Combining winery wastewater (WW) with sewage sludge (SS) in anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) presents a promising approach for effective waste management and enhanced energy recovery. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and changes in microbial communities during the AcoD of WW with SS at 35 degrees C, using a mix of batch and semi-continuous testing methods. In the batch experiments, the highest hydrolysis rate (0.19 day(-1)) and methane production (285.61 +/- 4.83 mL/g VS) were achieved at a WW:SS ratio of 3:2, exceeding those of SS mono-digestion by 126 % and 113 %, respectively. Furthermore, the semi-continuous experiments revealed a significant 30.0 % boost in the electron transport system activity and a notable 25.8 % increase in coenzyme F420 activity within the AcoD of WW with SS. Microbial analysis illustrated that AcoD of WW with SS significantly enriched the prevalence of potential genera associated with direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET), such as Longilinea, Bellilinea (genus of Chloroflexi), Syntrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Methanosarcina, and Methanobacterium species. Additionally, semi-continuous experiments demonstrated that AcoD facilitated interspecies hydrogen transfer between syntrophic bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, resulting in increased methane yield. Co-digestion of WW with SS is a more economical strategy that significantly enhances the stability of microbial communities through the use of complementary feedstocks. These results may offer valuable guidance for the efficient resource utilization of co-digestion processes involving WW and SS.

连铸保护渣是连铸过程重要的辅助材料,其熔点和黏度等性能的测量耗时且贵,开发计算模型获取炉渣物理性质是发展方向之一.目前已建立了众多的保护渣熔点和黏度计算模型,但各模型都有其适用渣系及预测的不确定性,因此需要开展系统的分析和评价.结合文献中连铸保护渣渣系组成、熔点和黏度数据,考察了各模型的预报效果,得到了不同模型的适用范围及其预测相对误差范围.结果表明:各计算模型都有一定的适用性和局限性,熔点计算模型平均误差可以小于10%,黏度计算模型平均误差可达到30%～35%,对进一步提高模型精度提出了发展建议.

能耗预测作为建筑节能的先决条件,对于挖掘建筑节能潜力、提高建筑设备使用效率、提升建筑运营管理质量有重要意义.针对能耗预测,从输入数据类型、输出数据类型、预测时间范围、预测方法4个方面对基于人工智能方法的建筑能耗预测应用现状进行研究.又介绍了单一预测模型和集成预测模型的基本理论,并分别以多元线性回归方法、人工神经网络和支持向量机3种人工智能方法作为基本模型,进行了基于单一预测模型和集成预测模型的建筑能耗预测研究.研究表明与单一预测模型相比,集成预测模型具有更好的预测精度、稳定性及多样性,同时,对人工智能方法在建筑能耗预测领域的应用前景进行了展望.

In order to explore the feasibility of treating winery wastewater by anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor（AnSBBR）, a laboratory-scale AnSBBR was used to pretreat the simulated winery wastewater. The organic loading rate was achieved by the gradual increase of the influent concentration, and its operational characteristics and microbial community composition at different loading rates were studied. The results showed that at 35 ℃, HRT of 20 h and operation period of 4 h, the effluent COD of AnSBBR was lower than 200mg·L -1 when the OLR was 1.2～9.6 g·（L·d） -1 . When the OLR was 5.4 g·（L·d） -1 , the COD removal rate was97.2±0.5%, the methane yield was 349.9±7.6 mL·g -1 . Compared with the OLR of 1.2 g·（L·d） -1 , the methanogenic rate increased by 69.3%, the biofilm biomass increased by 294.3%, the content of coenzyme F420increased by 190.8%, and the activity of INT-ETS increased by 88.4% at the OLR of 9.6 g·（L·d） -1 . When the OLR reached 10.2 g·（L·d） -1 , the volatile fatty acids（VFA） concentration in AnSBBR continued to increase, the propionic acid and butyric acid gradually accumulated, and the buffer capacity significantly decreased,indicating that the AnSBBR system could note adopt the OLR of 10.2 g·（L·d） -1 . Illumina Miseq sequencing showed that the dominant bacteria were Desulfovibrio, Brevinema, Treponema, Longilinea, Paludibacter, and Leptolinea, the dominant archaea were Methanobacterium, Methanobrevibacter, Methanosaeta, and Methanosarcina. The relative abundances of Desulfovibrio（12.4%）and Methanobacterium（17.1%） were the largest because the microbial community structure was affected by the characteristics of the influent matrix.When the OLR was 5.4 g·（L·d） -1 , the diversity of archaea was higher, and the abundances were the largest at the level of phylum and genus with 26.7% and 26.3%, respectively. At the OLR of 9.6 g·（L·d） -1 , the relative abundance of methanobacterium and methanosarcina were reduced and specific archaea（Methanobrevibacter）was cultivated to adapt to the environment. The results found that the operation strategy of increasing OLR step by step promotes proliferation and metabolic activity of the biofilm system. And the maximum and optimal organic loading rate of AnSBBR for the treatment of winery wastewater were determined in this study, then promoted the engineering application of AnSBBR.

基于铁矾渣剂、熔剂的成分及物相组成,选择PbO-CaO-SiO2-FeO-ZnO为熔炼过程基本渣系,采用FactSage热力学软件绘制该渣系相图,结合相关炉渣性能测定试验,探索随FeO/SiO2比和CaO/SiO2比等的改变对炉渣物化性能的影响.结果表明,熔炼过程不添加其他熔剂条件下,炉渣中FeO/SiO2比在0.92～1.53变化时,随着FeO/SiO2比增大,炉渣熔化温度增高,当FeO/SiO2比为0.92时炉渣熔点最低,为1338℃.CaO/SiO2比在0.3～0.8变化时,随着CaO/SiO2比增大,炉渣熔化温度呈现降低趋势,当CaO/SiO2比为0.78,炉渣熔点最低,为1385℃.对低熔点渣型进行黏度测定,可知在1500℃黏度均在0.5 Pa·s以下,满足冶炼对流动性的要求.提出了添加CaO同时减少SiO2至CaO/SiO2比为0.78的优化调渣方案.调渣后渣中主要物相以磁铁矿和硅酸盐为主,有利于后续提铁.

The immigration of microbial communities in a synergistic partial denitrification/anammox (SPDA) system was investigated in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) inoculated with partial denitrification (PD) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) biofilms. The SPDA system was operated at 25 +/- 1 degrees C over 260 days. The total nitrogen (TN) of the effluent was only 3.71 +/- 0.92 mg center dot L-1 in the stable phase with a TN removal efficiency of 95.23%. The anammox process was the dominant nitrogen removal pathway with an average contribution of 74.31% to TN removal. The results of the in situ activity and key enzymatic activity revealed that the nitrate-reducing bacteria tended to immigrate to anammox biofilms. Correspondingly, the abundance of the genus Thauera, the second most dominant bacteria in anammox biofilms, quickly increased from 0.78 to 10.69% on day 50 and eventually to 16.45% on day 221 according to the Illumina MiSeq sequencing data. The microbial immigration might be caused by different extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)-mediated mechanisms in PD and anammox biofilms. For fast-growing denitrifiers, PD biofilms tend to increase the ability of mass transfer by excreting more polysaccharides to form loosely-bound EPS at the expense of the ability to harbor the nitrate-reducing bacteria. However, for the slow-growing anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB), the anammox biofilms tend to increase the retention of AnAOB by excreting more proteins to form enhanced tightly-bound EPS at the expense of the mass transfer ability, thereby causing the detached nitrate-reducing bacteria to immigrate into anammox biofilms.

铝电解生产过程中产生的废旧阴极(SPL)含有浸出毒物氟化物(以F-计)和氰化物(以CN-计),对环境造成巨大威胁.采用高温真空焙烧法去除废旧阴极中的氟化物和氰化物.在FactSage热力学计算的基础上,研究了温度、真空度和坩埚材质对浸出毒物去除效果的影响.结果表明,在真空度10 Pa、温度1100℃下,使用石墨坩埚焙烧废旧阴极,浸出毒物的去除效果最佳.结合TG-DSC分析,发现高温真空环境中,氟化物发生分解并挥发,氰化物也能分解成无毒物质,处理后的废旧阴极可由危废转变为一般固废,实现电解质和碳质材料的有效分离,便于综合利用.

炼钢过程的自动化及信息化建设日渐完善,由此积累了大量的生产和过程检测数据,为数据库技术应用提供了有利条件.通过完善整合原料、吹炼工艺、产品终点质量等原始数据,结合生产实际建立转炉炼钢的原始数据库;探索炼钢数据库的结构,建立基于数据库的工艺过程数据互算体系,充分利用数据库及人工智能技术对冶金工艺过程进行深入分析、改进优化、精准预测,由此更好地揭示冶金规律,综合提高工程技术人员的工艺控制及生产管理水平,为钢铁的智能生产与制造打下坚实基础.

卡尔多炉熔炼是目前火法处理脱铜阳极泥的重要工艺之一.针对国内某企业脱铜阳极泥卡尔多炉还原熔炼中渣熔化性能差、渣含贵金属损失大等问题,本工作利用热力学分析以及炉渣物性检测,结合XRD、拉曼光谱等结构表征手段,开展了脱铜阳极泥卡尔多炉还原熔炼渣钠硅比调控优化研究.根据PbO-Na2O-SiO2-BaO四元体系液相区图及性能测定结果,在不改变渣率及熔剂添加总量前提下,适当提高Na2O/SiO2比可有效降低炉渣熔点和黏度;随着还原熔炼渣Na2O/SiO2比由0.42提高至0.60,由于Na2O的网络修饰剂作用,更多的桥氧转变为非桥氧,炉渣结构由Si2O76-硅酸盐二聚体结构为主,向SiO44-硅酸盐四面体结构过渡,其中的Si2O64-链状结构与Si2O52-片状结构也相应减少,含铅硅酸盐聚合度降低,桥氧Qn分析结果与熔渣硅酸盐结构相契合.同时,提高钠硅比后,炉渣熔化温度从1178℃降至950℃,在1100℃冶炼温度下,还原熔炼渣黏度可降低45.2％,流动性得到显著改善,从宏观角度也验证了熔渣结构变化规律.结果表明,对脱铜阳极泥卡尔多炉还原熔炼,通过调控炉渣Na2O/SiO2比来降低桥氧数及复杂阴离子聚合度,从而改善炉渣物化性能的思路是可行的.

Silico-manganese slag is a main solid waste produced from production of silicon-manganese alloy, which affects the environment. It is thus necessary to explore the corresponding disposal methods since the exsiting processing technology restricts the absorbing capacity. A microcrystalline cast stone was fabricated by the Petrurgic firing method with silico-manganese slag as a raw material. The bulk density, microhardness, flexural and compressive strength of the samples were determined. The influences of crystallization temperature and time on the phase structure and properties of the finished product were invesigated. The results show that a hot molten slag is cooled to 950 ℃ for 60 min and then annealed at 760 ℃ , obtaing a microcrystalline cast stone with the superior properties. The microcrystalline cast stone has a compact structure, and the precipitated crystal phases are mainly clinopyroxene, diopside and aluminum diopside, as well as anorthite and wollastonite. The bulk density of the cast stone can reach 3.11×103 kg·m–3, the microhardness is 8.77×103 MPa, and the flexural strength and the compressive strength are 86 MPa and 222.9 MPa, respectively.

The spent carbon cathode (SCC) produced in the aluminum electrolysis process has been listed as hazardous waste due to excessive soluble fluoride and cyanide. In a high-temperature vacuum environment, the soluble fluoride and cyanide in SCC can be evaporated and decomposed, respectively. As a result, its impact on the environment can be eliminated. The remains and volatiles can be collected for resource use. Based on the analysis of SCC chemical composition and phase structure, thermodynamic parameters of evaporation reactions were calculated by FactSage. The effects of treatment temperature and particle size of SCC on the removal of soluble fluoride and cyanide were further investigated by experiment. A suitable treatment condition, in which SCC particle size is 1.000–3.000 mm, at 1000 ºC for 2 h at vacuum conditions of 10 Pa, was obtained. The removal rate of soluble fluoride and cyanide in treated SCC reached 91.10% and 99.33%, and carbon content reached 89.89%. Combined with the analysis of TG-DSC and particle profile scan, the evaporation reaction mechanism by high-temperature vacuum treatment (HTVT) was analyzed. The work will be helpful for the development of new SCC treatment process.

脱铜阳极泥熔炼高铅渣在熔点测定过程中由于挥发会导致测定结果偏离"真值"("测不准").以卡尔多炉工艺熔炼脱铜阳极泥的高铅渣为研究对象,尝试通过研究挥发机制预测升温过程的适时炉渣组成,进一步以适时炉渣组成与熔点测定值对应,以消除挥发的影响.采用FactSage 7.1软件计算熔炼渣的熔点和挥发反应的 ΔG,用半球法测定熔化温度,利用TG热重分析仪测定渣样的失重变化规律.结果表明,高温下含铅渣挥发主要是PbO以及少量的Bi2O3、As4O6、TeO2、SeO2和Sb4O6挥发导致的,在950～1200℃高温段挥发最明显,当PbO含量分别为14.52％、25.07％、28.75％ 和41.25％ 时,铅渣挥发率分别为35.25％、49.48％、55.92％ 和58.39％.Factsage计算熔点值比半球点及流动温度实测值偏高.对脱铜阳极泥熔炼高铅渣所测半球点温度和流动温度与适时炉渣成分(基于原始炉渣成分及挥发失重的测算)对应,得到更接近"真值"的新成分—熔点的对应关系.

The composition of fluoride‐containing mold fluxes changes when their melting point or viscosity are measured because the fluoride in the mold fluxes evaporates at high temperatures. Therefore, the measured melting points and viscosities are not those of the original fluxes, and thus, the results are not accurate. Therefore, evaluating the effects of evaporation is essential to accurately investigate the relevant properties. Herein, the chemical composition of the slag is determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), roasting tests, and evaporation mechanism after the physical properties of the slag are measured using conventional methods. The measured melting point and viscosity are then matched with the modified slag composition instead of the original composition. This method is applied to different fluoride‐containing mold fluxes. The weight of the mold fluxes is reduced by more than 10% during the measurements, indicating that a large amount of the volatiles react and evaporate. The actual flux compositions corresponding to the observed melting point or viscosity of the mold fluxes are obtained through roasting test and TGA; therefore, one can easily match the measured mold flux properties to the flux composition. This study will help in determining other physical properties of slag and other melts containing volatiles.

转炉冶炼过程中冶炼温度、炉渣成分与性能等均处于不断变化之中,研究各参数的变化及相互匹配对进一步优化冶炼工艺具有重要意义.基于2种典型成渣过程的生产数据和相关研究成果,对转炉冶炼过程中熔池温度、炉渣成分、炉渣熔点和黏度、磷容量和硫容量等的变化进行了梳理和比较,从热力学、动力学两方面对冶炼过程各参数的匹配状况进行了分析,探讨了其对脱磷、脱硫效果的影响.结果 表明,铁质成渣路线在吹炼初期可实现与炉温的良好匹配,而钙质成渣路线冶炼前中期炉渣熔点高、流动性差.为改善炉渣脱磷能力,可选用铁质成渣路线并控制前期升温速度.

保护渣氟含量虽然不高,但其对炉渣的性能影响很大.由于在加热过程中存在氟化物的逸出,其对炉渣成分影响是不可忽略的,进而对炉渣性能的影响也必须引起关注.以Q195L和Q235B连铸保护渣为例,以预熔渣和相同成分的化学纯混合试样为研究对象,进行了FactSage软件理论计算、荧光光谱分析(XRF)、热重-质谱检测(TG)、“半球法”熔点检测.结果 表明,在升温过程中,化学纯配制试样挥发特性表现较为明显,挥发分主要为NaF、SiF4、CaF2以及少量NaAlF4和AlF3,最终化学纯试样相对预熔渣熔点高出近180℃.其差异主要是由于氟化物的挥发特性不同,在测定中的挥发量不同,引起试样熔点测定的差异.这对研究氟化物的挥发机理以及炉渣高温性能测定与控制具有价值.

为探究高温过程电渣组元挥发机理,以电渣重熔用高氟渣CaF2-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO五元渣系为基础研究炉渣高温挥发机制,通过FactSage理论计算、热重及高温质谱检测,结合1 000～1 500℃高温焙烧试验以及XRF检测与SEM物相观察,对炉渣加热过程成分及物相变化进行了研究.结果 表明,温度为550～800℃时,CaF2与SiO2反应生成SiF4气体;温度为800～1 200℃时,CaF2与MgO反应生成MgF2气体,同时与少量Al2O3反应生成AlF3气体;温度为1 200～1 500℃时,挥发分主要为CaF2及少量AlF3.在高温区(1 000～1 400℃),晶体主要为二铝酸钙和和少量枪晶石;当温度达到1 500℃,晶体主要为枪晶石结构,为探究高温过程电渣组元挥发机理以及电渣制备工艺的优化提供参考.

为了探究氟化物的挥发机理以及对保护渣性能的影响,总结了国内外保护渣组成及性能测定、保护渣的应用、保护渣中氟化物作用、氟化物对炉渣性能的影响机制、氟化物挥发引起的环保问题等方面的相关研究结果,分析了存在的问题及下一步研究的方向.基于对保护渣中氟化物的作用及其高温挥发特性的认识,指出了氟化物挥发对炉渣性能测定影响的重要性及现行炉渣性能检测存在的问题,提出了改进测定方法,进而获得更好的保护渣性能参数的需求及设想,指出了搞清氟化物的挥发机理及规律对炉渣性能测定与控制及对冶金环保具有支撑作用.

对相同成分不同配渣方式的电渣重熔用炉渣试样采用半球法测定的熔点存在差异的原因进行了研究,以期对进一步深入了解含氟渣系升温过程中的特点、熔点测定试验以及电渣制备工艺提供参考.对预熔渣和相同成分的化学纯试剂配制渣样进行了半球法熔点测定和热重分析,并对两种渣参照熔点测定的气氛及升温速度等进行了煅烧,对烧后的试样进行了物相检测分析(XRD及SEM).结果表明,两组试样平均熔点差异为72℃,在测定的升温过程中有明显的失重现象,其中化学纯试剂配制试样的失重(7.79％)明显大于预熔渣(1.11％).失重主要源于高温过程CaF2的挥发.氟化钙挥发引起炉渣成分变化,进而导致物相变化,化学纯试样熔后冷却样含有大量的枪晶石和尖晶石等高熔点物质,而预熔渣熔后冷却样存在大量黄长石、二铝酸钙等低熔点相.因此,两组炉渣在测定中的挥发量不同,引起试样后期成分差异是熔点差异的主要原因.

通过综合各个方面的因素,对不断变化的自然、历史和社会经济的综合客体景观的探索与研究,认为方言是一个可变主体,并与其得出辩证关系.阐述了景观的原始性、自然性、无设计性、地域性等特点,强调景观并非肆无忌惮地包装土地,而是尊重土地本身的表达.