BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) can cause severe functional disabilities and progresses dynamically over time. Since evaluations held at different time points will yield different results, finding an optimal model for PNI comparison is needed. This study aimed to create an animal model of chronic denervation that simulates the progress of nerve injury. METHODS 6 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent complete sciatic nerve transection in their right hind limbs, with severed nerve ends secured to a nearby muscle to prevent nerve regrowth. The rats were sacrificed at 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The assessment included walking analysis (pre-and post-injury), wet muscle weight measurement, and histological examination. RESULTS Progressive gastrocnemius muscle degeneration was observed at 3 different time points. Minimal degenerative changes were noted at 2 weeks, while extensive fibrosis (83.25 [12.19]% collagen area) appeared in the 4th week. The 3rd-week samples showed lymphocyte infiltrations, muscular atrophy, and progressive fibrosis, making it the best model for chronic PNI. CONCLUSIONS A 3-week chronic denervation model is proposed as a long-term PNI for further regenerative research.
Child marriage remains a global concern with significant health and social implications, yet research has predominantly focused on girls, leaving boys’ experiences underexplored. This systematic review aimed to synthesise evidence on the determinants of child marriage among boys using a socio-ecological lens. In accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search of Scopus, PubMed, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis Online, and Dimensions identified studies published between 2014 and 2024. Twelve eligible studies employing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods designs were included. Methodological quality was appraised using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tools, and findings were synthesised thematically. Determinants clustered at four levels: individual (education and work transitions, masculine ideals), interpersonal (parental authority, family conflict, peers and partners), community (gendered norms, religious and community leaders), and societal/structural (poverty, rural disadvantage, education systems, and limited policy and program attention to boys).
Background . Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects women of reproductive age and may be accompanied by menstrual and reproductive dysfunction. Menstrual disturbances may raise concerns regarding premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), a condition characterized by menstrual disturbances accompanied by biochemical evidence of ovarian insufficiency, typically reflected by elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. However, menstrual abnormalities do not necessarily indicate ovarian insufficiency. Objective . To evaluate menstrual disturbances and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) findings among reproductive-aged women with SLE and to explore their associations with SLE disease activity and cyclophosphamide exposure. Methods . This cross-sectional study included 175 consecutively recruited women with SLE aged 18–39 years. Menstrual history was assessed by direct interview to identify oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. Serum FSH was measured in participants with menstrual disturbances. Disease activity was evaluated using high disease activity status (HDAS), defined as SLEDAI-2K ≥ 10, and cyclophosphamide exposure was obtained from medical records. Associations with menstrual disturbances were assessed using bivariate analyses and an exploratory multivariable logistic regression model. Results . Thirty of 175 participants (17.1%) reported oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. Among these 30 participants, median serum FSH was 5.24 IU/L (range 1.90-20.71 IU/L), and none had an FSH concentration > 25 IU/L. HDAS was more frequent among participants with menstrual disturbances than among those without menstrual disturbances (50.0% vs 26.9%; p = 0.013). In exploratory multivariable analysis adjusted for age and prior cyclophosphamide exposure, HDAS remained associated with menstrual disturbances (adjusted OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.18–6.38; p = 0.019). Prior cyclophosphamide exposure was not significantly associated with menstrual disturbances (13.3% vs 9.7%; p = 0.517). Conclusion . Menstrual disturbances were observed in approximately one-sixth of reproductive-aged women with SLE and were associated with high disease activity. However, elevated serum FSH concentrations suggestive of ovarian insufficiency were not observed among symptomatic participants. The association between cyclophosphamide exposure and menstrual dysfunction remains inconclusive because few participants had received cyclophosphamide and cumulative doses were predominantly low. Longitudinal studies incorporating serial hormonal assessment are needed to better characterize reproductive dysfunction in women with SLE.
Purpose:Current World Health Organization guidelines recommend F-75/F-100 for inpatients and ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) for outpatients with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). In Indonesia, F-100 continues to be administered after discharge because of limited evidence of RUTF's acceptability and effectiveness in a local setting. Home-prepared F-100 carried the risk of improper mixing and bacterial contamination. Therefore, ready-to-drink oral nutritional supplements (RTD ONS) may serve as alternatives to F-75/F-100. This study aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of ONS in hospitalized children with SAM. Methods:This study was a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing the gastrointestinal tolerance of F-75/F-100, high-energy ONS, and standard-energy ONS in 108 hospitalized subjects aged 12-60 months old with complicated SAM. Subjects were monitored for gastrointestinal symptoms and refeeding syndrome. Results:The incidence of vomiting due to the formula was not significantly different among the three groups (p=0.362), as was the incidence of diarrhea, which was 13.9% (F-75/F-100), 16.7% (high-energy ONS), and 11.1% (standard-energy ONS) (p=0.939). The incidences of refeeding syndrome were 13.9%, 5.6%, and 2.8% in the F-75/F-100, standard-energy ONS, and high-energy ONS groups, respectively (p=0.169). The high-energy ONS showed the highest weight increment (8.5±3.2 g/kg/day) among the three groups. Conclusion:Ready-to-drink ONS is a safe and effective therapeutic nutritional option for children with complicated SAM who live in areas with poor sanitation. This study provides preliminary results and requires further investigation to address the limitations of a small sample size and short study timeframe.
