Gobardanga Hindu College, established in 1947, is a general degree college in Gobardanga, West Bengal, India. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences and postgraduate courses in arts. It is currently affiliated to West Bengal State University (formerly affiliated to University of Calcutta). In 2016, it was reaccredited grade A by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) for the second successive time..
In this study, we extend the Beddington–DeAngelis predator–prey model to rigorously analyze interactions under three critical ecological factors: fear effects, dynamic prey refuges, and supplementary food for predators. Our model incorporates a functional response where refuge effectiveness is inversely related to predator density, providing a more realistic representation of prey behavior. We investigate the model’s fundamental properties, including population persistence, boundedness, and the local and global stability of its equilibrium points. Our analysis reveals a rich array of dynamical behaviors, including subcritical Hopf, transcritical, and saddle-node bifurcations, which delineate transitions in population stability. Crucially, the model sheds light on the paradox of enrichment, demonstrating how increased prey resources can lead to system instability, a phenomenon often observed in real ecosystems. Through extensive numerical simulations, we corroborate all theoretical results, underscoring the ecological relevance of considering fear, dynamic refuge, and supplementary food in understanding predator–prey dynamics and their implications for ecosystem management
This paper investigates the evolving landscape of feminist digital activism in India by analysing Instagram posts from three major Indian feminist pages: SheThePeople, ThatDesiFeminist, and Feminism in India. The study asks how digital feminist practices on Instagram construct, contest, and reframe dominant cultural discourses around gender, power, and identity. Employing a multimodal qualitative methodology, it integrates Cultural Discourse Studies (CDS), netnography, and close reading to examine 300 posts as discursive interventions against patriarchal norms relating to marriage, motherhood, public safety, body politics, and emotional labour. CDS offers a culturally grounded framework for reading Instagram posts as communicative acts embedded in broader power-laden discourse systems. Netnography and close reading uncover how visual storytelling, symbolic imagery, and user engagement are mobilised as tools of resistance and feminist meaning-making. The findings show that Indian digital feminist activism is not only reactive to patriarchal backlash but also proactively builds alternative feminist grammars rooted in local sociocultural realities. By foregrounding India as a culturally specific site of feminist meaning-making and extending CDS to multimodal social media discourse, the paper contributes to scholarship on digital feminism beyond the West.
Two distinct crystal structures of a newly synthesized 1-methyl-5-(p-nitro-phenylazo)-6-aminouracil (LH3) and the previously known 1,3-dimethyl-5-(p-nitro-phenylazo)-6-aminouracil (LH2) were investigated. While LH3 has tetragonal symmetry with space group I41/a, LH2 has monoclinic symmetry with space group P21/c. Interestingly, unlike LH3, the projection of the azo-function relative to the 6-amino group of uracil in LH2 is entirely reversed. Both are E-conformer and planar and the plane of angle between the phenyl and the uracil rings reveals that LH2 (5.78(5)degrees) is more planar than LH3 (= 17.93(5)degrees). They are supposed to be formed distorted tetrahedral Ag(I) nitrate complexes, [AgI(LH3)(NO3)(H2O)] (1) with LH3 and [AgI(LH2)(NO3)(H2O)].4H2O (2) with LH2; the exact masses are 476.27 and 563.38, respectively, obtained from an ESI-mass spectrometry study. The complexes exhibit a strong stretching frequency of nu(NO3) at 1384 cm-1. The DFT structural optimizations of all the compounds were studied using the B3LYP method in DMSO solvent. The theoretically extracted bond parameters of the ligands are found in good agreement with their crystal structure values; for instance, the RMSD values for the azo-bond lengths are 0.0004 for the LH3 and 0.003 for the LH2. According to the DFT analysis, the ligands are preferably coordinated to Ag(I) through azo-N and uracil-O. The other two coordinating ligands are a water molecule and a nitrate ion. The Ag(I)-O(nitrate) bond lengths of 2.38385 & Aring; for 1 and 2.56253 & Aring; for 2, are comparable to values found in the literature. The coordination sites are supported by the molecular electrostatic potentials (MEP) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The NBO charges on the uracil-O and azo-N atoms increase from -0.574 and -0.199 to -0.653 and -0.256 in 1 and -0.593 and -0.144 to -0.636 and -0.202 in 2. In addition, due to the coordination environment the developed NBO charges on Ag-atom is 0.687 e for 1 and 0.737 e for 2.
Real-world difficulties are defined as discrete or continuous, homogeneous or non-homogeneous, linear or nonlinear, etc. of model systems. The uncertainty results in imprecise system parameters. The values of the parameters may not always be considered real numbers. The real-world system must be emulated for stochastic, interval, fuzzy, intuitionistic, and other imprecise conditions to overcome these issues. Fuzzy sets are extended to intuitionistic fuzzy sets, while it is commonly known that fuzzy differential approaches have been employed in most texts. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets theory is applied in this study to develop a more realistic epidemic model. The population is divided into four categories based on this concept: susceptible (S), exposed (E), infected (I) and recovered (R). By treating each of the coefficients in the suggested model as a distinct type of triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number, we gave all of the epidemiological parameters intuitionistic fuzziness. The intuitionistic SEIR model has been examined using different weight assignments using the Utility Function Method (UFM) technique. The study explores non-negativity, boundedness, and physiologically realistic equilibrium points - all qualitative features of the SEIR model. The stability of the suggested model system has been examined using the intuitionistic fuzzy sets notion. Using MATLAB, all of the outputs and conclusions of the suggested model have been validated both visually and quantitatively.
This study develops a holistic mathematical model unifying three key mechanisms: fear-induced prey behavioral changes, cooperative predator hunting, and linear harvesting. The prey population follows logistic growth, modulated by a fear function that reduces reproduction based on predator density. Predation is modeled using a modified Holling Type II functional response, capturing cooperative hunting efficiency and saturation effects. Harvesting terms reflect realistic exploitation scenarios for both species. Using bifurcation theory, we identify saddle-node, transcritical, Bogdanov–Takens, and Hopf bifurcations, and analyze stability via Lyapunov exponents. Results reveal that fear effects stabilize dynamics by suppressing prey growth, while cooperative hunting enhances predation efficiency, potentially destabilizing coexistence. Linear harvesting introduces critical thresholds beyond which extinction occurs. Sensitivity analysis identifies sustainable harvesting strategies, balancing ecological persistence and resource extraction. Numerical simulations are carried out to validate the theoretical findings.
