This study examines the glass ceiling, glass cliff, and glass escalator in terms of their explanatory power, the conceptual frameworks they generate, and the solutions they establish. A comparative critical thematic analysis of 15 high-impact peer-reviewed reveals three patterns. First, metaphors name structural inequalities, but the conclusions and recommendations of the reviewed studies frequently shift the horizon of possible solutions toward individual strategies. This points to the risk of relocating responsibility from institutions to individuals. Second, metaphor-based explanations often rest on an implicit assumption of a “universal woman” and engage with intersectional differences only in limited ways. This limitation stems both from authorial choices and from the simplifying tendencies of metaphorical framing. Third, metaphors do not always operate as substantive explanatory tools; in some texts, they reduce inequality to discursive labels. The study argues that glass metaphors function as selective epistemic apparatuses that make certain inequalities visible while obscuring others and shaping the repertoire of possible solutions. These metaphors reveal distinct organizational logics, including exclusion, risk delegation, and the invisible circulation of rewards. Accordingly, the article calls for a more critical, reflexive, and intersectional approach to the use of metaphors in gender studies.
Urban sprawl is a major spatial transformation process characterized by the unplanned expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural and natural landscapes. As a result, rural areas at the urban fringe are increasingly exposed to pressures driven by population growth, housing demand, and expanding transportation infrastructure, giving rise to hybrid "rurban" landscapes. Managing these areas requires not only monitoring land use change but also identifying zones at risk of transformation before irreversible change occurs.Since the 1980s, Antalya has experienced rapid population growth, tourism-driven economic expansion, and largely uncoordinated development, leading to significant changes in surrounding agricultural and rural landscapes. This study develops a Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing-based spatial analysis framework to systematically identify rural areas under urban sprawl pressure. The approach integrates the direction and intensity of urban expansion with existing rural land use patterns to examine their spatial interactions.Using multitemporal satellite imagery within a GIS environment, the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban growth were analyzed and rural areas with high susceptibility to urban encroachment were delineated. The results show that the impacts of urban sprawl extend beyond existing built-up areas and are increasingly concentrated in transitional rural zones that remain unurbanized yet are critical for planning.The identified spatial patterns provide a basis for an early warning framework to support the protection of agricultural land and the development of preventive land use policies. Although tested in Antalya, the proposed framework is transferable to regions experiencing similar urbanization dynamics.
This study investigated pre-service teachers’ multicultural sensitivity by examining its personal and professional dimensions and sought to explain the quantitative findings through participants’ perspectives on multicultural education. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was employed, involving 611 pre-service teachers in the quantitative phase and eight participants in the qualitative phase. The findings indicated that the personal and professional dimensions of multicultural sensitivity exhibited distinct patterns according to gender, sense of otherness, and fathers’ educational attainment. The qualitative findings further suggested that supportive and restrictive orientations toward cultural diversity can coexist and that positive multicultural orientations do not necessarily correspond to pedagogical readiness for teaching in culturally diverse classrooms. Taken together, the findings highlighted the importance of addressing both the personal and professional dimensions of multicultural sensitivity and underscored the need to expand experiential learning opportunities in teacher education that help translate supportive multicultural orientations into pedagogical practice.
Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems can support urban decarbonization, yet data scarcity limits city-scale assessments in developing regions. This study develops an open-source 2D GIS workflow for five central districts of Antalya, Turkiye, using Overture Maps building footprints. A three-stage procedure combined spatial and size filters, geometry and land-use screening, and targeted image inspection to retain the continuous urban building stock while excluding rural settlements, greenhouses, and structures smaller than 60 m2. Planimetric agreement was evaluated against 60 manually delineated reference structures totaling 93,070 m2. Structure-level mean absolute percentage error was 8.48%, whereas total-area relative error was 0.13%; leave-one-out values ranged from −0.43% to +0.96%, demonstrating sensitivity to sample composition. After screening, 130,458 structures with 38.97 million m2 of gross rooftop footprint remained. Because verified building-use labels and citywide 3D height data were unavailable, rooftop availability was represented by literature-supported utilization factors of 0.20 and 0.50, incorporating obstructions, access, setbacks, layout constraints, and inter-row spacing. With annual plane-of-array irradiation of 2084.62 kWh m−2, module efficiency of 21%, and a performance ratio of 0.75, technical generation was estimated at 2.56 to 6.40 TWh yr−1. Under an average-grid displacement factor of 0.430 tCO₂ MWh−1, this corresponds to 1.10 to 2.75 MtCO₂ yr−1. These estimates represent screening-level technical potential, not building-specific deployment forecasts, because source-data omissions, inter-building shading, structural suitability, permitting, and grid constraints remain unresolved. The workflow separates footprint error, preprocessing decisions, and rooftop-utilization uncertainty, providing a transparent screening framework for data-scarce cities.
Platanus orientalis L. is a traditionally used medicinal tree rich in phenolics and fatty acids, yet systematic studies on its extracts from centuries-old trees remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the phenolic and fatty acid composition and evaluate the functional biological properties supporting phytochemical differentiation of extracts obtained from the leaves, bark, and fruits of similar to 400-year-old P. orientalis trees. Maceration (ethanol) and Soxhlet extraction (water, ethanol and hexane) methods were applied. Phenolic compounds were quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS and fatty acids by GC-MS. The antioxidant properties were determined by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, as well as total flavonoid content (TFC). Antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains (S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae) using disk diffusion. Catechin and epicatechin were the dominant phenolics, with ethanol fruit extracts containing up to 126.1 mu g g(-1) epicatechin. Stearic acid was the most abundant fatty acid (478.71 mu g g(-1 )in hexane leaf extract). Leaf and bark extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant activity (IC50 for DPPH: 109.25 mu g mL(-1) for ethanol leaf maceration) compared to fruit extracts. Antibacterial activity was more pronounced against Gram-positive bacteria, especially S. aureus. Extracts of P. orientalis, particularly from leaves and bark, exhibited distinct phytochemical profiles associated with plant part and extraction method. Multivariate analysis (PCA and HCA) revealed structured metabolite clustering, indicating coordinated chemical differentiation. These findings suggest the potential relevance of specific metabolite groups for future comparative chemotaxonomic investigations. Rather than emphasizing pharmacological applications, the present study focuses on metabolite distribution patterns and their relevance to biochemical systematics.
