HKBP Nommensen University

This study aims to describe the regulation of agreements according to Indonesian contract law (KUHPerdata), which then analyzes the legal force of agreements made orally and their proof in court. This research is a normative juridical research conducted with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results of the study indicate that agreements are specifically regulated in the Civil Code, Book III, Chapter II concerning "Agreements Born from Contracts or Agreements" and Chapters V to XVIII which regulate the legal principles and norms of contract law in general, as well as contract law norms that have special characteristics better known as named agreements. The Civil Code itself does not explicitly mention "written agreements". If an oral agreement has fulfilled the requirements for a valid agreement according to the formulation of Article 1320 of the Civil Code, then it remains valid and has legal force to declare someone in default. However, if the verbal agreement is denied/not acknowledged by the party suspected of being in breach of contract, the verbal agreement does not have legal force to declare someone to be in breach of contract, because the agreement may or may not be true, depending on the evidence provided by the parties.

This study aims to examine the influence of E-Government application innovation on public trust and citizen engagement through E-Government effectiveness as an intervening variable in Medan City. The study is motivated by the continuing reliance on manual public service systems, which often create administrative delays, limited accessibility, low transparency, and insufficient citizen participation. In response to these challenges, E-Government application innovation is expected to strengthen digital public service delivery by improving service availability, accessibility, transparency, operational efficiency, and public participation. This study employs a descriptive quantitative approach using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The population consists of 2,494,512 residents of Medan City in 2023, and the sample comprises 100 respondents selected using stratified random sampling based on educational level. The results show that all measurement indicators satisfy convergent validity, discriminant validity, and composite reliability requirements. The hypothesis testing results indicate that E-Government application innovation has a significant effect on public trust, citizen engagement, and E-Government effectiveness. Furthermore, E-Government effectiveness significantly influences public trust and citizen engagement. The indirect effect analysis also confirms that E-Government effectiveness plays an intervening role in strengthening the influence of E-Government application innovation on both public trust and citizen engagement. These findings suggest that innovative and effective E-Government applications are essential for building citizen confidence, encouraging public participation, and improving the quality of digital public services in Medan City.

The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has created opportunities and challenges for secondary education, particularly in resource-constrained contexts. This study examines the integration of ChatGPT in classroom learning through a qualitative instrumental case study conducted in a public secondary school in Indonesia. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and focus group discussions involving students, teachers, and school leadership. The findings reveal that ChatGPT is primarily used in concept-driven subjects such as Economics, Indonesian Language, and English, while its application in Mathematics remains limited. Students reported that ChatGPT supports learning efficiency, facilitates conceptual understanding, and enhances confidence in completing academic tasks. However, challenges related to information accuracy, potential dependency, and uncritical use were also identified. Importantly, the study highlights the central role of teacher mediation in shaping responsible and reflective ChatGPT use, particularly through strategies such as verification of ChatGPT-generated content and guided explanation in students' own words. Based on these findings, the study proposes a teacher-mediated and context-sensitive framework to support pedagogically grounded ChatGPT integration. The study contributes empirical evidence from a Global South context andoffers transferable insights for the responsible pedagogical integration of ChatGPT in under-resourced secondary education settings.

The increasing demand for safe and environmentally friendly packaging materials has driven the development of biodegradable PLA-based polymers; however, the limited mechanical strength and thermal stability of PLA restrict their broader application. This study investigates the incorporation of oleic acid–modified zinc oxide nanoparticles (O-ZnO NPs) into compatibilized PLA/LLDPE nanocomposites to improve their physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. O-ZnO NPs were synthesized via surface modification of ZnO with oleic acid (OA), resulting in improved compatibility with the polymer matrix while preserving the intrinsic crystalline structure of ZnO. Compatibilized PLA/LLDPE/O-ZnO (cPLO) nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending PLA and LLDPE in the presence of LLDPE-g-OA (LO) compatibilizer, followed by the incorporation of O-ZnO NPs at various loadings. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of O-ZnO NPs significantly enhances the nanocomposite's performance by strengthening the interfacial interactions between the immiscible PLA and LLDPE phases. Mechanical testing showed an increase in Young’s modulus from 438 MPa to 493 MPa, accompanied by an improvement in elongation at break from 43% to 54%, indicating simultaneous enhancement of stiffness and ductility. Thermal analysis revealed improved thermal stability, which is attributed to restricted polymer chain mobility and more efficient stress transfer at the filler–matrix interface. Morphological observations confirmed a more homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion and reduced phase separation within the polymer matrix. The incorporation of O-ZnO NPs reduced water absorption to 0.682% and increased biodegradation from 14.5% to 15.8% after 90 days of soil burial, indicating improved hydrophobicity while maintaining environmental degradability. The nanocomposites also exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones exceeding 8 mm. O-ZnO NPs effectively improve interfacial compatibility in compatibilized PLA/LLDPE blends, resulting in balanced mechanical reinforcement and multifunctional properties suitable for semi-biodegradable packaging applications.

Keterampilan menulis puisi siswa kelas XI di SMK Swasta Indonesia Membangun 2 Medan masih rendah, terutama pada aspek pengembangan imajinasi, pemilihan diksi, dan penggunaan bahasa estetis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh pendekatan Deep Learning berbantuan metode Nature Learning terhadap keterampilan menulis teks puisi siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimen melalui desain One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 32 siswa yang ditentukan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes unjuk kerja menulis puisi dan dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata siswa meningkat dari 52,25 pada pretest menjadi 81,18 pada posttest. Hasil uji hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa thitung = 14,25 lebih besar daripada ttabel = 1,695 pada taraf signifikansi 0,05, sehingga terdapat pengaruh signifikan penerapan pendekatan Deep Learning berbantuan metode Nature Learning terhadap keterampilan menulis puisi siswa. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada pengintegrasian pembelajaran mendalam dengan pengalaman belajar berbasis lingkungan alam untuk meningkatkan kreativitas dan kemampuan reflektif siswa dalam menulis puisi. Implikasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan pembelajaran yang kontekstual dan berbasis pengalaman dapat menjadi alternatif inovatif dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, khususnya pada keterampilan menulis puisi.