Although pesticides are essential agrochemicals to annihilate harmful organisms in agriculture, their uncontrolled use has become an important threat to environmental health. Exposure to pesticides can affect many biological systems including immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system. However, the potential side effects of pesticides to skeletal muscle system remain unclear. Present study has focused on the evaluation of this issue by using an acaricide, yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox), in an aquatic model organism, Danio rerio. The histological analyses revealed that increased concentrations of the acaricide cause degradation of skeletal muscle along with increased necrosis and atrophy in myocytes, intercellular edema, and increased infiltrations between perimysium sheaths of muscle fibers. The effects of acaricide on myoglobin and periostin, which are associated with oxygen transport and muscle regeneration, respectively, were investigated at the gene and protein levels. RT-PCR results suggested that high concentration yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox) can induce myoglobin and periostin genes. Similar results were also obtained in the protein levels of these genes by western blotting analysis. These results suggested that yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox)-dependent disruption of skeletal muscle architecture is closely associated with the expression levels of myoglobin and periostin genes in Danio rerio model.

In this study, the purpose was to investigate the histopathological, genotoxic effect, oxidative stress and cell death due to Metronidazole (MTZ), which is a 5-nitroimidazole compound, used widely for the treatment of anaerobic organism infections in fish and humans on gill and liver tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Trout fishes were exposed to 5, 10, and 20 mg/L of MTZ in the aquariums for 2, 4 and 8 days. Staining technics namely H&E, NOS immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL were performed to determine histopathological changes, oxidative damage and apoptosis. Additionally, smear preparations were also prepared from gill blood for genotoxic evaluations. The organ damage started in the 2(nd) day with 5 mg/L MTZ application and effects increased per duration and dose-dependent manner. It was observed that the gills had the primary and secondary lamellae lengths, with formation of clavate lamellae, fusion in secondary lamellae, separation of epithelium and aneurysm. Regional necrosis, vacuolization of hepatocytes, pycnotic nucleus, enlarged sinusoids were also determined in the liver. NOS immunoreactivity increased with the inducible immunoreactivity (iNOS) that was more prominent when compared to the endothelial immunoreactivity (eNOS). Apoptotic immunoreactivity was higher in the 10 mg 8(th) day experimental group at liver and gills, and was lower 20 mg 8(th) day experimental group. When the gills and liver compared with each other, in all doses, immunoreactivity was lower in gills, compared with liver. Genotoxic examinations showed that both number of micro nucleated erythrocytes and nuclei abnormalities were higher in MTZ-treated groups.

Objective: Wound healing is a dynamic process that includes biochemical and physiological phenomena. Studies confirm that plants are used in wound healing to a great extent. Antique oil (HBX 2371) has been produced as a traditional herbal mixed. This herbal mixture contains sesame oil, thyme oil, olive leaf, fig seed, grape seed, turmeric, and cinnamon. We evaluated traditional plant mixed oil ( Antique oil) for its wound-healing activity using an excision wound model in rats. Methods: The study used a preclinical, in vivo experimental, and analytical design. In the study, a total of 21 Sprague-Dawley rats, including 7 as experimental group, 7 as negative-control group, and 7 as positive-control group, were used. After the ischemic wound was created in experimental animals, the research data relating to the histochemical changes and biochemical parameters of the wound healing parameters were collected Results: A to research in experimental group fibroblast count, collagen density, fat cells, epithelization scores higher than the other groups and inflammatory cell density lower than the others. According to the results of the study, the highest TAC value (3.94 ± 0.21) was determined in the experimental group and results showed that antique oil administration decreased the TOC value. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was observed that antique oil prevented the wound changes induced by the incision, increased the repair of the epidermal and dermal structure in a short time, increased the antioxidant level, and decreased the oxidation level. Clinical studies are recommended.

In this study, histopathological and morphological changes in gill and intestinal tissue of zebra fish exposed to acaricide yoksorrun were aimed to determine. Yoksorrun was applied to the experimental groups as 0.01 mL/L, 0.02 mL/L, and 0.03 mL/L. Histopathological findings which showed a parallel increase with the amount of exposure in the gill were determined. In the gills, disruption of lamellae shape, shortening and breakage of primary and secondary lamellae, edema, fusion, and separation in the secondary lamellae epithelium, hyperplasia were observed. In the intestine tissue of some groups, advanced necrosis at the tip of the villi and deterioration of the overall integrity of the villi in these regions, epithelial hyperplasia, increasing in eosinophilic cells in the submucosa, and dissolution in muscle fibers of tunica muscularis were observed. In the morphometric analysis of the gills, a significant decrease in gas exchange (PAGE) percentages (p < 0.0001) was observed in the experiment group compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, a significant decrease in the interlamellar distance and secondary lamellar length measurements of the gills and a significant increase in the secondary lamellar width measurement were observed. In basal epithelial thickness measurement, the result was insignificant between the groups. According to the results of the morphometric analysis of the intestine, a significant decrease in musculus externa was observed only in the group 2. In total wall thickness, there was a significant thinning (p < 0.0001) in all experimental groups. There was a significant shortening of the villi length (p < 0.0001) and a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in the villus width only in the group 2 and group 3. A significant increase in epithelial thickness after application was observed (p < 0.0001) in all groups compared to the control group. Based on the findings, it was decided that the living in the aquatic ecosystem would be adversely affected by this acaricide if exposed.

In this study the effects of Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) from commonly used pytalates were histopathologically investigated in order to find out whether it is one of the causes of increased infertility in recent years. In addition, the localization of laminin and fibronectin was demonstrated immunohistochemically after exposure to DIBP. For this purpose, three study groups from Wistar albino rats were created: experimental group, control group and corn oil applied group. The experimental group were administered by gavage 3 different doses (0.25-0.5-1 ml/kg/day) of DIBP mixed with corn oil every day for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, the testis tissue samples from all of the experimental and control group animals were investigated and evaluated with a light microscope after routine histological and immunohistochemical preparation processes. Reduction in spermatogenic cell population, apoptotic and necrotic germ cells, increase in Sertoli cells, multinucleate giant cells, thickening and dilatation in basal lamina of seminiferous tubules, oedema and shrinkage in interstitial connective tissue were observed in DIBP treatment groups. The decrease in localization of fibronectin and laminin immunoreactivity in seminiferous tubules was observed. The results of this study demonstrated that DIBP causes serious damage to the testicular tissue, especially in terms of spermatogenesis. For this reason, it has come to the conclusion that the material in question may cause infertility in male individuals.

Metronidazole (MTZ) is commonly used as an antibiotic for enterozoa; however, its side-effects have not been fully characterized. In this study, the toxic effect of a dose and time-dependent MTZ application on morphology of the intestinal tissue of Oncorhynchus inykiss was examined. Fish were exposed to 5, 10, and 20 mg/L of MTZ in the aquariums for 2, 4 and 8 days. Samples taken from the jejunum region of the small intestine were for Gomori Trichrome, NOS and TUNEL. A slight toxic effect that started with a dosage of 5 mg/L for 2 days reached the maximum level with a dosage of 20 mg/L for 8 days. Erosion, oedema, inflammation, disintegration in the epithelium, and necrosis were detected at the tips of the villi. NOS staining had increased a great deal. Separately, a parallel TUNEL staining was monitored in the process of NOS staining practices. The toxic effect that increased in proportion to the dosage and period had occurred due to oxidative damage and that the cells had been induced to die through apoptosis. It was thought that this toxic effect could be of significance because of food chain and needed to be investigated by means of advanced techniques.

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of pollution in the Buyuk Menderes River on fish in terms of histopathological changes. For histopathological examinations, the tissues samples of gills, liver, muscle and intestine of C. gibelio were studied by using light microscopy. Additionally, surface water samples were also collected from the localities mentioned in the study and thereafter water analysis was conducted. Aluminium and nitrite nitrogen were determined as most accumulated chemicals in water. As a result of examinations and evaluations, it was determined that irreversible histopathological changes were formed in C. gibelio gill, muscle, intestine and liver tissues. The results of water analysis have also supported the findings. When water pollution, which occurs due to many reasons and its effects on environment, public health and economy is considered, the results of the study are of great importance for contributing to the identification of measures to be taken.

In this study, the genotoxic and histopathological effects of olive-mill wastewater (OMW) on the tissue cells of Lepomis gibbosus were investigated. The fish were caught from Topçam dam lake (Çine/Aydın) and were exposed to the wastewater in 50-L aquariums which contained 0.5 % OMW for 3–5 and 7 days. In genotoxic investigations, a statistically significant increase was observed in the frequency of micronuclei in the L. gibbosus in experimental groups. As a result of the exposure to OMW, histopathological findings which showed a parallel increase with the amount of exposure in the gill, liver and muscle tissues were determined. In the gills, disruption of lamellae shape, shortening and breakage of primary and secondary lamellae, fusion and branching, separation in the secondary lamellae epithelium, ballooning dilation, hyperplasia in support cells and increase in mucus cells were observed. In the parenchyma of the liver, a difference in local staining, focal necrosis, haemorrhaging in necrotic areas, oedema of blood vessels, expansion in sinusoids, congestion and dilation in portal veins, deterioration of vessel walls, cytoplasmic vacuolization in hepatocytes, pyknotic nuclei, decrease in glycogen storage in hepatocytes near the central vein and aggregates of melanomacrophages were also observed. The necrosis in muscle bundles, widespread oedema between myofibrils, degeneration and separation in some muscle groups, decrease in glycogen content, intramuscular oedema and atrophy in the myofibers were determined in the experimental groups.

Metranidazole (MTZ) is an antibiotic used for parasitic infections in a number of species. Accumulation of this drug in the environment and its interaction with fish of economic value makes this drug particularly important. In the present study, we examined the histopathological effects of MTZ on the intestinal tissue of Oncorhynchus mykiss. The fish in aquarium were exposed to MTZ at doses of 5, 10, 20 mg/L for 2, 4 and 8 days. At the end of the experiments, macroscopic pathology or death were not observed at these doses. Histochemical staining with Haematoxylene-Eosin, Periodic Acid Schiff and Gomori Trichrome showed, depending on increased dose and prolonged duration, areas of necrosis, edema, inflammation, small tears at the tips of the villi and excretion with heterogenic distribution of the Goblet cells. Moreover, changes in the connective tissue of the intestines due to toxicity of MTZ and decreases in immunostaining of matrix proteins such as laminin and collagen IV, especially in the epithelium were observed. Findings of the present study would be useful to demonstrate the adverse effects of MTZ use, emphasizing the importance of the effect on fish which could be very important public health.

In this study, the stomach and small intestine structures of M. luschani and T. karelinii were evaluated in terms of histologically and histometrically.Thestomach and small intestine tissues of M. luschani and T. karelinii have similar characteristics.Mucosa consists of lamina propria/submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa layers. Histometrical results shows that M. luschani’ s fundus (t=0,003; p<0,05) and pylorus (t=0,000; p<0,05) epithelial thickness and mean lumen area (t=0,009; p<0,05) are larger than T. karelinii’ s fundus-pylorusepithelial thickness and mean lumen area. In intestine , M. luschani’ s lamina epithelialis thickness mean (t=0,003; p<0,05) and mean lumen area (t=0,009; p<0,05) are also larger than T. karelinii’ s epithelial thickness and mean lumen area.

Abstract. The aim of this study is to investigate the histopathological effects on the liver tissues of widely used as plasticizer Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP). In this study Wistar albino (n=10) rats were used. Three study groups were created: an experimental group, a control group fed with corn oil and a control group. The experimental group were administered by gavaj daily with 3 different dosages (0.25 - 0.5 - 1 ml/kg/day) of DIBP mixed with corn oil for 28 days. The liver tissue sections after rutin histological preparation processes were examined and photographed using an Olympus BX51 light microscope. It was determined from the analyses that there was no significant histological difference between the control and the corn-oil fed control group. The group which was administered DIBP displayed deterioration in lobulation, focal hepatocellular necrosis, oedema in hepatic artery and vena centralis, decrease in glycogen and distortion of nucleus shape in relation to the dosage of DIBP they received. As a result, it has been determined that DIBP is a hepatotoxic substance and has been found to cause irreversible serious histopathological changes in liver tissue. Keywords: Diisobutyl phthalate, liver, histopatology, rat

In this study, the effects of sodium benzoate (E-211) (SB) on the liver tissues of chicken embryos which were exposed to different doses of SB and for different durations were histopathologically investigated.SB was injected into vitellus at three different doses (250, 500, 1000 mg/kg) on the 5 th day of the incubation.The embryos of the control and experimental groups were collected on the 7 th day (stage 31) and 10 th day (stage 36) of incubation and weighed.It was statistically detected that SB caused rise to a significant decrease (P<0.001) on the total weights of the embryos depending in the dose and duration.At microscopic level deterioration of vein structures, congestion, edema, sinusoidal dilation, deterioration of hepatocyte arrangements, swelling, vacuolization, chromatin condensation, karyolysis, shape deformation and eccentric located of the nuclei decrease in Nuclear Organization Regions (NOR) and mitotic division, stickiness of chromosomes, anaphase bridge, nuclei budding and the formation of micronuclei were observed.

The microscopic structures of the liver tissues from two amphibian species, T. vulgaris and T. karelinii , were studied by different histological staining techniques. The polyhedral shaped parenchymal cells of T. karelinii contain euchromatic mononuclei and dense cytoplasmic glycogen. These cells arranged as systematical cell cords in parenchyma. Pigment granules containing Kupffer cells (melanomacrophages) were found in the sinusoid wall. T. karelinii liver parenchyma have shown no clear lobulation and no concentrated reticular fiber network around the hepatocytes and vessels. The predominant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) type of T. karelinii was hyaluronic acid (HA), however, sulphated GAGs were almost absent. Hepatocytes from T. vulgaris were not polyhedral shaped, and contain euchromatic mononucleus. The glycogen content was not significant quantities in hepatocyte cytoplasm of T. vulgaris . These cells form radial arrangenment close to large vessels, however they found as cell clusters in bottom of parenchyma. Kupffer cells were found between the parenchymal cell groups and at the sinusoidal walls. These cells contain many pigment ganules in their cytoplasms. Reticular fibre networks were found between hepatocytes and vessels in lobulation lacking parenchyma. Around the hepatocytes and vessels, hyaluronic acid was the predominant GAG type.

In this study, which was carried out in June 2004, erythrocyte sizes of Neurergus crocatus were examined. Specimens of N. crocatus were collected from Sirnak, Turkey. Morphological characteristics of peripheral blood cells were examined. Morphology of the erythrocytes and leukocytes were described using Wright’s technique. Erythrocytes and their nuclei sizes were measured using an ocular micrometer. Mean length and width of the erythrocytes in N. crocatus were 32.6 ± 2.46 and 23.8 ± 2.49 μm, respectively (surface 610.9 μm 2 ) and mean length and width of their nuclei were 15.3 ± 1.30 and 9.6 ± 0.76 μm, respectively (surface 115.5 μm 2 ). Micronucleated nuclei were counted among 1000 randomly chosen erythrocytes from each blood smears. The micronucleated erythrocyte values were 0.001 and 0 for males and females, respectively.

Bu calismada, hazir gidalarda yapay renklendirici olarak kullanilan sunset yellow’un (E110) tavuk embriyosu dermal ve mukozal mast hucrelerindeki degranulasyon etkisi histolojik yonden incelenmistir. Sunset yellow (2.5 mg/kg) inkubasyonun 15. gununde vitellusa enjekte edilmistir. Enjeksiyonundan 6, 12 ve 24 saat sonra dermal ve mukozal mast hucrelerindeki degranulasyon etkisi incelenmistir. Dermal mast hucrelerinde (deri) en fazla kismi degranulasyon sunset yellow enjeksiyondan 12 saat, mukozal mast hucrelerinde (barsak) 6 saat sonra, en fazla ileri duzeyde degranulasyon ise deride enjeksiyondan 24 saat, barsakta 12 saat sonra gozlenmistir. Barsaktaki mukozal mast hucrelerinde ileri degranulasyonun enjeksiyondan 24 saat sonra da devam ettigi belirlenmistir. Her iki dokuda kismi degranule mast hucresi granullerinin gevsek ve kaba granuller olusturdugu, ileri degranulasyon gosteren mast hucrelerinin ise daha az granul icerdiklerinden dolayi daha aydinlik sitoplazmaya sahip olduklari gorulmustur.

Bcl-2 and Bax proteins are expressed in cells of the tails of Pelophylax ridibundus larvae. We investigated the levels of these proteins in tails undergoing apoptosis. Apoptotic cells were observed in the epidermis, muscle and notochord of tails of different lengths. The apoptotic cells in epidermis exhibited the typical features of apoptosis. Amorphous masses and irregularities in striated muscle tissue undergoing apoptosis and apoptotic remnants in the notochord also were observed. In general, Bax staining in the epidermis, subepidermal fibroblast layer, muscle and notochord cells increased, while Bcl-2 staining decreased as the tail regressed. Our results suggest that during tail regression due to metamorphosis, Bcl-2 and Bax proteins play key roles in the apoptosis of tail epidermis, subepidermal fibroblast layer, muscle and notochord cells.

In this study, the degranulation effect of sunset yellow (E110) which is used as artificial coloring agent in ready food was histologically examined on dermal and mucosal mast cells of chicken embryo. Sunset yellow (2.5 mg/kg) was injected into vitellus of eggs on the 15th day of incubation. Degranulation of dermal and mucosal mast cells were evaluated 6, 12, 24 h after injection. The most of partial degranulated in dermal mast cells (skin) was observed after 12 h from injection of sunset yellow, and after 6 h in mucosal mast cells (intestine). High level degranulation in skin was showed after 24 h from injection, and after 12 h in intestine. Also, it was seen that high level degranulation in the mucosal mast cells of intestine were continued after 24 h from injection. In both types of tissues, it was found that partially degranulated mast cells formed loose and coarse granules while mast cells showing high level of degranulation have brighter cytoplasm since they contain less granuless.

Histological structures of esophagus and stomach tissue samples of Lacerta stellio have been studied, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) distribution has been histochemically determined. Histologically, esophagus and stomach of L. stellio are composed of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosae and serosa. Mucosa of esophagus is covered by simple columnar ciliated epithelium with many mucous secreting goblet cells and contains branched tubular glands. Stomach of L. stellio is composed of fundus (oral and aboral) and pylorus regions. Mucosa is covered by columnar epithelium. Fundic glands are branched tubular glands while pyloric glands are usually simple tubular glands. In both regions of the stomach, glands are subdivided into three areas as base, neck and isthmus. Both in the esophagus and stomach, muscular layer is in the form of smooth muscle having inner circular and outer longitudinal layers. According to the results obtained by Alcian Blue (pH 5.8)/Periodic Acid Schiff staining, stomach is similar to esophagus in that neutral mucins and hyaluronic acid (HA) are dominant in isthmus and neck regions of gland tissue of stomach. In the base of the stomach, only neutral mucins have been observed. HA has been observed to be dominant in all other regions of both stomach and esophagus, along with some but not much sulphated GAGs.

The aim of the present study was to determine heavy metal accumulation in water, sediment and some tissues of Anguilla anguilla along with determining histopathological and genotoxic effects of accumulation on these tissues by using light microscopy. Water, sediment and fish tissue samples taken from different sites of 3 different study areas were studied and the order of accumulation of metals was Fe>Pb>Mn>Co>Zn>Ni> Cr>Cu>Cd in water, Fe>Co>Mn>lpb>Zn>Ni>Cr>Cu>Cd in sediment and Cd>Mn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Fe>Zn>Co>lpb, Cd>lpb>Ni>Cr>Mn>Cu>Fe>Co>Zn and Cr>Ni>Zn>Cd>lpb>Mn>Cu>Fe>Co in liver, muscle and gill of fish, respectively. In histopathological studies, a decrease in the length of primary and secondary lamellae of gills, fusion in secondary lamellae, cellular proliferation, clavate lamellae formation and necrosis were observed. In liver tissue, dilation of sinusoid, increase in the number of erythrocytes, ruptured hepatocytes, decrease in glycogen accumulation and vacuolization were observed. In muscle tissue, necrosis, cellular dissolution and loss of striatation in muscle fibers were found. It was observed that pollution of water had no genotoxic effect on Anguilla anguilla.

Concentration of heavy metals were measured in the surface water, sediments and three different organs of Cyprinus carpi from the Golmarmara lake (Manisa, Turkey). Four sampling sites located at different parts of the lake were pre-defined. The accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, lead, chromium, iron, mangane in gills, liver and muscle of C. carpi were determined. Also, histopathological changes in gill, liver and muscle tissue were examined at light microscopical level. The order of accumulation of heavy metals was found to be Zn>Pb>Fe>Co>Mn>Cr>Ni>Cti>Cd in water, Zn>Cr>Pb>Fe>Co>Mn>Ni>Cu>Cd in sediment, Zn>Cr>Pb>Ni>Cu>Fe>Co>Cd in muscle and Zn>Cr>Pb>Cd>Ni>Cu>Fe>Co in liver and Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cu>Cd>Co>Fe in gills. As a result of histopathological examinations, a significant decrease in mean length of primary and secondary lamellae was observed. Cellular proliferation caused secondary lamellae fusion, ballooning degenerations of secondary lamellae as well as distribution of necrotic and clavate secondary lamellae. In the liver, altered staining, swollen and ruptured parenchymal cells reduce of glycogen in hepatocytes and vacuolar structure filled with cellular debris were seen. In muscle tissue, focal necrosis, cellular dissolution and a decline or loss of striatation in muscle fibres were found. The frequency of micronucleus formation did not show significant differences in fish samples caught from the Golmarmara lake.