在制药行业推行清洁生产技术,从源头减少污染物的产生,有利于促进制药行业的健康、可持续发展.为正确选择适合的制药行业清洁生产技术,建立了包含技术、经济和环境指标的制药行业清洁生产技术评价指标体系,构建了层次分析法-模糊综合评价法(AHP-FCE)评价模型,确定了制药行业清洁生产技术的评价标准,并对4项制药行业清洁生产技术进行了综合评价.结果表明:在技术性能方面表现较优的是头孢氨苄酶法合成技术,在经济性能方面表现较优的是抗生素合成固定化酶规模化制备技术,在环境性能方面表现较优的是基于培养基替代的青霉素发酵减排技术;技术综合得分表明,头孢氨苄酶法合成技术是4项制药行业清洁生产技术中的最优技术.

童套河、西沙河是长江流域有代表性的河网型河道水体,也是扬州市中心城区典型的黑臭水体.分析并阐述了童套河、西沙河主要水环境问题、治理措施、典型治理技术以及治理成效.治理前河道水体存在两岸污水收集能力不足、生活垃圾任意堆放,河道内水体流动性差、底泥淤积严重、水生态系统退化等问题,水质表现为黑臭,扬州市采取了控源截污、内源清理,水动力复氧、生态修复、活水换水、长效管理的治理思路,主要实施包括管网雨污分流改造,河道清淤疏浚,增设水循环造流增氧设备,构建生态河床、生态岸坡,活水换水等技术措施,取得了良好的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益.

生物强化技术是指通过向传统的生物处理系统引入具有特定功能的微生物,增强目标污染物的降解能力,提高其降解速率,从而改善生物体系的去除效能.目前生物强化技术已被广泛运用于难降解有机废水的生物处理,受到国内外学者的普遍关注.基于文献计量学对生物强化的发展态势进行分析,可以系统地总结研究现状与热点问题、评价研究机构科研实力与成果产出.通过对1994-2018年SCI-E和CNKI论文收录情况进行多维度、深层次分析,全面揭示了废水生物强化处理领域的研究现状、重要国家、重要机构和热点研究主题,帮助相关研究者认识生物强化技术的全貌,确立了进一步的研究方向.

针对磷霉素制药废水处理难的问题,采用生物强化处理技术,在前期获得两株磷霉素制药废水中α-苯乙胺降解菌P1和P2的基础上,优选出一株α-苯乙胺优势降解菌,并对其最佳生长条件进行研究.结果 表明:两株菌P1和P2中优势降解菌为P2;其最佳生长条件为:接种量20％,温度35℃,pH7;P2的降解效率受传代次数的影响,传代17代以后P2开始出现缓慢的退化现象;将α-苯乙胺优势降解菌投至实际磷霉素制药废水中,α-苯乙胺降解效率为76％.

制药废水由于具有水质复杂、COD高、有毒有害物浓度高、可生化性差、色度高等特点,处理十分困难.目前制药废水处理技术种类较多,且各项技术均具有各自的特点.为选择合适的制药废水处理技术,构建了制药废水处理技术评价指标体系,确定了评价标准,并采用层次分析法与模糊综合评价法相结合的评价方法(AHP-FCE)对国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(简称"水专项")研发的13项制药废水处理技术进行了综合评价.结果表明:升流式厌氧污泥床-膜生物反应器(UASB-MBR)组合技术是制药废水处理较优的可行技术,其次为两级分离内循环厌氧反应器和复合氧反应器-好氧反应器(ABR-CASS)生物强化处理技术.研究结果可以为制药企业选择合适的废水处理技术提供支持.

目的 研究磷霉素高效降解菌对高浓度磷霉素环氧废水的去除效果,确定磷霉素降解菌最佳复配比.方法 3株编号为P1、P2、P3的单株磷霉素降解菌按一定比例复配后的菌剂在pH为7、温度为30℃、摇床转速120 r/min的实验条件下,分别对质量浓度890 mg/L及以上的磷霉素制药废水进行降解实验.结果 实验运行132 h后3株高效菌菌液质量浓度明显升高,P1、P2、P3单株降解菌对磷霉素制药废水中总有机碳(TOC)的降解率分别达到87.29％、88.62％和85.55％,对制药废水中磷霉素的降解量分别为11.63％、12.68％和9.57％;当等质量浓度的P1、P2、P3单株菌菌液按体积比3∶3∶2复配并进行降解实验,对环氧废水的净化效果最好,菌剂对磷霉素的降解率达45.02％,处理后水样的发光菌光损失指标由61％下降至40％.结论 经磷霉素高效菌降解后磷霉素废水中有机物降解效果显著、其生物毒性得到有效降低.

为探究“稀土王国”江西省赣南地区离子型稀土矿对周边水体环境的影响,以离子型稀土矿分布密集区定南县濂江月子河流域和龙迳河龙头流域为研究对象,综合分析研究区特征污染物p(NH4+-N)空间分布特征,采用相关性分析和主成分分析揭示其主要污染来源及影响因素.结果表明:①离子型稀土矿停产整顿半年后,濂江月子河流域和龙迳河龙头流域p(NH4+-N)超过1.00和2.00 mg/L的采样点分别达72％和68％;pH范围为2.95～ 7.66,平均值分别为6.23和5.53,水体总体上偏酸性;p(TN)、ρ(NH4+-N)、EC与ρ(NO3-N)变异系数较大,均介于0.80～ 1.50之间.②相关性分析结果显示,p(NH4+-N)与p(TN)、EC均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01);p(NH4+-N)与pH呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).③流经稀土尾矿区的水体中ρ(NH4+-N)随距离增加呈现明显的空间梯度分布特征,即距稀土矿区边界200 m处水体中p(NH4+-N)最高(12.20～ 200.00 mg/L),其次为1.15 km内(3.69～ 11.80 mg/L)及3.5 km以上水体(0.80～1.51 mg/L),矿区周边未受到采矿活动影响的水体中p(NH4+-N)最低(0.03～0.15 mg/L).④PCA结果表明,2条河流的主要环境影响因子为p(TN)、p(NH4+-N)、pH和EC,主要受到周边稀土矿山尾矿的强烈影响.研究显示,离子型稀土矿原位浸矿开采停产半年后,重点小流域水体中p(NH4+-N)高概率超标的现状仍然存在,受稀土开采活动影响较大.建议进一步开展重点小流域NH4+-N剩余“库容”精算和矿山周边地表水定期监测.

简述了我国制药工业概况和行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放现状,解读了生态环境部和国家市场监督管理总局联合发布的《制药工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 37823—2019),介绍了该标准的分类控制思路、控制重点、污染物控制指标设置、排放限值确定以及无组织控制要求等内容与特点.该标准从全过程控制的角度构建了适用于制药工业的VOCs控制指标体系,对完善制药工业污染物排放管理体系、补齐VOCs污染防治短板、打赢蓝天保卫战具有重要的支撑作用.

我国新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情防控形势严峻,冠状病毒是有包膜的单链RNA病毒,许多包膜病毒在水环境中能够存活数天至数月,威胁环境安全与人类健康.以医疗废水预处理为目的,设计建造1套移动式废水处理设备,采用调节池、斜管沉淀池、膜过滤反应器、臭氧消毒池、紫外消毒设备以及相关配套装置进行处理,所有反应装置布置在长、宽、高为6 m×3 m×3 m的空间内,可灵活运输至需要的场所开展医疗废水消毒处理.设计处理水量为30 m3/d,出水执行《医疗机构水污染物排放标准》(GB 18466-2005)中传染病医疗废水排放标准.该设备可为小型医院、临时医疗点和乡镇医院等医疗废水处理装置薄弱的医疗机构的医疗废水达标排放和疫情控制提供技术支持.

In recent years,the water quality (indicated by COD,BOD and NH3-N) in Liao River Basin (LRB) has been improved year by year,however,there have been more concerns regarding the level and ecological risk of trace toxic substances in the water bodies. The Xi and Pu Rivers are typically urbanized rivers in Shenyang City,receiving the effluences from industrial wastewaters,which led to contamination of the water bodies by toxic and hazardous substances. The objectives of this study are to identify the priority pollutants in the rivers and to assess the ecological risk of the pollutants. The surface waters were collected from the Xi and Pu Rivers during the normal,wet and dry seasons,sequentially,52 organic pollutants in the rivers were detected. By the method of improved potential hazardous index,these organic pollutants were scored and sequenced for screening the priority pollutants. Using the extrapolation method of effect evaluation coupled with the risk quotient (Rq) approach,the ecological risk of the priority pollutants was assessed. The results showed that the average concentrations of 52 organic pollutants were in the range of 9. 20× 10-6-1. 37× 10-1 mg/L in the Xi River and 4. 30×10-6-3. 03×10-2 mg/L in the Pu River. Thirteen or twelve of 52 organic pollutants in Xi or Pu Rivers had a total score of the potential hazardous index over 22,including 6 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and 4 phenols. The Rq values of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), phenol,4-methylphenol,2,4-dimethylphenol and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol in the Xi River,and those of DBP,diphenyl phthalate (2-ethylhexyl) ester (DEHP) and phenol in the Pu River were higher than 1. Those results indicated that PAEs and phenols were identified as the priority organic pollutants,some of them showing relatively high ecological risks. Those results provide not only a theoretical basis for the formulation of pollution control countermeasures and management schemes for the whole river basin and the typical river section,but also data support for the treatment technology of the emission point source.

为考察水中PCN(青霉素G)在臭氧氧化过程中的降解规律与特征,采用臭氧直接氧化法处理模拟废水中的PCN,研究了初始pH、ρ(臭氧)、初始ρ(PCN)、自由基抑制剂TBA(叔丁醇)、反应温度等对水中PCN去除效果的影响,并分析了PCN在臭氧氧化降解过程中的降解特性和动力学特征.结果表明:①在溶液体积为1L、初始ρ(PCN)为50 mg/L、初始pH为11、ρ(臭氧)为15 mg/L、反应温度为20℃时,反应5 min时PCN去除率为100％,反应2h时TOC去除率为28.98％.②PCN的降解速率和TOC去除效果随pH的增大而升高,碱性环境有利于PCN的矿化.③臭氧氧化过程中,PCN的降解以臭氧直接氧化为主,其降解中间产物的矿化主要以臭氧间接氧化为主,TBA可抑制强氧化性羟基自由基的产生效率,因而对TOC的矿化有明显的抑制作用.④对PCN的降解过程进行一级、伪一级和二级动力学方程拟合,结果表明,伪一级动力学方程拟合相关性(R2=0.999 7)最高,k(反应速率常数)最大值为0.825 5 min-1.研究显示,臭氧直接氧化可有效降解水中PCN,但对中间产物的矿化去除效果较为有限,臭氧氧化降解PCN的过程遵循伪一级反应动力学方程.

This paper analyzed the patents on pharmaceutical wastewater treatment from 1985 to 2017 in the DII Database (same data source as Web of Science) using the bibliometric analysis method in order to learn the applications of those patents. This paper combined Excel and Endnote to systematically analyze the current research on pharmaceutical wastewater treatment in China and other countries, identified the mainstream technologies and leading countries and organizations holding these patents,and discussed the hot research topics and development trend in this area. Results showed that the number of the patents on pharmaceutical wastewater treatment increased continuously,especially in recently 20 years. The mainstream technologies in the patents included filtration,aeration,and flocculation, which are commonly used in industrial applications. China ranked the first in terms of patent application in this area with a great attention to the mainstream technologies although the number of licensed patents was still low and the quality of the patents was not high. More technical innovations and more applicable technologies are still needed to solve the complicated problems due to various types of pharmaceutical wastewaters in China.

以磷霉素为唯一碳源,从驯化污泥中纯化筛选出3株降解磷霉素的菌株(F1、F2、F3),对其进行形态学、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定其菌属,分析其生长特征;选用生长适应期较短的菌株F3开展不同pH和温度条件下菌株对磷霉素降解性能的研究,并用一级动力学方程对其降解过程进行拟合.结果表明:菌株F1鉴定为微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.),菌株F2和F3均鉴定为贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus sp.).菌株F3对磷霉素的降解性能受温度和pH的影响,在种液接种量为20％、转速为150 r/min、磷霉素浓度为20 mg/L时,菌株F3对磷霉素的最适降解条件:pH为5.0,温度为20℃.菌株F3对磷霉素的降解符合一级动力学特征,拟合方程相关系数(R2)>0.88;pH为5.0、温度为20℃时,半衰期(t1/2)为31.36 d.

以Cu2+-黄连素混合体系的含铜制药废水为研究对象,考察3种离子交换树脂(D152、D113和D401)对含铜废水中Cu2+和黄连素的吸附性能并对树脂进行了筛选,对D401树脂进行了吸附动力学和吸附热力学拟合分析,同时考察该树脂在黄连素竞争吸附影响下对Cu2+的去除效果.最后,在静态试验基础上开展了动态试验,考察D401树脂柱在3种流速[1、2和5 BV(柱体积)/h]下,进样量为l～20 BV时出水的Cu2和黄连素浓度.结果表明:D401树脂的比吸附量随温度升高而增加,随树脂投加量的增加而降低;该树脂在较宽的pH范围内对Cu2具有很好的选择吸附性,pH为5.0是最佳吸附条件,此时比吸附量可达39.87 mg/g.吸附过程可以通过Langmuir吸附等温线和伪二级动力学模型进行描述.动态试验中,树脂柱在1 BV/h的流速下,对Cu2+有较好的去除效果;在3种流速条件下,对黄连素的吸附率均较低,进一步验证了该型树脂对Cu2+具有很好的选择吸附性.

A pilot-scale anaerobic baffled reactor-cyclic activated sludge system (ABR-CASS) reactor was employed to treat three batches of pharmaceutical wastewater from the same pharmaceutical factory.ABR and CASS showed different treatment capabilities to the wastewater.The ABR was almost hardly affected by the components from different batches of pharmaceutical wastewater.However,the influence to CASS was great.CASS could run stably with sludge loading of 0.012 kg COD/(kg MLSS·d) when fed with the first batch of ABR effluent.For the whole system,the overall efficiencies of COD and NH3-N were 92.54% and 95.77%,separately.However,CASS could not endure the wastewater when fed with the third batch of ABR effluent.GC-MS analysis showed that the toxic compounds of tributylamine and p-methyl phenol from the third batch of ABR effluent might be the main factors caused the crash of CASS.To guarantee stable operation of the whole ABR-CASS system,the elimination capability of ABR on influent key toxic compounds should be concerned to provide suitable influence for CASS operation.

Fenton oxidation was used to remove tetracycline resistance genes (tet genes: tetL and tetE) from wastewater. Changes in the relative abundance of tet genes and the bacterial community structure were monitored using quantity polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The highest removal efficiencies for tetracycline resistance genes and16SrRNA were achieved at the optimal conditions, including the reaction time of 10min, pH of 5, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio of 8 and H2O2 concentration of 0.2mol/L. DGGE analysis showed remarkable changes in the bacterial community diversities after Fenton oxidation. However, no significant correlation was observed either between the removal of tet genes and the parameters used in Fenton oxidation, or between the removal of tet genes and the change in the bacterial community structures. These results may suggested that the removal of tet genes may not only attribute to the removal of tetracycline resistance bacteria. Future investigations may be necessary to further understand the removal mechanisms in details.

A combination of crystalline precipitation and resin adsorption process was adopted for the recovery of copper contained in berberine production industrial wastewater. Optimized conditions were studied by batch experiments. The crystal structure of produced precipitate as tribasic copper chloride ( TBCC ) was evaluated by XRD analysis. The results showed that under the pH of 7. 0-9. 0, over 99. 9% copper was recovered by crystalline precipitation process. The composition of basic copper chloride precipitation could meet with national standards ( GB∕T 21696-2008) of feed-grade after water washing. After a following ion exchange treatment the effluent copper ion concentration was less than 1. 0 mg∕L. On the basis of the bench-scale test, a pilot scale test was carried out. The results of pilot scale tests certified the effect of this combined process. This process could recover the copper resource from pharmaceutical industrial wastewater and, at the same time, improve the pH from lower than 1 to higher than 7 , which would be beneficial to the comprehensive treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater and the meeting of discharge standards.

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and intracellular polymeric substances (IPS) of activated sludge feeding with tetracycline were divided into four parts, soluble extracellular polymeric substances (slime), loosely bound EPS (LB), tightly bound EPS (TB), intracellular polymeric substances (IPS) after extractionby centrifuge and ultrasonic process. Protein and polysaccharide were detected with BCA and anthrone-sulfuric acid method. At the same time, 3Dexcitation-emission spectral scan (EEM) and synchronous fluorescence spectrum scan (SFS) were applied to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze DOM in EPS and IPS. The results showed that the content of protein and polysaccharide in EPS was higher than that in IPS, and the content of protein was higher than that of polysaccharide. In slime and IPS, the content of protein and polysaccharide was higher than that in LB and TB. Tryptophan-like with low and high excitation wavelength was the main component of EPS and IPS. The content of microbial byproducts and aromatic proteins increased gradually in slime, LB, TB and IPS, while the refractory organic humic-like decreased. Influent tetracycline concentration has good correlation with DOM of EPS and IPS from activated sludge. And the DOM detected by EEM had good correlation with protein detected by chemical test.

利用投加磷霉素高效降解菌的循环活性污泥系统(CASS)反应器(C2)处理经厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理后的综合制药废水,研究去除制药废水中CODCr氨氮、TP的效果,同时与未投加高效降解菌的CASS反应器(C1)进行了比较.结果表明:当进水CODCr为1 101.4 mg/L,氨氮平均浓度为134.7 mg/L,TP平均浓度为22.1 mg/L,C2出水的CODCr为203.7 mg/L,氨氮平均浓度为12.6 mg/L,TP平均浓度为3.2 mg/L,CODCr、氨氮和TP的平均去除率分别为81.57％、90.67％ 和85.44％;C1的CODCr、氨氮、TP的平均去除率为66.91％、84.30％和67.41％.说明投加高效降解菌CASS反应器处理效果优于未投加高效降解菌的CASS反应器.通过三维荧光光谱分析进水中的主要荧光物质为芳香蛋白类物质和溶解性微生物代谢产物,经过高效降解菌处理后这2类物质得到明显去除.

采用缺氧/好氧序批式膜生物反应器(SBMBR)处理腈纶废水,考察不同运行条件下反应器对废水COD(化学需氧量)、NH4+-N和TN(总氮)的去除效率,以及活性污泥微生物和膜污染特征.结果表明,SBMBR对腈纶废水污染物具有很高的去除效果,在水力停留时间为24 h、90 min缺氧/150 min好氧交替运行的条件下,COD、NH+-N和TN的平均去除率分别为82.5％、98.7％和74.6％,出水水质可以稳定达到国家污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)-级标准;碳源和碱度不足是影响脱氮效果的主要因素,外加碳源和碱度可以显著提高脱氮效率;反应器内微生物主要有丝状菌、短杆菌和球菌,进水C/N过低会导致丝状菌大量生长;聚偏氯乙烯(PVDF)平板膜表现出较强的抗污染能力,污染后的膜表面经物理清洗后,膜通量基本可以完全恢复.