniques, including Monte Carlo simulation, decision tree analysis, and Gaussian process, were used for parameter optimization. Through rigorous experimentation and verification, we have successfully identified the optimal preparation process for WYH ointment. The optimized parameters included drug ratio of 24.5%, mixing time of 8 min, mixing speed of 1175 rpm, petroleum dosage of 79 g, liquid paraffin dosage of 6.7 g. The final ointment formulation was prepared using method B. This research not only contributes to the optimization of the WYH ointment preparation process but also provides valuable insights and practical guidance for designing the preparation processes of other TCM ointments. This advanced DSD method enhances the screening approach for identifying the best preparation process, thereby improving the scientific rigor and quality of TCM ointment preparation processes.

Background: Epilepsy is a neurological disease, and its clinical treatment presents a significant medical challenge. Nevertheless, Chloriti Lapis (CL), a traditional Chinese Mineral Medicine, has been employed for centuries to address neurological disorders and has shown notable effectiveness. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to further explore whether CL can modulate the abundance and diversity of the small intestinal flora in rats with epilepsy induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and to investigate the interrelationship among the flora. Materials and Methods: Operational taxonomic units (OTUs), α diversity, β diversity, hierarchical clustering tree, and principal component analysis (PCA) were utilized to analyze the small intestinal flora of PTZ-kindled epileptic rats. Results: The predominant bacterial groups in the small intestine mainly belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The administration of CL was found to effectively increase the abundance and diversity of the small intestinal flora, modify its structural composition, reduce the relative abundance of PTZ-elevated microflora, and enhance the abundance of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Gemella Berger. Conclusion: CL exhibits promising potential, reliability, and unique value in managing epilepsy through the regulation of intestinal flora.

Background: Maifanitum, a mineral used in Chinese medicine, was first documented during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Historical records suggest its multifaceted therapeutic properties, including detoxification and stasis resolution, necrosis removal and tissue regeneration, diuretic and calculi dissolution and prolonging life. The concentration of elements in Maifanitum may vary depending on its origin, different parts, which can affect its effectiveness in different fields of applications. Therefore, the analysis of elements in Maifanitum and the subsequent health risk assessment have been conducted. This provides an important basis for the quality control and application safety of Maifanitum. Method: The analytical techniques employed in this study are inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), utilized for the quantitative assessment of 60 elements (Refer to Appendix 1) within Maifanitum samples. Based on the test results, chemometric methods are employed to evaluate the characteristics and differences in elemental concentration from different sources and locations. Additionally, a preliminary health risk assessment is conducted for Maifanitum from different origins and various parts. Results: We have established a fingerprint of the elements within Maifanitum, demonstrating a commendable level of similarity. The findings from hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) corroborated with those from principal component analysis (PCA), collectively unveiling a systematic profile of elemental disparities between Maifanitum samples of diverse origins and applications. It also revealed that there are differences in the concentration of Al, Ga, Be, Hf, Na, Sn, Ti, Zr, Gd, Tb, Sr, Pb, Ce, Ba and other elements in different parts of Maifanitum. While Cd, As, and Cu levels in all samples were within the permissible limits as defined by the Chinese Pharmacopeia, Pb concentrations in the majority of samples were found to surpass these standards, albeit slightly in the "non-rice"fraction. The assessment of both beneficial and deleterious elements indicates that the "nonrice"fraction of Maifanitum possesses superior quality attributes. Moreover, the overall concentration of rare earth elements in Maifanitum is substantially below the established lower threshold for daily human consumption, with no immediate evidence suggesting any adverse health risks. Conclusion: This study provides a basis for the quality control and safety evaluation of Maifanitum in clinical use.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRealgar, a traditional mineral Chinese medicine, has been used in China for more than 2000 years. It has been recorded in many ancient and modern works that it has anti-cancer and anti-tumor effects. Of course, colon cancer is also within the scope of its treatment. Realgar needs to be processed into realgar decoction pieces by water grinding before being used for medicine. To ensure the consistency of efficacy and quality of realgar decoction pieces, modern methods need to be used for further quality control.Aim of the studyThe research of traditional mineral Chinese medicine is relatively difficult, and the related research is less. The purpose of this study is to control the quality of realgar decoction pieces by modern analytical technology and analyze its components. On this basis, its anti-colon cancer activity was discussed.Materials and methodsSeveral batches of realgar decoction pieces were analyzed by XRD, and the components of realgar decoction pieces were obtained. The quality control fingerprints of realgar decoction pieces were established by processing XRD spectra and similarity evaluation. Then, the effects of realgar decoction pieces on apoptosis of CT26 and HTC-116 cells were observed in vitro by Hoechst 33258 staining, flow cytometry, measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential and Western blot; In vivo, the mouse model of tumor-in-situ transplantation of colon cancer was established, and the related indexes were observed.ResultThe explorations showed that the XRD Fourier fingerprints of realgar decoction pieces samples that had the same phase revealed 10 common peaks, respectively. The similarity evaluation of the established XRD Fourier fingerprint was greater than 0.900. We also demonstrated that realgar decoction pieces can promote apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth in colon cancer cells, its activating effect on p53 protein, and its safety when used within reasonable limits.ConclusionThe quality control of realgar decoction pieces by XRD is scientific and has the inhibitory effect on colon cancer, which has the development potential.

Background Epilepsy is a neurological disease, and its clinical treatment presents a significant medical challenge. Nevertheless, Chloriti Lapis (CL), a traditional Chinese Mineral Medicine, has been employed for centuries to address neurological disorders and has shown notable effectiveness. Objectives The objectives of this study are to further explore whether CL can modulate the abundance and diversity of the small intestinal flora in rats with epilepsy induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and to investigate the interrelationship among the flora. Materials and Methods Operational taxonomic units (OTUs), α diversity, β diversity, hierarchical clustering tree, and principal component analysis (PCA) were utilized to analyze the small intestinal flora of PTZ-kindled epileptic rats. Results The predominant bacterial groups in the small intestine mainly belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The administration of CL was found to effectively increase the abundance and diversity of the small intestinal flora, modify its structural composition, reduce the relative abundance of PTZ-elevated microflora, and enhance the abundance of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Gemella Berger. Conclusion CL exhibits promising potential, reliability, and unique value in managing epilepsy through the regulation of intestinal flora. Keywords Traditional Chinese medicine , Mineral Chinese medicine/mineral drug/mineral medicine , , , epilepsy , pentylenetetrazol , small intestine , gut microbiota , bain-gut axis , mechanism of action

This study introduces an enhanced approach to the undergraduate inorganic chemistry experiment,"Identification of Mineral Drugs",by selecting six mineral drug powders that are visually similar and predominantly white.Innovatively,a blind-box experiment for the identification for mineral drugs was designed,incorporating content determination to augment the experiment.Moreover,the identification methods for certain ions were optimized.This enhancement enables students to appreciate the practical significance of inorganic chemical reactions in the identification and analysis of drugs,significantly bolstering the ability of undergraduates to adeptly apply physical and chemical reaction principles in addressing practical challenges.

Background: Realgar is a mineral Chinese medicine, which has been used in China for thousands of years. A well-known truth is that the quality of traditional Chinese medicines is the basis for their efficacious and reliable roles for clinical use, which is principally determined by elements including the location of production and inner inorganic elements composition. However, there are few studies on the quality control of Realgar at present. Colon cancer, a severe malignant tumor, is known to have a poor prognosis due to a high rate of metastasis. So far, the effects of Realgar against colon cancer have not yet been clarified.Methods: An appropriate X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method was used to systematically analyze the Realgar medic-inal material samples. Fourier fingerprint combined with similarity evaluation, hierarchical cluster analysis, and principal component analysis was performed to assess and classify the samples on account of the XRD Fourier data. Cell viability, wound-healing, transwell migration, and matrigel invasion assays were performed. West-ern blotting was applied to determine the expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and MMPs relevant protein levels. Results: Our explorations showed that the XRD Fourier fingerprints of Realgar medicinal material samples that had the same phase revealed 15 and 12 common peaks, respectively. The similarity evaluation of the established XRD Fourier fingerprint was greater than 0.900, which indicated that the XRD Fourier fingerprints of Realgar medicinal material were successfully established. Our study demonstrated that Realgar inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells. Realgar suppressed the EMT process and decreased MMP-9 and MMP-2 levels, which could be the reason for Realgar to inactivate colon cancer cell migration and invasion.Conclusions: Our findings could be applied in the quality control of Realgar and strongly demonstrate that Realgar could be a potential anti-tumor agent for colon cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVE To establish, analyze and evaluate the inorganic element fingerprint of mineral medicine realgar prepared by water grind processing, and to conduct in vitro anti-colon cancer activity research to explore the spectrum-effect relationship between various inorganic elements and the inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation.METHODS Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry（ICP-MS） was used to determine the contents of 30 inorganic elements in 12 different batches of realgar prepared by water grind processing to establish inorganic element fingerprints, and the similarity was evaluated. MTT method was used to determine the proliferation inhibition rate of realgar on colon cancer HCT116 cells, and partial least squares regression（PLSR） and gray relational degree（GRA） were combined to analyze the spectrum-effect relationship.RESULTS Among the 30 elements detected, the contents of As, Fe, Sb, Al and Mg were relatively high, while Na, Zn and heavy metals Cu and Cd were not detected, while Pb and Hg were partially detected. The characteristic fingerprints of 12 inorganic elements were established, and the similarity（cosine value of the included angle） was all greater than 0.900 0.The 12 batches of realgar were divided into 2 categories, and the comprehensive evaluation score of realgar from Guizhou ranked in the forefront. MTT experiments showed that realgar inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer HCT116 cells. The partial least squares regression analysis and gray correlation analysis showed that the elements with VIP ＞ 1 and correlation degree ＞ 0.7 were As, Sr, Ga, Ti, Al, Fe, V, Sb, Co, Mg and Mn.CONCLUSION There are certain differences in the types and contents of inorganic elements in different batches of realgar prepared by water grind processing. This study established an accurate and efficient method for analyzing and evaluating inorganic elements in realgar prepared by water grind processing, and the anti-colon cancer effect of realgar is the result of the synergistic action of various elements, mainly closely related to the 11 elements of As, Sr, Ga, Ti, Al, Fe, V, Sb, Co, Mg and Mn.

目的:调查分析华东地区矿物类中药(以下简称矿物药)资源种类、分布及应用现状,为我国矿物药资源发展战略及华东地区区域性矿物药资源产业化发展规划的制定、完善及生产布局提供参考.方法:通过文献检索结合实地调研方式对华东地区矿物药资源进行调查,并对调查数据进行归类和分析.结果:华东地区分布矿物药品种共156种,其中文献资料记载品种141种、现有分布品种138种,文献记载与现有分布共有品种123种.结论:基本查明了华东地区药用矿产资源概况,该区域分布药用矿产资源品种较为丰富,但临床应用品种较少,资源产业化有较大的发展空间;基本厘清了华东地区矿物药资源概况,有助于后续进一步挖掘该地区药用矿产资源的药用价值、发展区域地质经济.

Background Quartz album is one of the mineral drugs commonly used in Chinese medicine. Different geogenesis of Quartz album led to differences in its composition and thus affected its clinical efficacy. Mineral Chinese medicines are mainly composed of inorganic elements, including some heavy metals and harmful elements, so their quality control is crucial to their clinical safety. Materials and Methods In this study, the contents of 30 elements in 13 batches Quartz album of different origins were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multiple elements and chemometrics were used to distinguish its different geogenesis. Results We found that the top elements in order of content were as follows: Al>Fe>Ca>K>Mg>Ti>Mn, all with content greater than 100 µg/g. In addition, the contents ranges of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu were 1.603–637.705, 0.011–1.387, 0.348–41.298, 0.033–10.877, and 0.808–86.482 µg/g, respectively. Quartz albums produced in Fengyang County, Anhui Province, had the lowest content of heavy metals. Correlation analysis showed that there was a strong correlation among the elements in the samples. Chemometrics were used to analyze the elemental content, and the results of the different models were found to be consistent and could be used to distinguish between Quartz albums of different geogenesis. Conclusion This study provided a reference for the quality control and safety of the clinical application of Quartz album.

中医药是祖国医学的宝贵财富.无机化学是中药制药及中药化学的基础,其主要阐述了物质的微观和宏观变化规律,是中医药大学教育体系中的一门基础性学科.中医药思维根植于中国传统文化,具有"天人合一"、"阴阳五行"、"辨证思维"等丰富的思想内涵,是中医药的灵魂,也是中医药得以传承与发扬的根基.为弘扬中医药文化,更好传承中医药思维,本文从中医药整体思维方面探索其在无机化学教学中的实践中的作用,以期为无机化学的教学方式提供新的思路.

矿物类中药是传统中药的特色组成部分,疗效确切,临床应用历史久远,对治疗临床腹泻有显著的效果.矿物类中药研究涉及矿物学、地质学及中药学等学科知识,研究难度大,导致矿物药研究人才缺乏,研究进程较植物药、动物药缓慢.目前,有关矿物药治疗腹泻的相关研究也较少.查阅近40年的文献,对临床具有止泻作用的矿物类中药的药理作用及临床应用作一综述,以期为矿物药在临床治疗腹泻的合理用药、物质基础及作用机制的深入研究及更好地挖掘矿物药资源宝库并进一步开发利用提供参考.通过对主要药学著作的整理发现,记载具止泻作用的矿物药共24味,主要为铁化合物类和铝化合物类.止泻的药理作用研究主要包括抑菌、抑制肠蠕动、抑制平滑肌收缩、抗炎、抑制胃排空、吸附等方面.临床止泻多为复方用药,应用范围广,包括脾胃虚弱、饮食失调所引起的腹泻,婴幼儿腹泻,胃原性腹泻,多种顽固性腹泻,药源性腹泻,霉菌性肠炎腹泻,糖尿病性腹泻,慢性腹泻,儿童急性感染性腹泻等.

目的:分析不同产地白石英样品中矿物成分及含量,评价不同产地白石英样品的质量,筛选白石英优质矿产资源,并建立白石英X射线衍射(XRD)Fourier特征指纹图谱.方法:通过偏光显微及XRD分析不同样品矿物成分及其含量,以结晶度和石英含量作为评价指标.采用粉末XRD对白石英样品进行分析,建立中药白石英XRD Fourier特征指纹图谱,并进行模糊聚类分析、主成分分析和相似性评价.结果:偏光显微分析结果显示,不同产地白石英样品在结晶度上有明显不同.物相分析结果显示白石英样品主要成分为石英和正长石,且大多数样品含有钠长石.不同产地白石英中石英质量分数为91.2％～99.4％,其中浙江省安吉县章村镇和安徽省绩溪县扬溪镇白石英中石英质量分数最高,均为99.4％,浙江安吉县杭垓镇产白石英中石英质量分数为91.2％.建立了以12个共有峰为特征指纹信息的白石英XRD Fourier指纹图谱分析方法,其XRD Fourier指纹图谱的相似度为0.993～1.000.结论:在所采集的样品中,白石英药材品质总体较好,石英质量分数均在90.0％以上,其中浙江省安吉县章村镇和安徽省绩溪县扬溪镇所产白石英品质最好,其次为福建永安小陶镇和江苏新沂阿湖镇产白石英.偏光显微特征观察和XRD Fourier指纹图谱分析法可用于白石英的鉴定与分析.

基于目前中医药院校无机化学实验项目内容陈旧、性质验证性实验项目较多、实验手段落后等问题,从转化教学理念、更新教学内容、结合现代信息化教学手段等多方面对无机化学实验的教学进行改革探索.通过开发微型化实验,综合性设计性实验,科研反哺教学,结合虚拟仿真技术、微视频等现代信息化教学手段对中医药院校的无机化学实验进行线上/线下混合式教学改革,提高了学生的基本实验技能,引导学生树立学生绿色化学和环境保护意识,培养学生具有自主学习、自主获取新知识、进行实践创新的能力和进行科学研究的素养.

矿物药是中药极具特色的一部分,应用历史悠久.矿物药质重沉降,具镇惊安神之功效,在中医临床的神经精神疾病领域有着较广泛的应用且疗效确切.通过矿物药相关文献研究,对矿物药在神经精神疾病中的临床应用及药理作用作一综述,以期为矿物药在治疗神经精神疾病的临床应用及矿物药资源开发提供参考.研究发现,具有治疗神经精神疾病的矿物药共36种,临床主要用于治疗癫痫、失眠、抑郁症及其他神经精神疾病,药理研究主要涉及镇静催眠、抗炎、抗癫痫、抗抑郁、抗脑缺血再灌注损伤作用药效学及其作用机制.

目的:研究青礞石对戊四氮(pentylenetetrazol,PTZ)点燃癫痫大鼠血清中炎症细胞因子表达水平的影响.方法:利用PTZ腹腔注射制备慢性癫痫大鼠模型,实验分为对照组、模型组、阳性药卡马西平组、青礞石低剂量组和青礞石高剂量组.大鼠腹主动脉取血,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-2、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、高迁移率族蛋白B-1(HMGB-1)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平,并对各细胞因子之间及其与PTZ点燃癫痫大鼠结肠肠道微生物的相关性进行分析,利用SPSS 18.0对结果进行统计学分析.结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α及hs-CRP水平均显著升高(P<0.01).与模型组比较,青礞石高、低剂量给药组大鼠血清中各细胞因子水平显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01).细胞因子相关性分析结果表明,IL-2与IL-6呈显著正相关(P<0.05),IL-6与TNF-α、hs-CRP呈显著正相关(P<0.05,P<0.01),TNF-α与hs-CRP呈显著正相关(P<0.01),IFN-γ与HMGB-1呈显著正相关(P<0.05).细胞因子与肠道菌群相关性分析结果表明,疣微菌门、Akkermansia菌属与炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP间呈显著相关性(P<0.05).青礞石可通过影响细胞因子(IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP)、Akkermansia菌属对PTZ点燃癫痫大鼠起到干预作用.结论:青礞石干预PTZ点燃癫痫可能与影响IL-1β、IL-2等细胞因子,从而降低体内炎性反应有关.

为促进信息技术与无机化学实验教学的融合创新,在无机化学实验教学中开发了以硫酸亚铁铵的制备为主题的虚拟仿真实验教学软件.采用Unity 3D技术对实验场景、实验设备装置进行高度仿真,全方位模拟硫酸亚铁铵的制备的完整过程,并增加了高阶性实验模块——电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定重金属,学生可以随时随地进行沉浸式学习,突出体现"以学生为中心"的教育理念.线上虚拟仿真实验项目与线下实验课堂有机融合,减少了化学试剂的使用,保护了环境和师生身体健康,符合绿色化学设计的3R原则,较好地解决了实验教学中高消耗、高污染、安全隐患大、教学效果差、考核难、复习难的问题,为学生提供了早实践、多实践、反复实践的机会,为化学类实验课程的开设提供了教学示范.

Metallomics is a frontier interdisciplinary subject at its vigorous development stage. Its goal is to systematically study the content, distribution, chemical species, structural characteristics and functions of metal elements in biological system. It is also a comprehensive discipline to study the existing state and function of free or complex metal elements in life. Metallomics is an ideal tool to study the biological behavior of inorganic elements, which can be used to solve many problems in the research of mineral Chinese medicine(MCM). It provides a strong theoretical basis and technical support for the research of MCM. Its theory and methods provide re-ference and enlightenment for the in-depth study of MCM, and also provide new ideas and open up new ways for the research of MCM. The application of metallomics theory and methods in the research of MCM is of great significance to reveal the material basis and mec-hanism of MCM, promote the process of basic research on MCM, fully exploit and utilize medicinal mineral resources and carry forward the traditional MCM treasure in China. In this paper, we introduced the concept, academic development, research content and research methods of metallomics, and discussed the application prospects of metallomics in the analysis of inorganic element composition characteristics and quality control, material basis and mechanism of MCM, so as to provide reference for further researches on MCM.