The increasing use of pesticides in agricultural production has exacerbated environmental pollution. Microencapsulation enhances the water solubility and dispersibility, extends the effective duration, and regulates the precise release of pesticides, thereby reducing their application and increasing efficiency. In this study, a delivery system based on TA-Fe3+ coordination was developed to form pesticide nanocapsules, improving the stability and foliar affinity of the encapsulated citral-based acylthiourea (CA) and enhancing its resistance to harsh environmental conditions. Regular spherical nanocapsules with an average diameter of approximately 251.1 nm were fabricated by optimizing the metal-polyphenol coordination. The active ingredient CA was encapsulated within the nanocapsules, achieving an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 95.8%. The adhesion of the nanopesticide formulation to the hydrophobic surfaces of Camellia oleifera leaves was significantly improved, as indicated by the adhesion work of 92.6mJ/m2. After six months of storage at ambient temperature, the retention rate of CA within the micro-carriers remained at 60.0%. The antifungal performance of the system was superior to that of the commercial pesticide difenoconazole, as the EC50 against Colletotrichum fructicola decreased from 21.15 mg/L to 0.056 mg/L. Furthermore, the release kinetics analysis demonstrated that the release behavior of the constructed nanocapsules fully conforms to the Ritger-Peppas model, indicating a release mechanism governed by the combined effects of core diffusion and wall erosion.

Litsea cubeba is an important industrial plant valued for its pericarp essential oil and kernel oil. However, variation in seed traits and kernel oil characteristics among wild populations and their relationships with ecological factors remain insufficiently understood. Wild germplam from 21 provenances across eight provinces in southern China was evaluated for seed traits, kernel oil content, and fatty acid composition, and variance analysis, correlation and path analysis, and multivariate ecological analyses were used to characterize phenotypic diversity and examine its associations with environmental variables. Analysis of variance showed that the investigated provenances differed significantly in seed traits and kernel oil characteristics (P < 0.05). Provenances ZJ-LY and SC-KJ exhibited relatively high kernel oil content (≥ 35

Litsea cubeba essential oil (EO)-encapsulated SiO2 (SiO2-EO) nanocapsules were fabricated by in situ biosilicification for the treatment of biofilms on food-contact surfaces. By optimizing the synthesis conditions (0.5 mg/mL EO and 50 mM silicic acid), SiO2-EO nanocapsules exhibited a uniform size distribution (150-200 nm) with a distinct core-shell structure. The characterization of nanocapsules was elucidated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, and x-ray diffraction analyses. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of SiO2-EO nanocapsules were 5 and 1.25 mg/mL for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Compared to free EO, the SiO2-EO nanocapsules showed more significant inhibition activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial biofilms. Confocal experiments and SEM demonstrated that the nanocapsules efficiently penetrate biofilms within 30 min and deliver EO to destroy the membrane structure of bacteria. Eventually, SiO2-EO nanocapsules were also applied to four kinds of food-contact surfaces. The populations in biofilms exposed to 2.5 mg/mL of nanocapsules decreased 1.51-1.56 log CFU/cm2 and 2.15-2.22 log CFU/cm2 for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. This study provides an innovative strategy to treat bacterial biofilms with EO-based nanocomposites.

Citral is one of the main components of everyday chemical fragrances and Its fragrance cannot be retained for long due to its active chemical properties. Currently, potentially toxic or expensive industrial surfactants are commonly used to emulsify flavors or essential oils, and most of the dispersed systems formed are thermodynamically unstable. In this study, modified corn protein was used as a solid particles and xanthan gum as a co-emulsifier to form an O/W type Pickering emulsion. Corn protein was modified with natural plant polyphenol-tannin to obtain solid particles with optimal amphiphilicity and antioxidant properties, and the particle size was approximately 170 nm. The Pickering emulsion was dispersed using a high-speed homogenizer. The percentage of encapsulated citral in the system was 20 %. The particle size, polydispersity index, and citral encapsulation rate were 32.48 mu m, 0.323, and 91.26 %, respectively. The Pickering emulsion significantly improved the stability of the encapsulated citral, and the retention of citral in harsh environments (both high temperature and aerobic) was significantly increased. After one month of storage, the citral retention in the Pickering emulsion was 86.95 % under aerobic conditions.

The hydrogenative rearrangement of bioderived furfural derivatives to various cyclopentanone derivatives is vital for synthesizing fine chemicals but challenging owing to the complex cascade reaction network.

To achieve excellent germplasm resource screening and ensure the quality control of herbal tea raw material, it is important to establish a cost-effective, rapid, and on site quantitative detection method for their bioactive constituents. We developed a smartphone-operated sensor for electrochemical detection of chlorogenic acid (CGA) using hierarchically porous carbon (DSiFPC), synthesized through a soft-hard dual template strategy with tannin acid as a carbon source, silica colloid as a hard template, and Pluronic F127 as a soft template. The DSiFPC modified glassy carbon electrode sensor showed excellent electrocatalytic ability towards CGA, with a wide linear range of 0.03-1 mu M and a low limit of detection of 6.2 nM. It was successfully applied for detecting CGA in dried flowers of Lonicera japonica. Furthermore, a portable sensor utilizing a DSiFPC modified screen-printed electrode was employed for on site detection of CGA in fresh Eucommia ulmoides leaves, yielding satisfactory recoveries.

Download This Paper Open PDF in Browser Add Paper to My Library Share: Permalink Using these links will ensure access to this page indefinitely Copy URL Copy DOI

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is an important woody spice tree in southern China, and its fruit is a rich source of valuable essential oil. We surveyed and sampled L. cubeba germplasm resources from 36 provenances in nine Chinese provinces, and detected rich phenotypic diversity. The survey results showed that plants of SC-KJ, SC-HJ, and SC-LS provenance presented higher leaf area (LA); YN-SM and YN-XC plants had larger thousand-grain fresh weight (TFW); and HN-DX plants had the highest essential oil content (EOC). To explain the large differences in the phenotypes of L. cubeba among different habitats, we used Pearson’s correlation analysis, multiple stepwise regression path analysis, and redundancy analysis to evaluate the phenotypic diversity of L. cubeba. It was found that compared to other traits, leaf and fruit traits had more significant geographical distributions, and that leaf phenotypes were correlated to fruit phenotypes. The results showed that elevation, latitude, longitude, total soil porosity (SP), soil bulk density (SBD), and average annual rainfall (AAR, mm) contributed significantly to the phenotypic diversity of L. cubeba. Geographical factors explained a higher percentage of variation in phenotypic diversity than did soil factors and climate factors. Plants of SC-KJ and HN-DX provenances could be important resources for domestication and breeding to develop new high-yielding varieties of this woody aromatic plant. This study describes significant phenotypic differences in L. cubeba related to adaptation to different environments, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of a breeding strategy and for optimizing L. cubeba cultivation.

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is an important industrial tree in southern China and Southeast Asia. We surveyed and sampled wild L. cubeba in 32 provenances spread across nine provinces of China. We used nested variance analysis, multiple comparisons analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis, path analysis with multiple stepwise regression, detrended correspondence analysis, redundancy analysis, and variance partitioning analysis to evaluate the phenotypic diversity of fresh fruit yield (FFY) and essential oil (EO) characteristics of L. cubeba, and to explore the relationship between the main habitat factors and phenotypic diversity. We detected wide phenotypic diversity in FFY, EO content (EOC), citral yield (CitrY), and the pro-portions of the seven main components of EOs (citral, D-limonene, 3,7-dimethyl-3,6-octadienal, 4-methyl-3-pentenal, linalool, citronellal, and 1-(cyclopanecarbonyl)piperidin-4-one). The variation was mainly derived from among provenances (P <= 0.01) rather than within provenances, and the variation in FFY and CitrY was greater than that of EOC and the seven dominant components among provenances. We also detected several region-specific components of EOs in fresh fruit, including alpha-terpineol, geraniol, eucalyptol, and 7-methyl-3-methyleneoct-6-enal. Most of the provenances with higher FFY were distributed in southwestern China (lower longitude and latitude, and higher elevation), while most of those with higher EOC were distributed in south-eastern China (higher longitude and latitude, and lower elevation). The three provenances with excellent FFY were YN-XC, GZ-ZY, and SC-KJ; the two with higher EOC were SC-KJ and HN-DX; and CitrP was higher in GZ-ZF than in other provenances. Longitude, total potassium content (TotalKC), and bulk density (BD) were the most important factors that influenced FFY diversity, while latitude, elevation, annual average relative humidity (AARH), and organic carbon content (OCC) most strongly influenced EOC diversity, and annual average temperature and annual average maximum temperature (AAMaxT) influenced CitrP diversity. The six main habitat factors together explaining the largest proportions of phenotypic diversity were longitude, AARH, AAMaxT, elevation, latitude, and soil total phosphorus content (TotalPC). Higher soil TotalKC, BD, and TotalPC were suitable conditions for cultivation of L. cubeba to achieve higher FFY, while lower AARH and OCC were favorable for accumulation of EOs, and only lower temperature was more likely conducive to citral synthesis. The wide diversity of FFY and EO characteristics should be taken into account when selecting germplasms for protection and utilization, and the identification of the most important environmental factors affecting phenotypic diversity provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of L. cubeba cultivation.

(E) omega-formylcamphene was synthesized from alpha-pinene, the main component of turpentine, and then reacted with thiosemicarbazide to obtain (E) omega-formylcamphene thiosemicarbazide 3, which was reacted with 14 alpha-bromoacetophenone compounds to obtain 14 (E) omega-formylcamphene thiazole hydrazone compounds 5a-5n; the yields were all above 80%. The structures of the target compounds were characterized by IR, H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR, and HR-MS analyses. Then, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 mg/L drug solutions were prepared. Free radical scavenging experiments of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-bis (3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) were carried out with Trolox and L-ascorbic acid as the control samples. The scavenging rates of 14 compounds for DPPH and ABTS free radicals were obtained; the IC50 values of scavenging free radicals were fitted using SPSS software. The results show that 14 (E) omega-formylcamphene-based thiazole hydrazone compounds exhibited good scavenging effects on the two free radicals, especially when the concentration of the drug solution was 125 and 62.5 mg/L; most compounds exceeded the scavenging efficiency of Trolox and L-ascorbic acid.

At present, the technology used for the extraction and purification of Camellia oleifera saponins generally has the problems of high cost and low purity, and the quantitative detection of Camellia oleifera saponins also has the problems of low sensitivity and easy interference from impurities. To solve these problems, this paper aimed to use liquid chromatography for the quantitative detection of Camellia oleifera saponins, and to adjust and optimize the related conditions. In our study, the average recovery of Camellia oleifera saponins obtained was 100.42%. The RSD of precision test was 0.41%. The RSD of the repeatability test was 0.22%. The detection limit of the liquid chromatography was 0.06 mg/L, and the quantification limit was 0.2 mg/L. In order to improve the yield and purity, the Camellia oleifera saponins were extracted from Camellia oleifera Abel. seed meal by methanol extraction. Then, the extracted Camellia oleifera saponins were extracted with an ammonium sulfate/propanol aqueous two-phase system. We optimized the purification process of formaldehyde extraction and aqueous two-phase extraction. Under the optimal purification process, the purity of Camellia oleifera saponins extracted by methanol was 36.15%, and the yield was 25.24%. The purity of Camellia oleifera saponins obtained by aqueous two-phase extraction was 83.72%. Thus, this study can provide a reference standard for rapid and efficient detection and analysis of Camellia oleifera saponins for industrial extraction and purification.

Nanocapsule preparation technology, as an emerging technology with great development prospects, has uniqueness and superiority in various industries. In this paper, the preparation technology of nanocapsules was systematically divided into three categories: physical methods, chemical methods, and physicochemical methods. The technological innovation of different methods in recent years was reviewed, and the mechanisms of nanocapsules prepared via emulsion polymerization, interface polymerization, layer-by-layer self-assembly technology, nanoprecipitation, supercritical fluid, and nano spray drying was summarized in detail. Different from previous reviews, the renewal iteration of core–shell structural materials was highlighted, and relevant illustrations of their representative and latest research results were reviewed. With the continuous progress of nanocapsule technology, especially the continuous development of new wall materials and catalysts, new preparation technology, and new production equipment, nanocapsule technology will be used more widely in medicine, food, cosmetics, pesticides, petroleum products, and many other fields.

用莰烯醛为原料,分别与氨基硫脲、4-苯基-3-氨基硫脲、4-甲基-3-氨基硫脲反应,合成了3种莰烯醛缩氨基硫脲类化合物:莰烯醛缩氨基硫脲(3a)、莰烯醛缩-4-苯基氨基硫脲(3b)、莰烯醛缩-4-甲基氨基硫脲(3c).3个化合物的结构通过核磁共振、红外光谱和质谱分析进行了表征;并且采用菌丝生长法对10种植物病原菌的生长进行了抑制试验.抑菌实验表明:莰烯醛缩氨基硫脲(3a)对其中9种植物病原菌的抑制率均比3b和3c高,特别是对枇杷炭疽病菌、彩绒革盖菌、油茶炭疽病菌、油茶果生刺盘孢菌,在药液浓度为50 mg·L-1时的抑制率(％)分别达到100,100,100,93,远远高于对照样百菌清;3c和3b对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率明显高于3a,相当于百菌清.

本试验旨在应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)法和瘤胃体外发酵法比较不同加工方式对去油芳樟枝叶营养价值的影响.采用单因素试验设计,共设4个组,分别为天然干燥组(对照组)、人工干燥组、颗粒饲料组和青贮发酵组,每组4个重复,分析不同加工方式对去油芳樟枝叶营养成分、CNCPS中碳水化合物(CHO)组分和瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响.结果表明:1)颗粒饲料组的粗蛋白质(CP)和酸性洗涤不溶蛋白(NDIP)含量显著高于其余各组(P＜0.05),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量显著低于其余各组(P＜0.05).青贮发酵组的粗灰分(Ash)含量显著高于天然干燥组和颗粒饲料组(P＜0.05),可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量显著高于其余各组(P＜0.05).天然干燥组的淀粉含量显著低于其余各组(P＜0.05).2)颗粒饲料组的快速降解碳水化合物(CA)、中速降解碳水化合物(CB1)和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量显著高于其余各组(P＜0.05),CHO和不可降解碳水化合物(CC)含量显著低于其余各组(P＜0.05).人工干燥组的慢速降解碳水化合物(CB2)含量显著高于天然干燥组和青贮发酵组(P＜0.05).3)天然干燥组的体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)以及氨态氮(NH3-N)、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度显著低于其余各组(P＜0.05),微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度显著低于人工干燥组和青贮发酵组(P＜0.05),乙酸/丙酸(A/P)值显著高于其余各组(P＜0.05).颗粒饲料组的IVDMD显著高于其余各组(P＜0.05),NH3-N和TVFA浓度显著高于天然干燥组和青贮发酵组(P＜0.05).综上所述,综合常规营养成分、CNCPS中CHO组分以及体外发酵参数的研究结果可知,人工干燥、制粒以及青贮处理均能提高去油芳樟枝叶的营养价值,且制粒处理效果最优.

本试验旨在探讨不同青贮添加剂对去油芳樟枝叶青贮饲料营养成分、青贮发酵品质和瘤胃体外发酵特性的影响.采用单因素试验设计,共设4个组:对照组(不添加任何青贮添加剂)、葡萄糖组(添加20 g/kg葡萄糖)、混合有机酸组(按照7:1:2的体积比例将甲酸、乙酸和丙酸混合,添加6 mL/kg)和纤维素酶组(添加2 g/kg纤维素酶),各青贮添加剂的添加剂量均以青贮原料鲜重为基础,每组设4个重复.青贮45 d后,测定去油芳樟枝叶青贮饲料的营养价值、青贮发酵品质和瘤胃体外发酵特性.结果表明:1)混合有机酸组的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);葡萄糖组的粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组和纤维素酶组(P<0.05),粗灰分含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05).2)纤维素酶组的有机酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),混合有机酸组的总碳水化合物含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),纤维素酶组的中性洗涤可溶纤维含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),葡萄糖组的可溶性糖含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05).3)纤维素酶组的pH显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著高于混合有机酸组和葡萄糖组(P<0.05),总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05).混合有机酸组的总挥发性脂肪酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05).混合有机酸组和葡萄糖组的丙酸含量显著高于对照组和纤维素酶组(P<0.05).4)葡萄糖组的瘤胃体外发酵培养液pH显著低于其他各组(P<0.05).葡萄糖组的瘤胃体外发酵培养液体外干物质消化率、微生物蛋白和总挥发性脂肪酸含量均为最高,其中,葡萄糖组的外干物质消化率显著高于混合有机酸组(P<0.05),微生物蛋白和总挥发性脂肪酸含量显著高于对照组和混合有机酸组(P<0.05).综合以上各项指标进行评价,各组去油芳樟枝叶青贮饲料的综合营养价值由低到高的排序为:对照组<混合有机酸组<纤维素酶组<葡萄糖组.

A series of β-ionone thiazolylhydrazone derivatives were synthesized using β-ionone as the starting material in two steps, including condensation with aminothiourea and cyclization with bromoacetophenone. Their structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, HR-MS, and their antioxidant and antifungal activities were studied. The antioxidant activity, the results showed that the target compounds had good antioxidant activities with the positive control trolox. Among of them, compound 1c exhibited the relatively strong 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 89.147 μmol/L, compound 1e exhibited the relatively strong diammomium 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 65. 408μmol/L, both of which were stronger than that of the positive control trolox. The potential antifungal activities were studied against eight common fungi at the concentration of 125 mg/L. The results showed that the target compounds exhibited certain antifungal activity against the tested fungal strains. The inhibition rate of compound 1l was the highest against Poria vaporaria, up to 77.71% at 125 mg/L. Compound 1l will be promising to become the lead compound of pesticide in the future to control tree rot disease, which is worthy of further study.

We described the comprehensive synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of a novel type of the ordered cubic Ia3̅d supermicroporous silicas by using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a silicon source and a hydroxyl-functionalized quaternary ammonium salt as a template under alkali conditions. The effects of various reaction conditions on the pore structure and morphology of the silica materials were thoroughly investigated. Our results showed that under a wide range of reaction conditions, supermicroporous silicas with a highly ordered cubic Ia3̅d structure can be produced with a large BET specific surface area of 1741 m2/g, high pore volume of 0.91 cm3/g, concentrated pore size at 19.1 Å, and crystalline morphology. After Al doping, the obtained aluminosilicates preserved a highly ordered cubic supermicroporous structure. By using the H-form aluminosilicates as catalysts, we selectively dimerized β-pinene. The catalysts exhibited an excellent catalytic activity for β-pinene dimerization with a conversion yield up to 100%. Compared with conventional mesoporous H-form Al-MCM-48 catalysts, the prepared supermicroporous catalysts exhibited superior catalytic performance due to their excellent shape-selective properties, producing the β-pinene dimer in a yield up to 72.4% with dimer/oligomer ratios in the range of 7.5-10.1. This study featured a detailed preparation and characterization of supermicroporous silica with novel microstructures and showed its utility in catalytic dimerization.

The development of new antimicrobials has always been a research hotspot. In this study, β-pinene-based derivatives were synthesized, and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated. The purpose was to develop some novel, promising new fungicides. Three β-pinene derivatives containing bis-hydronopyl were prepared, and their antifungal and antibacterial activities were evaluated against 6 plant pathogenic fungi and 4 bacterial species; a preliminary structure-activity relationship is discussed. The results indicated that the derivatives containing the blend of alkyl group and bis-hydronopyl had potent inhibitory activities against plant fungal pathogens and bacteria. Among these molecules, bis-hydronopyl dimethyl ammonium bromide showed excellent effects on Colletotrichum acutatum with a half-maximal effective concentration of 0.538 µg/mL, which was lower than that of carbendazim. Scanning electron microscope showed that after administration of bis-hydronopyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (compound 3a), the C. acutatum mycelia were sunken and deformed in comparison with the control group. Furthermore, the inhibitory activities of the methyl derivatives against the plant pathogens were better than those of the ethyl derivatives. These results provide new insights into the inhibition of fungi and bacteria by β-pinene derivatives, which may lead them to be used as precursor molecules for novel pesticides and antimicrobials in further research.