HKBP Nommensen University

This study aims to describe the regulation of agreements according to Indonesian contract law (KUHPerdata), which then analyzes the legal force of agreements made orally and their proof in court. This research is a normative juridical research conducted with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results of the study indicate that agreements are specifically regulated in the Civil Code, Book III, Chapter II concerning "Agreements Born from Contracts or Agreements" and Chapters V to XVIII which regulate the legal principles and norms of contract law in general, as well as contract law norms that have special characteristics better known as named agreements. The Civil Code itself does not explicitly mention "written agreements". If an oral agreement has fulfilled the requirements for a valid agreement according to the formulation of Article 1320 of the Civil Code, then it remains valid and has legal force to declare someone in default. However, if the verbal agreement is denied/not acknowledged by the party suspected of being in breach of contract, the verbal agreement does not have legal force to declare someone to be in breach of contract, because the agreement may or may not be true, depending on the evidence provided by the parties.

The increasing demand for safe and environmentally friendly packaging materials has driven the development of biodegradable PLA-based polymers; however, the limited mechanical strength and thermal stability of PLA restrict their broader application. This study investigates the incorporation of oleic acid–modified zinc oxide nanoparticles (O-ZnO NPs) into compatibilized PLA/LLDPE nanocomposites to improve their physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. O-ZnO NPs were synthesized via surface modification of ZnO with oleic acid (OA), resulting in improved compatibility with the polymer matrix while preserving the intrinsic crystalline structure of ZnO. Compatibilized PLA/LLDPE/O-ZnO (cPLO) nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending PLA and LLDPE in the presence of LLDPE-g-OA (LO) compatibilizer, followed by the incorporation of O-ZnO NPs at various loadings. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of O-ZnO NPs significantly enhances the nanocomposite's performance by strengthening the interfacial interactions between the immiscible PLA and LLDPE phases. Mechanical testing showed an increase in Young’s modulus from 438 MPa to 493 MPa, accompanied by an improvement in elongation at break from 43% to 54%, indicating simultaneous enhancement of stiffness and ductility. Thermal analysis revealed improved thermal stability, which is attributed to restricted polymer chain mobility and more efficient stress transfer at the filler–matrix interface. Morphological observations confirmed a more homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion and reduced phase separation within the polymer matrix. The incorporation of O-ZnO NPs reduced water absorption to 0.682% and increased biodegradation from 14.5% to 15.8% after 90 days of soil burial, indicating improved hydrophobicity while maintaining environmental degradability. The nanocomposites also exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones exceeding 8 mm. O-ZnO NPs effectively improve interfacial compatibility in compatibilized PLA/LLDPE blends, resulting in balanced mechanical reinforcement and multifunctional properties suitable for semi-biodegradable packaging applications.

Keterampilan menulis puisi siswa kelas XI di SMK Swasta Indonesia Membangun 2 Medan masih rendah, terutama pada aspek pengembangan imajinasi, pemilihan diksi, dan penggunaan bahasa estetis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh pendekatan Deep Learning berbantuan metode Nature Learning terhadap keterampilan menulis teks puisi siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimen melalui desain One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 32 siswa yang ditentukan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes unjuk kerja menulis puisi dan dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata siswa meningkat dari 52,25 pada pretest menjadi 81,18 pada posttest. Hasil uji hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa thitung = 14,25 lebih besar daripada ttabel = 1,695 pada taraf signifikansi 0,05, sehingga terdapat pengaruh signifikan penerapan pendekatan Deep Learning berbantuan metode Nature Learning terhadap keterampilan menulis puisi siswa. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada pengintegrasian pembelajaran mendalam dengan pengalaman belajar berbasis lingkungan alam untuk meningkatkan kreativitas dan kemampuan reflektif siswa dalam menulis puisi. Implikasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan pembelajaran yang kontekstual dan berbasis pengalaman dapat menjadi alternatif inovatif dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, khususnya pada keterampilan menulis puisi.

This study aims to analyze the application of the prudential principle by banks regarding the disbursement of customer funds in accordance with the Banking Law, and to examine the legal basis for judicial reasoning in cases involving unlawful acts (tort) resulting from a failure to observe this principle, as reflected in Supreme Court Decision Number 220 PK/Pdt/2026. The study employs a normative legal research method utilizing both the statute approach and the case approach. The findings indicate that banks are required to actively implement the prudential principle during every customer fund disbursement process—specifically through identity verification, document validation, and signature specimen matching—as mandated by Article 29 of Law Number 10 of 1998 concerning Banking. Negligence in fulfilling this obligation constitutes an unlawful act under Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code, and the bank, as a legal entity, is liable for customer losses based on the doctrine of vicarious liability pursuant to Article 1367 of the Indonesian Civil Code.

The quality of education is not solely determined by academic aspects, but is also influenced by the social and cultural environment of students' literacy. Low interest in reading and suboptimal positive social interactions among adolescents pose challenges that can hinder the development of critical thinking skills, character, and academic achievement. This community service activity aims to increase students' understanding of the importance of healthy social interactions and literacy as supporting factors for quality education. The activity was carried out at SMP Negeri 31 Medan through socialization, interactive discussions, educational games, and group mentoring for eighth-grade students. A qualitative approach was used, using simple observation and interview techniques to identify students literacy levels prior to the activity. The results showed that students reading interest was still relatively low, especially in grades VIII-2 and VIII-3. Most students also found reading activities uninteresting and did not yet understand literacy concepts comprehensively. After the outreach activities, students demonstrated an increased understanding of the importance of literacy and positive social interactions in supporting academic success. This activity proves that the integration of literacy education and the creation of a healthy social environment can be an effective strategy in supporting the improvement of the quality of education at the secondary school level.