Kalmyk State University

Solar superflares of S-class (>X10 in soft X-rays) pose extreme space weather hazards, yet their prediction remains a fundamental challenge owing to their rapid and transient natures and the limitations of conventional event-based forecasts. We introduce for the first time, a probabilistic spatiotemporal framework designed to identify extended epochs and heliographic zones with heightened superflare likelihood, rather than predicting individual events. Our methodology analyzes nearly five decades of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites SXR observations (1975-2025) and introduces two novel components: (a) a cross-Laplacian diagnostic, derived from the butterfly diagrams of sunspot area and SXR flare density, which identifies photosphere-corona coupling and pinpoints magnetic energy accumulation sites as preferential zones for S-flare occurrence; and (b) a temporal model based on the coupled phase states of 1.7-year and 7-year oscillations, extracted via wavelet analysis and projected forward using a Bayesian Least-Squares Support Vector Machine method. Integrating these spatial and temporal diagnostics yields a unified forecast, we identify 2025.7-2026.6 and 2027.2-2027.9 years, as the primary high-probability windows for S-class flare activity during Solar Cycle 25, corresponding preferentially to latitudinal bands in the southern ( S- S) and northern ( N- N) hemispheres, respectively. Subsequent windows are projected for Cycle 26. This physics-informed, probabilistic approach provides a robust strategy for anticipating periods of extreme solar activity by characterizing the inherent patterns of magnetic energy storage and release in the solar atmosphere.

This article analyzes the issues surrounding the recognition of heirs as "unworthy heirs," explores the concept of "unworthy heir," and presents case studies that allow for the recognition of court decisions excluding heirs from inheritance. This work is relevant because heirs are recognized as such due to the illegality and intentionality of their actions, which facilitated or attempted to facilitate their or others' inheritance or increase their share of the inheritance. This includes parents deprived of parental rights, and individuals who evade the maintenance of the testator, or those obligated to pay alimony.

Labour market plays a top-priority role in ensuring sustainable social and economic development of the region. In conditions of today’s challenges, such as economic sanctions, global transformations in employment, speeding-up of digitalization and demographic changes the need to adapt regional labour markets is extremely topical. The south of Russia with unique combination of agrarian, industrial and recreation potential is facing a number of specific problems in the field of employment. Labour market of the South Federal District and the North-Caucasian Federal District demonstrate both adaptation opportunities and serious challenges. Lately labour market of the south region shows changes in the structure of demand for work force, unemployment rise in some regions, personnel shortage in leading industries and high migration mobility of people. These factors shall be analyzed comprehensively and effective measures of response shall be elaborated. The goal of the research is to identify key trends and factors influencing labour market in the south of Russia and put forward possible ways of raising its sustainability. The research is based on data of the Federal Service of State Statistics, regional bodies of employment, information and analytical resources and findings of social surveys. The research used methods of economic and statistical analysis to study factor dynamics that characterize labour market and comparative analysis to collate figures of labor market with all-Russian and inter-regional data.

Listening comprehension is a type of language practice that relates to receptive activity. Developing foreign language listening skills in foreign students is the ultimate goal of teaching listening comprehension. Listening ensures the integrity of the psychological and physiological processes of listening comprehension. Certain mechanisms are crucial, such as timely and effective auditory perception, auditory memory, and the principles of recognition, prediction, association, analysis, and synthesis. This article substantiates the need to develop a language training system based on specific teaching principles. We believe this can help foreign students develop and improve their listening comprehension skills.

Background and Aim: The growth hormone (GH) gene is an important candidate locus for marker-assisted selection because its polymorphisms may influence growth, carcass characteristics, and beef quality. However, evidence linking the GH c.2141C>G polymorphism with meat productivity and physicochemical characteristics in Kalmyk cattle remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the GH c.2141C>G polymorphism with growth performance, slaughter traits, and beef quality in Kalmyk bull calves. Materials and Methods: Fifty Kalmyk bull calves were genotyped for the GH c.2141C>G polymorphism and classified as LL (n = 37) or LV (n = 13). Animals were monitored from 8 to 15 months of age under standardized feeding and housing conditions. Live weight and average daily gain were evaluated during the growth period. At 15 months, eight animals from each genotype-group were selected for slaughter and assessment of carcass characteristics and beef chemical composition. Genotype-associated differences were evaluated using appropriate statistical tests with correction for multiple comparisons, and Cohen’s d was used to assess effect magnitude. Results: LV bull calves had higher live weights than LL calves by 4.45, 20.5, and 25.9 kg at 8, 12, and 15 months, respectively, and their average daily gain was 5.1%–11.5% higher across the evaluated periods. However, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), although effect sizes indicated potentially relevant differences in growth performance. Significant genotype-associated differences were observed in slaughter and meat-quality traits. Carcass weight and internal fat weight showed large effect sizes (Cohen’s d = 2.28 and 3.53, respectively). Beef chemical composition also differed significantly between genotypes (p = 0.001–0.0013; Cohen’s d = 1.25–1.47). The LV genotype was associated with 1.01% higher protein and 0.23% higher ash contents, whereas the LL genotype was associated with 0.5% higher fat and 0.4% higher moisture contents. Conclusion: The GH c.2141C>G polymorphism was associated more strongly with slaughter characteristics and beef chemical composition than with growth performance in Kalmyk bull calves. The LV genotype showed favorable trends in growth and was associated with higher protein and ash contents, supporting further evaluation of this polymorphism as a potential marker for selection programs targeting meat productivity and quality. Larger populations are required to confirm its utility for marker-assisted selection.