Detonation-derived nitrogen-enriched detonation soot is reported herein as a promising candidate for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The intrinsic impurities and heteroatom composition present within detonation soot act as electrocatalytic centers, facilitating efficient glucose oxidation. These findings highlight the potential of detonation-synthesized nanodiamonds as cost-effective and stable electrode materials for glucose sensing applications.

Electronically asymmetric sp3/sp2 carbon nanojunctions function as active polarization centers under gigahertz (GHz) electromagnetic fields. A three-dimensional (3D) aerogel composed of insulating nanodiamond (ND) and conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is constructed to establish electronically asymmetric sp3/sp2 interfaces. Frequency-dependent dielectric analysis reveals enhanced relaxation behavior and improved impedance matching, indicating a transition from conductivity-dominated response to interfacial polarization. The composite achieves a minimum reflection loss of -35.9 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.7 GHz at a thickness of 3.1 mm. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that electronic states near the Fermi level and the spatial distribution of frontier orbitals are markedly asymmetric across the sp3/sp2 interface, providing a microscopic basis for dynamic interfacial polarization. The nanojunction network also exhibits thermal insulation behavior, indicating multi-channel energy dissipation. These findings identify electronically asymmetric carbon nanojunctions as discrete polarization centers governing high-frequency energy dissipation and offer a general design principle for interface-driven nanoelectronic functionality.

Designing electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials (EWAM) with high-efficiency absorption in the S-band (2-4 GHz) is crucial for applications like radar systems, satellite communications, and wireless technologies. However, achieving such absorbing materials in the S-band region has been less explored. The key challenges include complex multi-phase structures, the need for a precise balance between magnetic and dielectric properties, and achieving effective impedance matching. This study presents a multi-level hollow structure EWAM enabling efficient S-band absorption. Specifically, the hierarchical hollow CoFe2O4/Co/C (CFCC-500) material achieved a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -53.7 dB at 3.57 GHz with a thickness of 3.6 mm. The CFCC-500 features an innovative design of a multi-level hollow structure where small hollow structures are embedded within a larger hollow sphere-based framework. The strong absorption performance is attributed to the balance between dielectric and magnetic losses, which work synergistically to dissipate electromagnetic energy. Moreover, optimized impedance matching ensures efficient energy absorption, minimizing reflection and maximizing dissipation. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing EWAM performance through nano-structural engineering, offering highly efficient absorbers for critical low-frequency applications.

Objective The femtosecond laser two-photon processing technology, known for its flexible three-dimensional (3D) high-precision machining capabilities, is commonly employed for the high-precision fabrication of various microdevices. However, existing single-point scanning strategies exhibit low processing efficiency, which significantly limits further development of this technology. To address this issue, researchers have proposed several parallel processing techniques, including those based on microlens arrays, diffractive optical elements, and multi-beam interference methods. Although these methods demonstrate certain advantages in improving the processing efficiency, they still possess some significant limitations. Liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulators (LCoS-SLMs) can freely modulate the wavefront of a beam, enabling the generation of multi-foci arrays and various structured lights. The combination of spatial light-shaping technology with femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization can effectively enhance both the processing efficiency and flexibility. Airy beams have been widely applied across multiple fields owing to their self-accelerating, non-diffraction, and self-healing characteristics. In a previous study, two symmetric Airy beams were directly generated using LCoS-SLM, achieving the efficient fabrication of 3D microgripper structures via a single exposure. Building upon this foundation, this study integrates dynamic holographic processing technology with femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization to further enhance the processing efficiency and flexibility, advance the development of two-photon processing technology, and broaden its application scope. Methods The femtosecond laser source used in this study is a mode-locked Ti:sapphire ultrafast oscillator with key parameters, including a central wavelength of 800 nm, pulse width of 75 fs, and repetition frequency of 80 MHz. After passing through the expansion system, the laser beam is directed onto the LCoS-SLM using a grazing incidence technique with mirrors. Mechanical shutters and power attenuators are employed to control the on/off states and power levels of the laser, respectively. Computer-generated dynamic holograms are loaded onto the LCoS-SLM to modulate the wavefront distribution of the laser light. The modulated laser then sequentially passes through two lenses with focal lengths of 600 mm and 200 mm. The conjugate focal planes of the two lenses form a 4f system for spatial filtering and beam reduction. Finally, a microscope objective lens focuses the laser for processing. The 3D piezoelectric stage supports the sample and offers high-precision motion control, with a coaxial charge coupled device (CCD) employed for real-time imaging and monitoring of the entire processing procedure. The reflective LCoS-SLM used has a resolution of 1920 pixelx 1080 pixel with a pixel pitch of 8 mu m. Each pixel can independently modulate the wavefront of the beam within its area, with a modulation grayscale range from 0 to 255, corresponding to a phase range from 0 to 2 pi. MATLAB software is used to generate computer-generated holograms, which are then compiled into graphic interchange format (GIF) dynamic images. The 3D piezoelectric stage has a movement range of 200 mu m x 200 mu m x 200 mu m, with a positioning accuracy of less than 1 nm and repeatability of less than 5 nm, ensuring the precision and stability of micro-nano processing. The objective lens employed in the experiments is a 60x oil immersion lens, with a numerical aperture (NA) of 1.35. A commercially available negative photoresist is used. Results and Discussions The directly generated symmetric Airy beam holograms are rotated to create a GIF dynamic image, which is then loaded onto the LCoS-SLM. With the laser power set to 70 mW, the rotation angle can be controlled by adjusting the exposure time, resulting in bowl-shaped structures with varying aperture sizes (Fig. 5). By dynamically and holographically processing multiple symmetric Airy beams with different parameters, micro-flowers are rapidly fabricated by adjusting the exposure time, with an eight-petal flower requiring only 1.4 s for processing. The advantage of dynamic holographic processing is its ability to rapidly realize complex 3D structures without relying on the motion conditions of the 3D moving stage, thereby effectively reducing the equipment costs of the experimental system. Furthermore, "open-close controllable" 3D micro-flower fabrication is achieved by integrating self-assembly techniques and appropriately controlling processing parameters (Fig. 6). Finally, a composite motion processing technology that combines dynamic holography with a 3D moving stage is proposed. By utilizing the dynamic holographic technique of Airy beams, along with the horizontal movement of the stage, microspring structures with varying numbers of turns are rapidly processed. Annular structures with different petal counts are fabricated by altering the motion of the moving stage to a circular motion and adjusting the radius of this motion (Fig. 8). The combination of 3D optical field dynamic holography and moving stage motion methods provides various options for designing 3D structures, thereby enhancing both design flexibility and processing diversity. Conclusions This paper presents a composite processing technology that integrates dynamic holography with the motion of a 3D moving platform. By rotating the hologram, dynamic holography enables the rapid fabrication of 3D multi-petal "flower" structures. Furthermore, by incorporating capillary self-assembly techniques, the "opening" and "closing" of these flowers can be controlled. Through the dynamic variation of the hologram and real-time motion of the 3D moving platform, 3D microspring structures are efficiently fabricated. This technology offers a high processing efficiency and fabrication flexibility, supporting the precise manufacturing of complex structures over large areas. In the future, the possibility of single-exposure fabrication of arbitrary 3D structures can be explored based on dynamic femtosecond laser holographic processing technology. In addition, combining 3D structured light fields with iterative computational holography has the potential to enhance femtosecond laser processing technology, effectively improving both processing efficiency and flexibility.

In electromagnetic wave absorption, the C-X fusion band, positioned at the intersection of the C and X bands, offers a unique combination of strong signal penetration and high-resolution detection, making it a crucial frequency range for advanced communication and radar systems. In this study, a sea urchin-like Fe2O3/polypyrole (PPy) (SFOP) composite was successfully synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method followed by in situ polymerization. The unique three-dimensional structure of SFOP features a high specific surface area and abundant interfaces, which significantly enhanced electromagnetic wave attenuation through multiple synergistic loss mechanisms. The optimized SFOP sample achieved a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -56.4 dB at a thickness of 3 mm and exhibited an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.2 GHz within the C-X fusion band (6.6-9.8 GHz). In contrast, the nanoparticle form of Fe2O3/PPy (NFOP) achieves a RLmin of -26.8 dB at 4.9 GHz at a thickness of 1.5 mm, corresponding to absorption in the C-band region. This result highlights the importance of the sea urchin-like morphology, which provides a synergistic effect that enables enhanced and broader absorption across the C-X fusion band range. With its outstanding absorption performance and low-cost scalability, this material holds strong promise for electromagnetic compatibility systems.

Designing a cheap, competent, and durable catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is exceedingly necessary for generating oxygen through a water-splitting reaction. In this project, we have designed a ZIF-67-originated molybdenum-doped cobalt phosphide (CoP) using a simplistic dissolution-regrowth method using Na2MoO4 and a subsequent phosphidation process. This leads to the formation of an exceptional hollow nanocage morphology that is useful for enhanced catalytic activity. Metal-organic frameworks, especially ZIF-67, can be used both as a template and as a metal (cobalt) precursor. Molybdenum-doped CoP was fabricated through a two-step synthesis process, and the fabricated Mo-doped CoP showed excellent catalytic activity during the OER with a lower value of overpotential. Furthermore, the effect of the Mo amount on the catalytic activity has been explored. The best catalyst (CoMoP-2) showed an onset potential of around 1.49 V at 10 mA cm-2 to give rise to a Tafel slope of 62.1 mV dec-1. The improved catalytic activity can be attributed to the increased porosity and surface area of the resultant catalyst.

Nanodiamonds (NDs) offer immense potential in various fields, but graphitic or metal-based impurities hinder their widespread adoption. Conventional purification methods often employ harsh chemicals or high temperatures, raising concerns about ND integrity and surface properties. Herein, we compared various strategies to purify and tailor the surface functional groups in the detonation-derived NDs. A facile 2-step purification strategy combining salt-assisted air oxidation (SAAO) and Fenton chemistry is particularly interesting for efficient and selective removal of graphitic impurities while preserving the diamond lattice structure. SAAO selectively burns off graphitic impurities at 450 degrees C under controlled oxygen flow, minimizing damage to the diamond core. Subsequently, Fenton's reagent (H2O2/Fe2+) introduces hydrophilic functional groups onto the ND surface, further enhancing diamond purity and promoting subsequent functionalization. This synergistic approach enables (i) highly efficient removal of graphitic impurities while preserving ND morphology and crystal structure, (ii) controlled introduction of surface functionalities, and (iii) improved colloidal stability of purified NDs. This green and efficient purification protocol is beneficial for tailoring ND properties and unlocking their full potential in diverse applications ranging from biomedicine and electronics to catalysis and quantum technologies. Graphical Abstract

The development of advanced electromagnetic wave absorbing materials capable of simultaneous dual/multiple frequency bands has received widespread attention due to their potential to mitigate electromagnetic interference and enhance communication technologies. Herein, we report efficient dual frequency band electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption from a hybrid of high-purity Cu2NiSnS4 (CNTS) nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (CNTS/rGO). The surface morphology and physicochemical properties of prepared materials (pure CNTS and CNTS/rGO with different rGO filling ratios) were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning TEM (STEM) analysis. The electromagnetic-wave-absorption performances were conducted using a vector network analyzer with the frequency ranging between 2 and 18 GHz. The complex permittivity, magnetic permeability, dielectric loss tangent, magnetic loss tangent, dielectric relaxation phenomena (Cole-Cole plot), eddy current loss parameter, and attenuation constant values related to the electromagnetic wave absorption of the materials have been studied. The experimental results confirmed that CNTS and CNTS/rGO composite materials can absorb different electromagnetic wave frequency bands. Significantly, CNTS/rGO (50%) exhibits exceptional electromagnetic-wave-absorption properties across dual frequency bands with the optimal absorption loss of -38.2 dB at 17.1 GHz and a broad absorption peak of -10.4 dB at 5.6 GHz, offering significant potential for use in various technological applications, including stealth technology, wireless communication, and radar systems. The enhanced microwave-absorption properties of the material can be attributed to the successful design of a well-dispersed heterostructure of CNTS/rGO containing different phases, including a hybrid of dielectric and magnetic material along with the efficient dielectric loss, magnetic loss, and their synergistic contribution in the electromagnetic wave absorption. The outcomes of this research can lead to technological advancements, improved functionality, and future direction to pressing challenges in today's interconnected world.

Ship data obtained through the maritime sector will inevitably have missing values and outliers, which will adversely affect the subsequent study. Many existing methods for missing data imputation cannot meet the requirements of ship data quality, especially in cases of high missing rates. In this paper, a missing data imputation method based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) is proposed. The generative adversarial imputation network (GAIN) is improved using the Wasserstein distance and gradient penalty to handle missing values. Meanwhile, the data preprocessing process is optimized by combining knowledge from the ship domain, such as using isolation forests for anomaly detection. Statistical analysis of ship data is also conducted, including correlation analysis of ship design parameters, analysis of outliers, and analysis of missing data types. These analyses provide the basis for the proposed model. In a case study of 8167 bulk carriers, the proposed model outperformed the missing forest (MF) and polynomial fitting (PF) models, with an average error reduction of 2.4% and 6.3%, respectively. The proposed model also showed stable performance in cases of high missing rates. This study provides a new approach for estimating or imputing critical parameters of ships.

An active area of study under the dual carbon target, which is based on automatic identification systems (AIS), is the emission inventory of pollutants from ships. Data compression is required because there is currently so much data that it has become difficult to transmit, process, and store it. A trajectory simplification method considering the ship sailing state and acceleration rate of change is developed in this paper to assure the validity of the compressed data used in the emission inventory analysis. By carefully examining the integral relationship between acceleration and pollution emissions, the algorithm constructs an acceleration rate of change function for data compression and categorizes AIS data by ship navigation status. By dynamically altering the amount of acceleration change, the developed function can stabilize the pollutant emission calculation error and adaptively calculate the threshold value. The experimental results show that the emission calculation error of the proposed algorithm is only 0.185% when the compression rate is 90.28%.

The highly aligned extracellular matrix of metastatic breast cancer cells is considered to be the "highway" of cancer invasion, which strongly promotes the directional migration of cancer cells to break through the basement membrane. However, how the reorganized extracellular matrix regulates cancer cell migration remains unknown. Here, a single exposure of a femtosecond Airy beam followed by a capillary -assisted self-assembly process was used to fabricate a micro -claw-array, which was used to mimic the highly oriented extracellular matrix of tumor cells and the pores in the matrix or basement membrane during cell invasion. Through the experiment, we found that metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and normal breast epithelial MCF-10A cells exhibit three major migration phenotypes on microclaw-array assembled with different lateral spacings: guidance, impasse, and penetration, whereas guided and penetrating migration are almost completely arrested in noninvasive MCF-7 cells. In addition, different mammary breast epithelial cells differ in their ability to spontaneously perceive and respond to the topology of the extracellular matrix at the subcellular and molecular levels, which ultimately affects the cell migratory phenotype and pathfinding. Altogether, we fabricated a microclaw-array as a flexible and high-throughput tool to mimic the extracellular matrix during invasion to study the migratory plasticity of cancer cells.

A 109.6 Tb/s real-time SDM transmission over 2024 km weakly coupled 4-core multicore fiber with standard cladding diameter was experimentally demonstrated. 137-channel PS-PDM-16QAM signals were transmitted in super C-band with commercial single-mode 200G OTN transmission platform, and negligible performance degradation, introduced by the crosstalk of multicore fibers and Fan-In/Fan-Out devices, was confirmed.

Marangoni‐effect‐driven actuators (MDAs) have the advantages of direct light‐to‐work conversion and convenient operation, which makes it widely researched in the cutting‐edge fields including robots, micromachines, and intelligent systems. However, the MDA relies on the surface tension difference and it only works on the 2D liquid–air interface. Besides, the MDAs are normally pure black due to the light‐absorption material limitation. Herein, a transparent light‐driven 3D movable actuator (LTMA) and a 3D manipulation strategy are proposed. The LTMA is composed of photothermal nanoparticles‐doped temperature‐responsive hydrogel, whose surface energy changes as the nanoparticles absorb light energy. The 3D manipulation strategy combines Marangoni effect with photothermal buoyancy flow for realizing complex self‐propellant and floating/sinking motions. The LTMA can perform more advanced tasks such as 3D obstacle avoidance and 3D sampling. Benefiting from the porous structure of hydrogel, LTMA can naturally absorb the chemical molecules for remote sampling and automated drug delivery. The light‐driven, transparent, three‐dimensionally movable, and programmable actuator has promising prospects in the field of micromachines and intelligent systems.

Featuring extraordinarily curved propagation trajectories, self-accelerating Airy beams have stimulated considerable interests from academic research to practical applications. However, generation of high-quality Airy beams using compact optical devices is still highly desirable. Here we present a design of integrated Airy phase plates (IAPPs) with a miniature size (60 mu m x 60 mu m x 1.1 mu m). In addition, a phase-type Fresnel zone plate (FZP) is incorporated in the phase element to further reduce the system dimension, endowing the IAPPs the ability of directly generating Airy beams without introducing a bulky Fourier transform (FT) lens. The fabrication of IAPPs is facilitated by femtosecond direct laser writing (FsDLW), and the experimentally generated Airy beams are in good agreement with the numerical simulations. Furthermore, the flexible fabrication of IAPPs with different focal lengths is demonstrated, which results in the generation of Airy beams at different Fourier planes as desired. Our design strategy and fabrication methodology of the microscale three-dimensional (3D) phase plates can unfold new capacities of Airy beams for miniaturization applications in fiber optics and in on-chip photonics.

Nanogap plasmonic structures, which can strongly enhance electromagnetic fields, enable widespread applications in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing. Although the directed self‐assembly strategy has been adopted for the fabrication of micro/nanostructures on open surfaces, fabrication of nanogap plasmonic structures on complex substrates or at designated locations still remains a grand challenge. Here, a switchable self‐assembly method is developed to manufacture 3D nanogap plasmonic structures by combining supercritical drying and capillary‐force driven self‐assembly (CFSA) of micropillars fabricated by laser printing. The polymer pillars can stay upright during solvent development via supercritical drying, and then can form the nanogap after metal coating and subsequent CFSA. Due to the excellent flexibility of this method, diverse patterned plasmonic nanogap structures can be fabricated on planar or nonplanar substrates for SERS. The measured SERS signals of different patterned nanogaps in fluidic environment show a maximum enhancement factor ≈8 × 10 7 . Such nanostructures in microchannels also allow localized sensing for anticancer drugs (doxorubicin). Resulting from the marriage of top‐down and self‐assembly techniques, this method provides a facile, effective, and controllable approach for creating nanogap enabled SERS devices in fluidic channels, and hence can advance applications in precision medicine.

Fiber-shaped cellular constructs have attracted increasing attention in the regeneration of blood vessels, nerve networks, and skeletal myofibers. Nevertheless, the generation of functional fiber-shaped cellular constructs suffers from limited appropriate microfiber-based fabrication approaches and the maintenance of regenerated tissue functions. Herein, we demonstrate a silicone-tube-based coagulant bath free method to fabricate tens of centimeters long cell-laden microfibers using single UV exposure without pretreatment of nozzles or microchannels. By modulating the exposure time, the gelatin methacrylate microfibers with tissue-like microstructures and mechanical properties are obtained. Then, a culture system integrated with a pillar well-array based stretching device is used to apply uniaxial stretching with various strain ratios in situ to cell-laden microfibers in a 60 mm petri dish. Cells with improved spreading, elongation, and alignment are obtained under uniaxial stretching. Moreover, the promotional effects of uniaxial stretching on the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts, the formation, and contractility of myofibers become more pronounced with increasing strain ratio and achieve saturation level as strain ratio up to ∼35%.

In article number 1907377, Dong Wu, Li Zhang, and co-workers print hydrogel micro-flowers in the spatiotemporal domain via femtosecond laser direct writing. The 4D printed architectures can respond to environmental stimuli with high speed. Complex shape-morphing with expansion, contraction, twisting, and curling can be achieved by the proposed biomimetic 4D printing of hydrogels at the microscale.

The invention discloses a compact Airy beam phase plate and a manufacturing method thereof. The manufacturing method comprises the following steps: calculating a transmittance factor of a focusing lens; and directly superposing the cubic phase of the three-dimensional phase surface with the transmittance factor of the focusing lens to realize the phase design of the Airy phase plate, and manufacturing the Airy beam phase plate according to the design scheme. The self-accelerating Airy light can be directly generated by using an independent phase plate, and the combination of a cubic phase anda focusing lens is not needed, so that the structure is more compact, and miniaturization and integration are easier. The problem that self-accelerating Airy light is generated on the microcosmic scale is solved. Two characteristic parameters, namely a cubic phase constant k0 and a lens focal length f, in the manufacturing process can be freely selected, so that the Airy beam with the adjustable self-acceleration bending degree and the adjustable main lobe size is obtained, and good flexibility is achieved.