Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, commonly known as “Bael,” is a traditionally valued medicinal plant with diverse therapeutic properties. This study evaluates the phytochemical composition and polarity-based bioactivities of A. marmelos whole plant extracts to explore their potential as natural therapeutic agents. Phytochemical screening revealed abundant flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and alkaloids, indicating a rich presence of bioactive compounds. The ethanolic extract exhibited antibacterial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, showing comparatively higher inhibition against Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus aureus (29 mm) and Bacillus cereus (19 mm), and relatively lower inhibition against Gram-negative strains including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19 mm), Escherichia coli (18 mm), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (14 mm), and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (26 mm) at 50 mg/mL. Strong antioxidant activity was demonstrated through DPPH (71.54±0.21% inhibition), total iron reducing power (70.79 ±0.1%), superoxide radical scavenging (68.34 ± 0.25) and nitric oxide inhibition (69.00 ± 0.89%) assays. The extract also exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activity comparable to standard drugs. Antimycobacterial evaluation revealed dose-dependent inhibition against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, reducing relative light units (RLU) by up to 78.36% and 62.02%, respectively, at 250 and 500 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged between 75 and 100 μg/mL, and time-kill analysis indicated gradual bacteriostatic activity with 51% viability reduction at 24 hours. The brine shrimp lethality assay (LC₅₀ = 96.57 ± 0.66 μg/mL) classified the extract as moderately toxic. Overall, the results highlight A. marmelos ethanolic extract as a promising source of antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimycobacterial agents.
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Its rapid spread, high mutation rate, and challenges in containment led the WHO to declare it a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Traditional medicine played a supportive role during the COVID-19 pandemic by offering immune-boosting and symptom-relieving remedies, especially in regions with limited access to conventional healthcare. Several countries, including India, have integrated traditional therapies with modern treatment protocols to enhance patient outcomes and reduce disease burden. This review aims to critically synthesize the existing evidence on the efficacy and safety of Ayush interventions in the management of COVID-19 in India. It seeks to qualitatively analyze published literature and clinical trial data, and to develop an evidence map categorizing interventions by type and associated clinical outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across seven electronic databases, including the National Repository on R D Initiatives of the Ministry of Ayush, WHO COVID-19 dashboard for clinical trials, AYUSH Research Portal, PubMed, Cochrane Library, WHO ICTRP, and CTRI. Studies published between 2019 and June 2024 were considered. A total of 3626 records were identified (2572 from indexed databases and 1054 from trial registries). After removing 640 duplicates, 2986 studies were screened for title and abstract. Following exclusion of 802 records, full-text assessment was performed on the remaining studies. After screening, 304 studies were included in the final review (178 Ayurveda, 22 Siddha, 31 Homeopathy, 22 Unani, and 51 Yoga). Risk of bias was assessed using the ROB 2 and ROBINS-I tools. Data extraction and collation were performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO. A total of 304 studies were included, comprising 58 (19.1
In Indian traditional medicine systems metals and minerals along with herbs or herbal juices are included in some formulations, viz., parpam, centuram, chunnam, kulampu, ilagam, curanam, tailam, etc., in Siddha and bhasma, racayana, etc., in Ayurveda. The quality control of these drugs involved chemical analysis techniques to determine their identity, purity, potency and safety. The main purpose of this study is to authenticate the mineral ingredients of Tayir cuntc curanam (TCC) viz., Induppu (Rock salt), Valaiyaluppu (Sandevere/Glass salt), Punir (Alkaline salt), Corruppu (Common salt) and Kalluppu (sochal salt/rock salt) through powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD) and to assess the quality of TCC using the phytomarkers 6-gingerol and stigmasterol. Proximate analysis and mineral identification test were carried out using standard methods. Herbal drug was identified by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and the quantification of bioactive compounds 6-gingerol and stigmasterol was completed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mineral drugs were analysed by powder X-ray diffractometer analysis (PXRD). Results revealed the composition, purity, crystal phases of the minerals identified by PXRD method and physico-chemical parameters. High performance thin layer chromatography was run to check the presence of the chemical markers of the herbal ingredient (Zingiber officinale rhizome) in TCC and quantified them by HPLC. The PXRD identified the minerals as halite, sylvine, trona, etc. The results of this study positively can be used as base for the identification of above salts and physicochemical standards for the quality assessment of TCC.
Background Artabotrys species are rich in phytoconstituents with potential therapeutic and insecticidal properties. A. zeylanicus occurs in tropical, semi-evergreen, and evergreen forests of India and Sri Lanka, whereas A. sahyadricus is a recently reported species from Kerala, India, within the Western Ghats. This investigation attempted to find bio effective compounds from these species to evaluate their larvicidal potential. Materials and Methods Leaf and stem bark samples of both species were collected from southern Western Ghats, Kerala. Ethyl acetate extracts (1 µL) were analyzed by GC-MS to screen for phytochemicals. Aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and stem bark at varying concentrations were tested against early fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi , and mortality data were analyzed using the log Probit method. Results GC-MS analysis revealed 9 compounds in leaf extracts of both species and 18 and 16 compounds in stem bark extracts of A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus , respectively. Major compounds included neophytadiene (37.56% in A. sahyadricus leaf; 34.36% in A. zeylanicus stem), viridiflorol, phytol, and phytol acetate, along with hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester. Larval assays confirmed concentration-dependent toxicity, with ethyl acetate extracts showing higher efficacy than aqueous extracts. Conclusions Novel metabolites artamodamide, artamenone, and artamonteirine were identified for the first time in the genus Artabotrys and demonstrated larvicidal activity. A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus are promising botanical sources for mosquito control.
Cisplatin is a highly effective anticancer agent used against many solid tumors; however, the nephrotoxicity caused by this drug is a serious limitation. Cisplatin stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which orchestrate the release of numerous inflammatory cytokines. This cytokine-rich microenvironment promotes apoptosis and necrosis, ultimately leading to drug-induced nephrotoxicity. The increased formation of free radicals, such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical, along with the decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, further intensifies nephrotoxicity, largely due to reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in kidney cells. Data were collected from scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The information necessary for a detailed explanation of the mechanisms underlying cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was gathered, reviewed, and analyzed. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity leads to lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage, ultimately resulting in cellular injury and kidney dysfunction. Numerous scientific studies have elucidated the mechanisms underlying cisplatininduced nephrotoxicity, particularly the involvement of signal transduction pathways that contribute to reduced GFR, inflammation, apoptosis, and tubular cell death. The extensive damage observed in the proximal convoluted tubule is largely attributed to the activation of MAPK pathways, including ERK, JNK, and p38. This review aims to provide a clear overview of findings from existing scientific literature on the mechanisms of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. It also summarizes treatments that have shown promising results in preclinical studies, while incorporating insights from recent research on cisplatin-induced renal toxicity.
