Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers represent a significant and growing global health burden, encompassing cervical, anogenital, and an increasing proportion of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, particularly oropharyngeal cancer. While tissue biopsy remains the cornerstone of diagnosis and initial molecular characterization, its invasive nature and inability to capture tumor heterogeneity or dynamic molecular changes limit its utility for longitudinal disease monitoring. Liquid biopsy has emerged as a powerful, minimally invasive approach that enables real-time assessment of tumor- and virus-derived biomarkers from blood, saliva, and other body fluids. Among these, circulating tumor HPV DNA (ctHPV-DNA) has demonstrated exceptional specificity and sensitivity, in HPV-driven malignancies, where viral DNA serves as a highly tumor-specific marker. Advances in analytical platforms, including droplet digital PCR and next-generation sequencing, have markedly improved the detection of low-abundance circulating biomarkers, enabling applications ranging from early detection and treatment response monitoring to minimal residual disease assessment and early identification of recurrence. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of liquid biopsy in HPV-related cancers.
In this study we report a structured, evidence-based treatment protocol for ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) by integrating findings from a systematic literature review with expert clinical insights. We performed a two-step methodology. First, a comprehensive systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies on OSSN treatment. Articles were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Next, a focused group discussion was conducted with expert ophthalmologists to develop a consensus-driven treatment protocol. Discussions were transcribed and thematically analyzed to identify key recommendations for treatment selection and follow-up strategies. Based on the literature review and expert panel consensus, a structured treatment protocol was developed. Surgical treatment is recommended in cases with uncertainty regarding the diagnosis, resource limitations, exclusive corneal involvement, and poor patient compliance with medical treatment or follow-up. Medical treatment with interferon α-2b or 5-fluorouracil is preferred in other scenarios, with agent selection based on side-effect profile and medication availability. Adjuvant therapy is advised when surgical margins are involved. Furthermore, a standardized follow-up schedule is proposed, ensuring long-term monitoring for recurrence. In conclusion, this protocol provides a structured, adaptable framework for OSSN treatment, offering clear guidelines for selecting the appropriate treatment strategy. By balancing evidence-based recommendations with clinical considerations, this protocol aims to optimize patient outcomes.
Inhibiting tyrosinase is critical for managing pigmentation disorders and preventing enzymatic browning in food and crops. In this research, a series of novel hybrid coumarin- piperazine-N-phenylacetamide derivatives 11a-q were designed and synthesized to inhibit tyrosinase. The structural identification of compounds 11a-q was carried out using spectroscopic methods, including FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The inhibitory activity of these compounds against mushroom tyrosinase and their antioxidant properties were evaluated in vitro. All derivatives showed inhibitory effects on tyrosinase at a concentration of 200 µM, and among them, compound 11 L with an IC50 value of 176.65 µM exhibited the highest activity. Also, at this concentration, all compounds showed weak antioxidant activity. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were performed to investigate the type and energy of interactions of compound 11 L with the active site of the active site of the tyrosinase.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents 85
In this study, a niosomal formulation of vanillic acid was successfully developed to enhance its poor aqueous solubility and antioxidant therapeutic potential. Niosomes were prepared using Span 60 and cholesterol via thin-film hydration method followed by probe sonication and were optimized using a Box–Behnken design. The optimized formulation exhibited a vesicle size of 129.91 ± 2.78 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.152 ± 0.06, a zeta potential of − 8.698 ± 0.52 mV, and an entrapment efficiency (EE
