Government Post Graduate College, Swabi is a postgraduate college in the Swabi District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. The college currently offers programs for inter level in Arts and Science groups plus it also offers courses in 4 years BS degrees and 2 years master's degree courses in Political Science & Economics.
Alkaline water electrolysis is a well-known process with a lot of promise for producing renewable energy, but it needs the right catalyst. The effectiveness of water electrolysis can be greatly improved with the right electrocatalyst. In order to catalyse the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a multifunctional electrocatalyst made of aluminum sulfide–anchored graphene oxide (Al₂S₃/GO) was created using a hydrothermal process. The produced catalyst’s varied morphology and good crystallinity were validated by the physical characterization performed using XRD and SEM. In 1 M KOH, electrochemical performance was assessed using three-electrode system. The Al₂S₃/GO nanocomposite demonstrated a small Tafel slope of 35.4 mV dec−1, a low overpotential of 218 mV at 10 mA cm−², and steady operating at elevated current densities up to 50 mA cm−². Additionally, after 5000 CV cycles, it maintained 92
This study was carried out in eight different stands in District Swabi during the four consecutive seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter in 2019-2020. These stands were selected on basis of physiognomic contrast, floristic composition and edaphic factors for the study of ecological characteristics of flora. The objective of this study was to explore seasonal variation in phytoclimate and leaf size spectrum in the research area. A total of 145 species were identified in spring (March-May) followed by 131 species in summer (June-August), 126 species in autumn (September-November) and 77 species in winter (December-February). The life forms and leaf size spectra of flora in research area were studied with the help of the Raunkiaer’s classification. Therophytes were the dominant life form in all four seasons: spring (66.3%), summer (48.8%), autumn (50.8%), and winter (46.7%), followed by hemicryptophytes and megaphanerophytes. Similarly, microphylls were the most common leaf size spectra in all four seasons: spring (40.0%), summer (45.8%), autumn (44.5%), and winter (35.0%), followed by nanophylls, leptophylls, and mesophylls. Therophytes and microphylls were found to be the most common life forms and leaf size spectra in all four seasons of the study. The dominance of therophytes and microphylls indicated that the area is under biotic pressure due to deforestation and overgrazing and has extreme climatic conditions. Further study is needed to enumerate the data and suggest plans for the biodiversity and conservation of the area. These findings underscore the need for integrated conservation strategies to manage grazing pressure and deforestation.
In this research, manganese selenide (MnSe) and MnSe/PANI nanocomposites were fabricated using the hydrothermal technique. Phase analyses and the structure of synthetic materials were examined using X-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy research demonstrated that MnSe on PANI sheets successfully formed a nanosheets-like morphology, offering a conductive route for electrolyte ion exchange. MnSe/PANI has specific capacitance (Cs) and its power density (Pd) delivered 1377.36 F/g and 265 Wkg with solution resistance (Rs) of MnSe/PANI was 0.70 Ω smaller than MnSe (0.96 Ω), as demonstrated by the Nyquist plot. By adding PANI to MnSe, conductivity and capacitance was improved due to faster charge ion transport. The MnSe/PANI nanocomposite demonstrated outstanding stability throughout the 5000th cycle. For supercapacitors and other energy storage applications, MnSe/PANI nanocomposite is a excellent choice in various electrodes.
Considering environmental issues, which involve climate change and shortage of hydrocarbon resources, the usage of environmentally friendly technologies in energy generation has become essential worldwide. In this regard, water splitting is the best way of renewable energy source. Developing an efficient, high-performance and robust electrocatalyst became a significant goal to improve water splitting. For this purpose, we fabricated CdAl2O4@PANI (CAO@PANI) composite via hydrothermal approach for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The CAO@PANI displayed varied morphologies, including nanoparticles of CAO affixed to PANI sheets, which enhance the surface area for adsorption of electrolyte ions. The electrocatalyst based on CAO@PANI nanostructure has enhanced efficiency relative to CAO as indicated by overpotential (η) of 192 mV at 10 mA/cm2 j (current density) and remarkable durability (50 h). Additionally, CAO@PANI nanostructure exhibits an excellent Tafel plot (36 mV/dec) along with reduced charge transfer resistance (Rct = 3.4 Ω). The fabricated catalyst also demonstrated notable double-layer capacitance (Cdl = 48 mF/cm2) and greater electrochemically active surface area (ECSA = 1200 cm2). The excellent outcomes may be associated to the combined effect of CAO and PANI, which has a distinctive π-conjugated framework and a variety of nitrogen species with lone pairs of electrons. This configuration facilitates a steady flow of OH− ion and enhances its adsorption capacity on the surface of CAO@PANI, making it a remarkably effective and reliable catalyst for OER.
The recent study aims to form a cost-effective, efficient, reliable electrocatalyst for electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction to produce green energy. In this context, the design and manipulation of valence states of transition metals provide a viable approach for developing efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reactions. Enhanced valence-metal sites may improve the reaction rates. The physicochemical properties of CuO are altered by incorporating PANI, which has increased valence-metal sites and a porous structure formed by interconnected small nanoparticles. Herein, the design and synthesis of a novel CuO/PANI nanocomposite exhibit significantly enhanced OER electrocatalytic performance and durability. By utilizing the synergistic interplay between CuO nanoparticles and the PANI matrix, we achieve a low overpotential of 209 mV and a Tafel slope (36 mV/dec) at 10 mA/cm2 current density (Cd) with excellent stability over 40 h. Our experimental analysis reveals that the PANI matrix is crucial in optimizing CuO’s electronic structure and binding energy, facilitating the OER process. These calculations further elucidate the enhanced OER activity, revealing a reduced energy barrier for water oxidation. This work highlights the potential of CuO/PANI nanocomposites as high-performance electrocatalysts for OER. It paves the way for developing efficient and sustainable energy conversion devices, inspiring future research and innovation in energy storage applications.
